Potassium, magnesium, and calcium are essential ions that play important roles in human physiology. Potassium is important for nerve impulse transmission and is involved in enzyme activation. It is regulated by the kidneys and sodium-potassium pump. Magnesium is required for many enzymatic reactions and is involved in energy production. Calcium is critical for bone formation and plays a role in nerve transmission and muscle contraction. Imbalances in these ions can cause issues like hypokalemia, hypomagnesia, and osteoporosis. Oral supplements are used to treat deficiencies.
This document provides an overview of minerals, including their sources, daily requirements, absorption, functions, regulation, and clinical manifestations of deficiencies and toxicities. It discusses the key macro minerals sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, as well as the trace minerals iron, iodine, zinc, copper, molybdenum, fluorine, selenium, cobalt, chromium, and manganese. For each mineral, it describes its major roles and implications of insufficient or excessive levels on human health. The document is intended as a seminar on minerals and their importance for various metabolic processes and maintaining overall health.
This document provides an overview of minerals that are essential for human nutrition including sources, daily requirements, absorption, functions, regulation, clinical manifestations of deficiencies and toxicities. It describes macro minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium as well as trace minerals including iron, zinc, copper and iodine. The seminar aims to describe the roles of these minerals in various metabolic processes and health.
This document discusses the physiologic and biochemical functions of various minerals in the human body. It covers major minerals like calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride. It describes their roles, absorption, transport in the blood, homeostasis, and impact on various diseases when levels are too high or too low. The minerals are essential for many metabolic processes and helping maintain acid-base balance, fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction and more.
Hypokalemia, defined as a serum potassium level below 3.5 mEq/L, can range from mild to severe and increases mortality in patients with heart failure and chronic kidney disease. It results from intracellular potassium shifting, total body potassium deficits due to poor intake or excessive losses, and is commonly caused by loop and thiazide diuretics. Treatment involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause, normalizing the serum potassium level, and preventing overcorrection through dietary intake and oral or intravenous potassium supplementation. Close monitoring of serum potassium levels and ECGs is important when managing hypokalemia.
overview of calcium physiology
vitamin d deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, secondary hyperparathyroidism, hypoalbuminemia and calcium
Potassium is the principal cation of the intracellular fl uid
(ICF) where its concentration is between 120 and 150 mEq/L.
The extracellular fl uid (ECF) and plasma potassium concentration [K] is much lower––in the 3.5–5.0 mEq/L range.
The very large transcellular gradient is maintained by active
K transport via the Na-K-ATPase pumps present in all cell
membranes and the ionic permeability characteristics of
these membranes. The resulting greater than 40-fold transmembrane [K] gradient is the principal determinant of the
transcellular resting potential gradient, about 90 mV with
the cell interior negative . Normal cell function
requires maintenance of the ECF [K] within a relatively narrow
range. This is particularly important for excitable cells
such as myocytes and neurons. The pathophysiologic effects
of dyskalemia on these cells result in most of the clinical
manifestations.
This document discusses electrolyte imbalances related to magnesium. It begins by describing magnesium's role in over 300 enzyme reactions and its importance for muscle and nerve function. It then details normal magnesium distribution and regulation, factors that increase or decrease magnesium levels, signs of hypermagnesemia and hypomagnesemia, and treatment approaches for correcting magnesium imbalances.
This document provides an overview of minerals, including their sources, daily requirements, absorption, functions, regulation, and clinical manifestations of deficiencies and toxicities. It discusses the key macro minerals sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, as well as the trace minerals iron, iodine, zinc, copper, molybdenum, fluorine, selenium, cobalt, chromium, and manganese. For each mineral, it describes its major roles and implications of insufficient or excessive levels on human health. The document is intended as a seminar on minerals and their importance for various metabolic processes and maintaining overall health.
This document provides an overview of minerals that are essential for human nutrition including sources, daily requirements, absorption, functions, regulation, clinical manifestations of deficiencies and toxicities. It describes macro minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium as well as trace minerals including iron, zinc, copper and iodine. The seminar aims to describe the roles of these minerals in various metabolic processes and health.
This document discusses the physiologic and biochemical functions of various minerals in the human body. It covers major minerals like calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride. It describes their roles, absorption, transport in the blood, homeostasis, and impact on various diseases when levels are too high or too low. The minerals are essential for many metabolic processes and helping maintain acid-base balance, fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction and more.
Hypokalemia, defined as a serum potassium level below 3.5 mEq/L, can range from mild to severe and increases mortality in patients with heart failure and chronic kidney disease. It results from intracellular potassium shifting, total body potassium deficits due to poor intake or excessive losses, and is commonly caused by loop and thiazide diuretics. Treatment involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause, normalizing the serum potassium level, and preventing overcorrection through dietary intake and oral or intravenous potassium supplementation. Close monitoring of serum potassium levels and ECGs is important when managing hypokalemia.
overview of calcium physiology
vitamin d deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, secondary hyperparathyroidism, hypoalbuminemia and calcium
Potassium is the principal cation of the intracellular fl uid
(ICF) where its concentration is between 120 and 150 mEq/L.
The extracellular fl uid (ECF) and plasma potassium concentration [K] is much lower––in the 3.5–5.0 mEq/L range.
The very large transcellular gradient is maintained by active
K transport via the Na-K-ATPase pumps present in all cell
membranes and the ionic permeability characteristics of
these membranes. The resulting greater than 40-fold transmembrane [K] gradient is the principal determinant of the
transcellular resting potential gradient, about 90 mV with
the cell interior negative . Normal cell function
requires maintenance of the ECF [K] within a relatively narrow
range. This is particularly important for excitable cells
such as myocytes and neurons. The pathophysiologic effects
of dyskalemia on these cells result in most of the clinical
manifestations.
This document discusses electrolyte imbalances related to magnesium. It begins by describing magnesium's role in over 300 enzyme reactions and its importance for muscle and nerve function. It then details normal magnesium distribution and regulation, factors that increase or decrease magnesium levels, signs of hypermagnesemia and hypomagnesemia, and treatment approaches for correcting magnesium imbalances.
Role of minerals, ions and water in.pptxJyoti Balmiki
This document discusses the roles of various minerals in life processes. It describes how minerals like calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium and others perform vital functions in the body. These include roles in bone formation, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, acid-base balance and enzyme activation. The document also covers dietary sources of minerals, deficiency diseases, and conditions caused by abnormal mineral levels.
This document discusses calcium disorders including an overview of calcium, hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, and inherited calcium disorders. It defines calcium and its roles in the body. Hypercalcemia is defined as a serum calcium level >10.5 mg/dL and can be caused by increased bone resorption, gastrointestinal absorption, or decreased renal excretion. It discusses the etiology, clinical exam, differential diagnosis, investigations, management, and complications of hypercalcemia. Hypocalcemia is defined as a total calcium <8.5 mg/dL and discusses its etiology including hypoparathyroidism, renal insufficiency, hypomagnesemia, vitamin D deficiency, and others. It also discusses the
This document discusses the approach to hypokalemia. It begins by covering the pathophysiology of potassium homeostasis and how small changes in potassium levels can have profound effects. It then discusses factors that can modify cellular potassium distribution like acid-base status, hormones, exercise and more. Treatment of hypokalemia involves decreasing potassium losses, replenishing stores, addressing any toxicities, and determining the underlying cause. Oral and intravenous potassium replacement is discussed as well as monitoring requirements and administration rates.
An electrolyte disorder occurs when there is an imbalance in ionized salts like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the blood. Electrolytes help regulate pH, fluid balance, and neuromuscular and organ function. Common electrolyte disorders include hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia. Treatment involves identifying the cause, restricting intake of the abnormal electrolyte, and slowly correcting the imbalance to avoid complications like cerebral edema.
1) Calcium is essential for muscle contraction, nerve conduction, hormone release, and blood coagulation. The daily intake is approximately 1000mg, found in foods like milk, cheese, fish, and beans.
2) Calcium is absorbed in the small intestine through both passive diffusion and active transport involving vitamin D. Around 30-80% is absorbed depending on dietary intake.
3) Calcium levels in the body are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin which act on the intestines, bone, and kidneys to influence absorption, resorption, and excretion.
This document discusses metabolic acidosis, including its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing using anion gap, and treatments for specific types of metabolic acidosis such as diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, and renal tubular acidosis. It provides details on evaluating the underlying cause, replacing losses, and using the ECLS approach of treating emergencies, the cause, and any specific problems or complications. Intravenous sodium bicarbonate is generally not recommended except in severe cases with pH below 7.1 and plasma bicarbonate below 8 mEq/L.
Calcium is essential for many bodily functions and is mainly stored in bones. Calcium levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. Hypocalcemia can result from hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, or kidney disease and causes neuromuscular symptoms. Hypercalcemia generally comes from excessive bone resorption due to cancers or hyperparathyroidism and can lead to gastrointestinal, renal, and neurological issues.
This document discusses electrolyte concentrations in the three body fluid compartments - intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and plasma. It focuses on the major cations sodium, potassium, and calcium, their roles, regulation and what causes hyponatremia/hypernatremia, hypopotassemia/hyperpotassemia, and hypocalcemia/hypercalcemia. Treatment methods for electrolyte imbalances are also covered such as sodium replacement and ways to reduce intestinal calcium absorption.
Calcium and phosphorus are important minerals that make up bones and teeth and are involved in many metabolic processes. Calcium homeostasis is regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D which act on the intestines, kidneys, and bones. Hypocalcemia can result from hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, or renal disease and causes tetany and muscle spasms. Hypercalcemia has causes like hyperparathyroidism or cancer and symptoms of nausea, constipation, and renal problems. Phosphorus is found in bones and tissues and is needed for energy metabolism and cell signaling. Its absorption is regulated similarly to calcium. Hypophosphatemia can be caused by
Role of Pharmacist In Electrolytes Managementmunaoqal
This document discusses the pharmacist's role in managing electrolyte abnormalities and provides guidance on replacing and monitoring key electrolytes, including potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and chloride. It outlines signs and symptoms of electrolyte imbalances, risk factors, recommended replacement doses and rates based on severity, monitoring parameters, and considerations for oral versus intravenous administration. The pharmacist plays an important role in evaluating electrolyte disturbances, verifying physician orders, ensuring safe administration, and monitoring patients receiving electrolyte replacements or maintenance therapy.
Biological active Alkaline earth metal ionsVarinderKhepar
Calcium, magnesium, and strontium play important biological roles. Calcium is critical for bone and tooth formation and also acts as a messenger for muscle contraction and other processes. The primary dietary source of calcium is milk. Magnesium is required as a cofactor for many enzyme reactions and is important for chlorophyll function in plants. Strontium can substitute for calcium in bones. Barium, beryllium, radium, and barium have no known biological roles and some like beryllium and radium are toxic.
The document discusses minerals found in the human body. It is divided into 4 groups: Group I contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen which are components of macromolecules. Group II contains macro minerals like sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium which are required in amounts over 100 mg/day and deficiencies can be fatal. Group III contains trace minerals required in smaller amounts like cobalt, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc. Group IV contains additional trace minerals of unknown roles like cadmium, nickel, and tin. Calcium is discussed in detail regarding its dietary sources, body distribution, absorption, factors affecting absorption
Electrolyte replenishers are used to restore electrolyte balance and fluid volume in the body. There are three main compartments of body fluid - intracellular, interstitial, and plasma. Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphates help control water balance between compartments and generate nerve and muscle signals. Imbalances can cause issues like hyponatremia or hyperkalemia. Buffers like bicarbonate help regulate pH. Combination electrolyte solutions are used to treat severe deficits from diarrhea, vomiting, or blood loss. Oral rehydration salts also aid rehydration from diarrhea through balanced sugar and salt concentrations.
This document provides guidelines for the management of hypokalemia according to NICE guidelines. It defines hypokalemia as a serum potassium level below 3.5 mmol/L. The major causes are decreased intake, increased losses through the kidneys or GI tract, and shifts in distribution. Treatment involves identifying and correcting the underlying cause, monitoring for magnesium deficiency, and replacing potassium orally or intravenously depending on the severity. Close monitoring of serum potassium levels, ECG, renal function, and for side effects is important when replacing potassium.
This document discusses mineral metabolism and provides details on specific minerals including sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfur, and calcium. It covers their sources, absorption, functions, normal levels, and clinical conditions related to abnormal levels. For each mineral, absorption and excretion processes are described along with roles in the body. Causes and symptoms of both hypo- and hyper- conditions are outlined.
Metabolism of potassium and its clinical significancerohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Metabolism of Potassium and its clinical significance for MBBS, BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Calcium metabolism can be disrupted, resulting in hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia. Hypercalcemia is caused by increased bone resorption, GI absorption, or decreased renal excretion and may be due to primary hyperparathyroidism, certain cancers, or excessive vitamin D intake. Hypocalcemia occurs when ionized calcium levels decrease below normal due to hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, or other conditions. Symptoms of hypercalcemia include fatigue, nausea, and renal problems while hypocalcemia causes muscle spasms, tingling, and seizures. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity but aims to restore normal calcium levels through rehydration, diuretics, bisphosphonates
role of metals in multivitamin Tabelets.pptxUnibaKhanam
This ppt involves role of cobalt, iron, magnesium, zinc and chromium in multivitamins
I made this ppt during my second semesterfor GE: chemistry and got full marks in presentation.
Ppt file for hematology concepts.
Because such a large amount of calcium is stored in bone, it is the most abundant mineral in the body. Our bodies contain 1200 g of calcium.
About 98% of the calcium in adults is located in the skeleton and teeth, where it is combined with phosphates to form a crystal lattice of mineral salts, hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2.
In addition, calcium helps to stabilize cell membranes and is essential for the release of neurotransmitters from neurons and of hormones from endocrine glands.
Calcium is absorbed through the intestines under the influence of activated vitamin D. A deficiency of vitamin D leads to a decrease in absorbed calcium and, eventually, a depletion of calcium stores from the skeletal system, potentially leading to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, contributing to osteoporosis.
Hypocalcemia, bicarbonate, calcium magnesium zinc oxide
The kidneys are the main regulators of blood HCO3− concentration.
The intercalated cells of the renal tubule can either form HCO3− and release it into the blood when the blood level is low or excrete excess HCO3− in the urine when the level in blood is too high.
PTH stimulates resorption of bone extracellular matrix by osteoclasts, which releases both phosphate and calcium ions into the bloodstream.
In the kidneys, however, PTH inhibits reabsorption of phosphate ions while stimulating reabsorption of calcium ions by renal tubular cells.
Thus, PTH increases urinary excretion of phosphate and lowers blood phosphate level.
This document discusses hypokalemia, including its definition, causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, treatment goals, and therapeutic approaches. Some key points include:
- Hypokalemia is defined as a plasma potassium level below 3.5 mEq/L. The majority of potassium in the body is intracellular.
- Causes include transcellular shifts of potassium from extracellular to intracellular spaces as well as potassium depletion from insufficient intake, increased losses, or renal wasting.
- Clinically, hypokalemia can impact the cardiovascular, neuromuscular, gastrointestinal and renal systems, causing issues like muscle weakness, arrhythmias, metabolic alkalosis.
- Treatment goals are
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Role of minerals, ions and water in.pptxJyoti Balmiki
This document discusses the roles of various minerals in life processes. It describes how minerals like calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium and others perform vital functions in the body. These include roles in bone formation, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, acid-base balance and enzyme activation. The document also covers dietary sources of minerals, deficiency diseases, and conditions caused by abnormal mineral levels.
This document discusses calcium disorders including an overview of calcium, hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, and inherited calcium disorders. It defines calcium and its roles in the body. Hypercalcemia is defined as a serum calcium level >10.5 mg/dL and can be caused by increased bone resorption, gastrointestinal absorption, or decreased renal excretion. It discusses the etiology, clinical exam, differential diagnosis, investigations, management, and complications of hypercalcemia. Hypocalcemia is defined as a total calcium <8.5 mg/dL and discusses its etiology including hypoparathyroidism, renal insufficiency, hypomagnesemia, vitamin D deficiency, and others. It also discusses the
This document discusses the approach to hypokalemia. It begins by covering the pathophysiology of potassium homeostasis and how small changes in potassium levels can have profound effects. It then discusses factors that can modify cellular potassium distribution like acid-base status, hormones, exercise and more. Treatment of hypokalemia involves decreasing potassium losses, replenishing stores, addressing any toxicities, and determining the underlying cause. Oral and intravenous potassium replacement is discussed as well as monitoring requirements and administration rates.
An electrolyte disorder occurs when there is an imbalance in ionized salts like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the blood. Electrolytes help regulate pH, fluid balance, and neuromuscular and organ function. Common electrolyte disorders include hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia. Treatment involves identifying the cause, restricting intake of the abnormal electrolyte, and slowly correcting the imbalance to avoid complications like cerebral edema.
1) Calcium is essential for muscle contraction, nerve conduction, hormone release, and blood coagulation. The daily intake is approximately 1000mg, found in foods like milk, cheese, fish, and beans.
2) Calcium is absorbed in the small intestine through both passive diffusion and active transport involving vitamin D. Around 30-80% is absorbed depending on dietary intake.
3) Calcium levels in the body are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin which act on the intestines, bone, and kidneys to influence absorption, resorption, and excretion.
This document discusses metabolic acidosis, including its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing using anion gap, and treatments for specific types of metabolic acidosis such as diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, and renal tubular acidosis. It provides details on evaluating the underlying cause, replacing losses, and using the ECLS approach of treating emergencies, the cause, and any specific problems or complications. Intravenous sodium bicarbonate is generally not recommended except in severe cases with pH below 7.1 and plasma bicarbonate below 8 mEq/L.
Calcium is essential for many bodily functions and is mainly stored in bones. Calcium levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. Hypocalcemia can result from hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, or kidney disease and causes neuromuscular symptoms. Hypercalcemia generally comes from excessive bone resorption due to cancers or hyperparathyroidism and can lead to gastrointestinal, renal, and neurological issues.
This document discusses electrolyte concentrations in the three body fluid compartments - intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and plasma. It focuses on the major cations sodium, potassium, and calcium, their roles, regulation and what causes hyponatremia/hypernatremia, hypopotassemia/hyperpotassemia, and hypocalcemia/hypercalcemia. Treatment methods for electrolyte imbalances are also covered such as sodium replacement and ways to reduce intestinal calcium absorption.
Calcium and phosphorus are important minerals that make up bones and teeth and are involved in many metabolic processes. Calcium homeostasis is regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D which act on the intestines, kidneys, and bones. Hypocalcemia can result from hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, or renal disease and causes tetany and muscle spasms. Hypercalcemia has causes like hyperparathyroidism or cancer and symptoms of nausea, constipation, and renal problems. Phosphorus is found in bones and tissues and is needed for energy metabolism and cell signaling. Its absorption is regulated similarly to calcium. Hypophosphatemia can be caused by
Role of Pharmacist In Electrolytes Managementmunaoqal
This document discusses the pharmacist's role in managing electrolyte abnormalities and provides guidance on replacing and monitoring key electrolytes, including potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and chloride. It outlines signs and symptoms of electrolyte imbalances, risk factors, recommended replacement doses and rates based on severity, monitoring parameters, and considerations for oral versus intravenous administration. The pharmacist plays an important role in evaluating electrolyte disturbances, verifying physician orders, ensuring safe administration, and monitoring patients receiving electrolyte replacements or maintenance therapy.
Biological active Alkaline earth metal ionsVarinderKhepar
Calcium, magnesium, and strontium play important biological roles. Calcium is critical for bone and tooth formation and also acts as a messenger for muscle contraction and other processes. The primary dietary source of calcium is milk. Magnesium is required as a cofactor for many enzyme reactions and is important for chlorophyll function in plants. Strontium can substitute for calcium in bones. Barium, beryllium, radium, and barium have no known biological roles and some like beryllium and radium are toxic.
The document discusses minerals found in the human body. It is divided into 4 groups: Group I contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen which are components of macromolecules. Group II contains macro minerals like sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium which are required in amounts over 100 mg/day and deficiencies can be fatal. Group III contains trace minerals required in smaller amounts like cobalt, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc. Group IV contains additional trace minerals of unknown roles like cadmium, nickel, and tin. Calcium is discussed in detail regarding its dietary sources, body distribution, absorption, factors affecting absorption
Electrolyte replenishers are used to restore electrolyte balance and fluid volume in the body. There are three main compartments of body fluid - intracellular, interstitial, and plasma. Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphates help control water balance between compartments and generate nerve and muscle signals. Imbalances can cause issues like hyponatremia or hyperkalemia. Buffers like bicarbonate help regulate pH. Combination electrolyte solutions are used to treat severe deficits from diarrhea, vomiting, or blood loss. Oral rehydration salts also aid rehydration from diarrhea through balanced sugar and salt concentrations.
This document provides guidelines for the management of hypokalemia according to NICE guidelines. It defines hypokalemia as a serum potassium level below 3.5 mmol/L. The major causes are decreased intake, increased losses through the kidneys or GI tract, and shifts in distribution. Treatment involves identifying and correcting the underlying cause, monitoring for magnesium deficiency, and replacing potassium orally or intravenously depending on the severity. Close monitoring of serum potassium levels, ECG, renal function, and for side effects is important when replacing potassium.
This document discusses mineral metabolism and provides details on specific minerals including sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfur, and calcium. It covers their sources, absorption, functions, normal levels, and clinical conditions related to abnormal levels. For each mineral, absorption and excretion processes are described along with roles in the body. Causes and symptoms of both hypo- and hyper- conditions are outlined.
Metabolism of potassium and its clinical significancerohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Metabolism of Potassium and its clinical significance for MBBS, BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Calcium metabolism can be disrupted, resulting in hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia. Hypercalcemia is caused by increased bone resorption, GI absorption, or decreased renal excretion and may be due to primary hyperparathyroidism, certain cancers, or excessive vitamin D intake. Hypocalcemia occurs when ionized calcium levels decrease below normal due to hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, or other conditions. Symptoms of hypercalcemia include fatigue, nausea, and renal problems while hypocalcemia causes muscle spasms, tingling, and seizures. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity but aims to restore normal calcium levels through rehydration, diuretics, bisphosphonates
role of metals in multivitamin Tabelets.pptxUnibaKhanam
This ppt involves role of cobalt, iron, magnesium, zinc and chromium in multivitamins
I made this ppt during my second semesterfor GE: chemistry and got full marks in presentation.
Ppt file for hematology concepts.
Because such a large amount of calcium is stored in bone, it is the most abundant mineral in the body. Our bodies contain 1200 g of calcium.
About 98% of the calcium in adults is located in the skeleton and teeth, where it is combined with phosphates to form a crystal lattice of mineral salts, hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2.
In addition, calcium helps to stabilize cell membranes and is essential for the release of neurotransmitters from neurons and of hormones from endocrine glands.
Calcium is absorbed through the intestines under the influence of activated vitamin D. A deficiency of vitamin D leads to a decrease in absorbed calcium and, eventually, a depletion of calcium stores from the skeletal system, potentially leading to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, contributing to osteoporosis.
Hypocalcemia, bicarbonate, calcium magnesium zinc oxide
The kidneys are the main regulators of blood HCO3− concentration.
The intercalated cells of the renal tubule can either form HCO3− and release it into the blood when the blood level is low or excrete excess HCO3− in the urine when the level in blood is too high.
PTH stimulates resorption of bone extracellular matrix by osteoclasts, which releases both phosphate and calcium ions into the bloodstream.
In the kidneys, however, PTH inhibits reabsorption of phosphate ions while stimulating reabsorption of calcium ions by renal tubular cells.
Thus, PTH increases urinary excretion of phosphate and lowers blood phosphate level.
This document discusses hypokalemia, including its definition, causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, treatment goals, and therapeutic approaches. Some key points include:
- Hypokalemia is defined as a plasma potassium level below 3.5 mEq/L. The majority of potassium in the body is intracellular.
- Causes include transcellular shifts of potassium from extracellular to intracellular spaces as well as potassium depletion from insufficient intake, increased losses, or renal wasting.
- Clinically, hypokalemia can impact the cardiovascular, neuromuscular, gastrointestinal and renal systems, causing issues like muscle weakness, arrhythmias, metabolic alkalosis.
- Treatment goals are
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
2. 2
Potassium
• Potassium has atomic number 19 and the chemical symbol K, which is derived
from its Latin name ‘kalium’.
Biological importance:
• Potassium ions are essential for the human body and are also present in plants,
• The so-called action potential occurs in a variety of excitable cells such as
neurons, muscle cells and endocrine cells
• The Na+/K+-based action potential is short-lived (only 1 ms) and therefore
mostly found in the brain and nerve cells
The major use of K+
• Fertilisers such as potassium chloride (KCl), potassium sulfate (K2SO4) and
potassium nitrate (KNO3).
• oxidizing agent such as potassium bromate (KBrO3)
• food preservative such as Potassium bisulfite (KHSO3) in wine and beer.
• In the human body, 95% of the K+ can be found inside the cells, with the
remaining 5% mainly circulating in the blood plasma
3. 3
• This balance is carefully maintained by the Na+/K+ pump, and imbalances, such as
seen in hypo or hyperkalaemia, can have serious consequences.
Hypokalemia. is a potentially serious condition where the patient has low levels of K+ in
his/her blood Plasma
Symptoms
• include weakness of the muscles or ECG (electrocardiogram) abnormalities
hypokalemia can be a result of
• reduced K+ intake caused by GI disturbance , such as diarrhea and vomiting
• increased excretion of K+ caused by diuresis is often found in patients treated with
diuretics such as thiazides
• Potassium ions are excreted via the kidneys. Within the kidneys, ∼150–180 of plasma
is filtered every day through the glomerulus, which is part of the nephron
• a variety of ions are secreted and re-absorbed in order to regulate plasma imbalances
and manage the urine volume
• K+ is passively secreted at the proximal tubule and also moves into the interstitial fluid
via a counter-flow process to Na+ mainly at the distal tubule (Figure 2.1).
5. 5
Oral supplementation
Oral supplementation in form of potassium salts is especially necessary in
patients
• patients who is take anti-arrhythmic drugs
• patients who is suffer from renal artery stenosis.
• patients who is suffer from severe heart failure.
• patients who is shown severe K+ losses due to
chronic diarrhea
abusive use of laxatives
• Regulation of the plasma K+ level may also be required in the care of
elderly patients when the K+ intake is reduced as a result of changing
dietary habits (special attention has to be given to patients with renal
insufficiency because K+ excretion might be reduced)
6. 6
Potassium salts and their clinical application:
•Potassium salts are preferably given as liquid preparations, and KCl is the preferred salt
used.
•Other potassium-based salts can be used if the patient is at risk of developing
hyperchloraemia – increased chloride plasma levels
•Typically potassium salts are dissolved in water, but the salty and bitter taste makes
them difficult to formulate
•Oral bicarbonate solutions such as potassium bicarbonate are typically given orally for
chronic acidosis states – low pH of the blood plasma
This can be again due to impaired kidney function. The use of potassium bicarbonate
for the treatment of acidosis has to be carefully evaluated
Potassium citrate is used in the United Kingdom as an over-the-counter drug for the
relief from discomfort experienced in mild urinary-tract infections by increasing the
urinary pH(It should be not given to men if they experience pain in the kidney area (risk
of kidney stones) or if blood or pus is present in the urine. Also, should avoid taking
potassium citrate without consultation with their general practitioner (GP). Caution is
generally advised to patients with renal impairment, cardiac problems and the elderly
7. 7
Adverse effects and toxicity: hyperkalaemia
• The therapeutic window for K+ in the blood plasma is very small (3.5–5.0 mmol), and
especially hyperkalemia, an increased level of K+ in the plasma, can lead to severe health
problems
• Potassium salts can cause nausea and vomiting and in extreme cases can lead to small
bowel ulcerations
• Acute severe hyperkalaemia is defined when the plasma potassium concentration
exceeds 6.5 mmol/l or if ECG changes are seen
• This can lead to cardiac arrest, which needs immediate treatment
Treatment options include
the use of calcium gluconate intravenous injections, which minimises the effects of
hyperkalaemia on the heart
The intravenous injection of soluble insulin promotes the shift of potassium ions into the
cells
Diuretics can also be used to increase the secretion of K+ in the kidneys
and dialysis can be a good option if urgent treatment is required
• Potassium salts are also available in the form of tablets or capsules for oral application
especially as nonprescription
• very high concentrations of K+ are known to be toxic to tissue cells and can cause injury to
the gastric mucosa. Therefore, nonprescription potassium supplement pills are usually
restricted to < 100 mg K+
8. 8
Magnesium
• The element magnesium (Mg) is a silvery-white and lightweight metal
• Mg2+ is an essential ion in the human body and the imbalance should be corrected
• Most magnesium salts are soluble in water, and given in large amounts they work as a
laxative in the human body
• Aqueous magnesium ions are sour in taste
• Magnesium hydroxide (MgOH2) has only limited solubility in water and the resulting
suspension is called milk of magnesia , which is commonly used as an antacid and is
known to be a mild base
•the most magnesium salts are water soluble and therefore processed vegetables,
mainly cooked in water, are low in magnesium ion content.
9. 9
Biological importance:
• Mg2+ is an essential ion in the human body
Mg2+ is a crucial constituent in numerous enzymatic processes
Mg2+ is essential to most living cells as a signaling molecule and is involved in nucleic
acid biochemistry dealing with the manipulation of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), DNA,
RNA and related processes. For example, ATP has to be coordinated to a magnesium ion
in order to become biologically active. Mg2+ also stabilizes DNA and RNA structures,
which can be seen in their increased melting points.
• Mg2+ ions form the redox-active center in chlorophyll
• In the human body, Mg2+ is the fourth most abundant cation and the second most
abundant ion in the interstitial fluid
• Mg2+ is an essential co-factor dealing with more than 300 cellular enzymatic processes
Clinical features
the human body contains about 24 g of magnesium ions, with half of it being incorporated
into bones and the other half being present in muscles and soft tissue
• The majority of Mg2+ is absorbed in the ilium and colon, and the kidneys are the major
excretory organ
• Mg2+ is filtered at the glomerulus
10. 10
• The kidneys regulate the magnesium ion levels in plasma.
• Magnesium ion imbalances can manifest in a variety of conditions such
as hypo- and hypermagnesaemia.
• Hypermagnesia
as a result high levels of Mg2+ are retained when the patient has renal
failure
hypermagnesia can cause muscle weakness and arrhythmia, but it is a
rare condition
• Hypomagnesia
defined as low magnesium levels in the blood plasma,
can be the result of losses in the GI tract, for example, excessive
diarrhea , alcoholism
Hypomagnesia is often followed by hypocalcaemia (low calcium ion
plasma levels) as well as hypokalaemia and hyponatraemia
11. 11
Oral supplementation and preparations
• Magnesium ion preparations are also used
antacids mostly in combination with aluminium-based salts aluminium hydroxide
[Al(OH)3] Magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2] Magnesium trisilicate (Mg2Si3O8)
magnesium salts are involved in the treatment of arrhythmia
treatment of eclampsia (threatening hypertensive disorder in pregnant women)`
Laxative(stimulates intestinal movement, as the magnesium ions increases the water
content in the intestines through its osmotic effect and as a result softens any faeces
present.
threatening hypertensive disorder in pregnant women.
• Symptomatic hypomagnesaemia is associated with plasma serum Mg2+ levels of < 0.5-
1 mmol/ kg for a period of 5 days or more
• Mg2+ ions are initially given as intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m) injection; the
latter is fairly painful and consisting of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)
• MgSO4 can also be used as emergency treatment for very serious arrhythmias, a
disorder of the heart rate (pulse). In an emergency treatment, it is usually given
intravenously as one single dose or with one repeat
• orally taken magnesium salts can show interactions with other drugs taken
simultaneously.
Magnesium trisilicate reduces the absorption of iron products, certain antibiotics (such
as Nitrofurantoin) or antimalarial drugs (such as Proguanil)
12. 12
Calcium
Calcium (Ca) Calcium has the symbol Ca and atomic number 20 and is a soft grey
alkaline earth metal
Ca is the most abundant inorganic element in the human body
• Ca2+ has numerous intra and extracellular physiological roles
• Calcium carbonate CaCO3 can be found in clinical applications such as antacids
• Ca2+ play important roles in the human body
Biological importance
Calcium ions play important roles in the human body in a variety of neurological
and endocrinological processes
• Ca is known as a cellular messenger
• It has a large intra- versus extracellular gradient (1 : 10 000), which is highly
regulated by hormones
• This gradient is necessary to maintain the cellular responsiveness to diverse
extracellular stimuli
• Ca2+ are also involved in the formation of bones and teeth, which act also as a
reservoir for Ca2+
Magnesium salt preparations, which form part of antacids, are not recommended to be
taken at the same time as a variety of drugs such as ACE inhibitors, aspirin and
penicillamine.
13. 13
A normal adult body contains ~1000 g of Ca
•Most of which is stored in bones and teeth
•The remaining can be found in the extracellular space
•The intra and extracellular Ca2+ concentration is rigorously controlled
• Modified hydroxylapatite, also frequently called hydroxyapatite and better known
as bone mineral, makes up ~50% of our bones
• Hydroxylapatite is a natural form of the mineral calcium apatite, whose formula is
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
• Modifications of hydroxylapatite can also be found in the teeth A chemically
identical substance is often used as filler
• It is believed that an optimal dietary calcium intake can prevent chronic diseases In
the Stone Age, the average calcium intake was 2000-3000 mg Ca2+/day per adult
Now-a-days it has decreased to an average of 600 mg/day
• It is believed that there are linkages to various chronic diseases, such as bone
fragility, high blood pressure and colon cancer
Ca2+ is an essential nutrient
Three stages of life identified when the human body needs an increased level of
Ca2+:
• Childhood and adolescence
• Pregnancy and lactation
• Old age
14. 14
Osteoporosis is most commonly associated with Ca deficiency
• 99% of Ca2+ is found in the bones
• Ca uptake and plasma concentrations are closely regulated by hormones PTH
(parathyroid hormone)
• Studies support the hypothesis that Ca supplementation can reduce blood
pressure
• It has been hypothesised that there exists a link between dietary Ca and weight
management in humans
• Renal osteodystrophy, also called renal bone disease, is a bone mineralisation
deficiency seen in patients with chronic or end-stage renal failure
• Vitamin D is activated in the liver to calcidiol and then in the kidney to calcitriol •
In patients with renal failure, the activation to calcitriol is depressed
• Results in a decreased concentration of Ca2+ in the blood plasma, This reduces
the amount of free Ca2+ in the blood even more
• The pituitary gland senses the low levels of plasma Ca2+ and releases PTH
• This leads to a weakening of the bone structure
Around 20-40% of all kidney stones are associated with elevated Ca2+ level in the
urine, The conclusion is that kidney stone formation in healthy individuals is not
associated with Ca supplementation
15. 15
• Ca supplements are usually required only if the dietary Ca2+ intake is insufficient
A slow i.v. injection of a 10% calcium gluconate has been recommended In severe
acute hypocalcaemia,
Clinical application
• A variety of calcium salts are used for clinical application
Ca carbonate, Ca chloride, Ca phosphate , Ca lactate ,Ca aspartate, Ca gluconate
• Ca carbonate is the most common and least expensive calcium supplement
• Ca carbonate consists of 40% Ca2+
• Ca citrate is more easily absorbed (bioavailability is 2.5 times higher than Ca
carbonate)
• It is believed that it contributes less to the formation of kidney stones
• The properties of Ca lactate are similar to those of Ca carbonate
• Ca gluconate is prescribed as a Ca supplement
• It is also used in the urgent treatment of hyperkalaemia
• Side effects have been observed only at relatively high doses
•Manifested in GI disturbances such as constipation and bloating and, in extreme
cases, arrhythmia
• It is important to note that calcium ions can interfere with the absorption of
some drugs, such as antibiotics
16. 16
• It has been suggested that low dietary Ca intake would be the best method to
prevent the recurrence of kidney stones
• More recent studies showed that a low Ca diet did not prevent the formation
of kidney stones
• It was actually found that a higher Ca intake resulted in a significant reduction
of the recurrence of kidney stones by around 50%
• It is believed that the restriction of Ca leads to an increase in absorption and
excretion of oxalate in the urine.