This document discusses bioenergy from agricultural wastes. It begins by providing population and energy demand projections showing a need for renewable energy sources. It then discusses various agricultural and forestry wastes as well as municipal wastes that can be used for bioenergy production. The document outlines several conversion processes to produce biofuels, bioheat, and bioelectricity from biomass and discusses the applications and advantages of bioenergy.
Bagasse, a waste product of sugarcane processing, can be used to produce bioethanol through fermentation. Bagasse contains cellulose that can be broken down through pretreatment and hydrolysis into glucose, then fermented by bacteria like Clostridium thermocellum into bioethanol. Producing bioethanol from bagasse provides an environmentally friendly alternative fuel and makes use of an agricultural waste product.
The document discusses first generation biofuels. First generation biofuels are derived from sources like starch, sugar, vegetable oils, and animal fats using conventional techniques. Some examples given are ethanol, biodiesel from vegetable oils, and biogas. While they provided early alternatives to fossil fuels, first generation biofuels face sustainability challenges as they compete with food production and may not provide significant environmental benefits over fossil fuels. Future research focuses on second and third generation biofuels from non-food sources like lignocellulosic biomass and algae.
This document discusses various pre-treatment methods that can be used to break down lignocellulosic biomass to enhance biogas production from anaerobic digestion. It describes mechanical, thermal, chemical, and biological pre-treatment techniques and provides examples of each. The goal of pre-treatment is to increase the surface area and porosity of the biomass to improve degradation and yield more biogas in a shorter period of time from a wider variety of feedstocks.
Samir Khanal, Professor of Biological Engineering Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering at UHM, describes an integrated approach in converting biomass into biofuel and biobased products. Slides from the REIS seminar series at the University of Hawaii at Manoa on 2009-10-22.
Bioethanol is produced through the fermentation of sugars from various agricultural sources like corn, sugarcane, and cellulosic materials. It has benefits as a renewable fuel that can reduce dependence on crude oil and emissions. There are three main steps in production: fermentation of sugars into ethanol, distillation to separate ethanol from water, and dehydration to purify the ethanol. Lignocellulosic materials like wood and crop residues can also be broken down enzymatically to produce fermentable sugars for ethanol production, but this process is more complex than using easily accessible starch sources. Bioethanol shows potential as a cleaner burning alternative fuel but still faces challenges in efficiency and infrastructure compatibility compared to gasoline.
This document discusses biomass and its uses as an energy source. It defines biomass as biological material from living or recently living organisms composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements. Biomass is obtained from various sources including plants, animals, and waste materials. The document discusses different types of biomass such as virgin wood, energy crops, agricultural residues, food waste, and industrial waste. It also discusses various thermal and chemical conversion processes that can be used to convert biomass into energy sources like heat, electricity, biofuels and biogas. These conversion processes include combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, fermentation and trans esterification.
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting carbohydrates from plants like corn or sugarcane. It can be used as a gasoline substitute. Bioethanol has lower energy content than gasoline but has higher octane numbers. It is produced through processes like sugar or starch fermentation. While bioethanol reduces greenhouse gases, there are concerns about food prices and land use. Future development focuses on using non-food feedstocks like cellulosic biomass.
Biogas is a mixture of gases produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic matter. India has over 4.75 million small-scale biogas plants and 158 grid power projects with a total capacity of 2 MW. Biogas can be produced from materials like animal dung, crop residue, and food waste. It is a renewable energy source that provides benefits like being clean burning and producing useful fertilizer byproducts. Biogas has various applications such as fuel for cooking, lighting, electricity generation, and use in vehicles.
Bagasse, a waste product of sugarcane processing, can be used to produce bioethanol through fermentation. Bagasse contains cellulose that can be broken down through pretreatment and hydrolysis into glucose, then fermented by bacteria like Clostridium thermocellum into bioethanol. Producing bioethanol from bagasse provides an environmentally friendly alternative fuel and makes use of an agricultural waste product.
The document discusses first generation biofuels. First generation biofuels are derived from sources like starch, sugar, vegetable oils, and animal fats using conventional techniques. Some examples given are ethanol, biodiesel from vegetable oils, and biogas. While they provided early alternatives to fossil fuels, first generation biofuels face sustainability challenges as they compete with food production and may not provide significant environmental benefits over fossil fuels. Future research focuses on second and third generation biofuels from non-food sources like lignocellulosic biomass and algae.
This document discusses various pre-treatment methods that can be used to break down lignocellulosic biomass to enhance biogas production from anaerobic digestion. It describes mechanical, thermal, chemical, and biological pre-treatment techniques and provides examples of each. The goal of pre-treatment is to increase the surface area and porosity of the biomass to improve degradation and yield more biogas in a shorter period of time from a wider variety of feedstocks.
Samir Khanal, Professor of Biological Engineering Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering at UHM, describes an integrated approach in converting biomass into biofuel and biobased products. Slides from the REIS seminar series at the University of Hawaii at Manoa on 2009-10-22.
Bioethanol is produced through the fermentation of sugars from various agricultural sources like corn, sugarcane, and cellulosic materials. It has benefits as a renewable fuel that can reduce dependence on crude oil and emissions. There are three main steps in production: fermentation of sugars into ethanol, distillation to separate ethanol from water, and dehydration to purify the ethanol. Lignocellulosic materials like wood and crop residues can also be broken down enzymatically to produce fermentable sugars for ethanol production, but this process is more complex than using easily accessible starch sources. Bioethanol shows potential as a cleaner burning alternative fuel but still faces challenges in efficiency and infrastructure compatibility compared to gasoline.
This document discusses biomass and its uses as an energy source. It defines biomass as biological material from living or recently living organisms composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements. Biomass is obtained from various sources including plants, animals, and waste materials. The document discusses different types of biomass such as virgin wood, energy crops, agricultural residues, food waste, and industrial waste. It also discusses various thermal and chemical conversion processes that can be used to convert biomass into energy sources like heat, electricity, biofuels and biogas. These conversion processes include combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, fermentation and trans esterification.
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting carbohydrates from plants like corn or sugarcane. It can be used as a gasoline substitute. Bioethanol has lower energy content than gasoline but has higher octane numbers. It is produced through processes like sugar or starch fermentation. While bioethanol reduces greenhouse gases, there are concerns about food prices and land use. Future development focuses on using non-food feedstocks like cellulosic biomass.
Biogas is a mixture of gases produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic matter. India has over 4.75 million small-scale biogas plants and 158 grid power projects with a total capacity of 2 MW. Biogas can be produced from materials like animal dung, crop residue, and food waste. It is a renewable energy source that provides benefits like being clean burning and producing useful fertilizer byproducts. Biogas has various applications such as fuel for cooking, lighting, electricity generation, and use in vehicles.
The document discusses biogas production from sewage through anaerobic digestion. It defines biogas as a methane-rich flammable gas produced from decomposing organic waste via anaerobic digestion. The typical composition of biogas from sewage is 50-70% methane and 30-40% carbon dioxide. Anaerobic digestion occurs in four stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. Different types of anaerobic digesters are discussed including fixed dome, floating gas holder, plug flow, and UASB reactors. Experimental results on biogas production from sewage show the highest rates occur around 2.9 kg of volatile solids per cubic meter of digester per day.
Biogas is produced after organic materials (plant and animal products) are broken down by bacteria in an oxygen-free environment, a process called anaerobic digestion. Biogas systems use anaerobic digestion to recycle these organic materials, turning them into biogas, which contains both energy (gas), and valuable soil products (liquids and solids).
This document discusses the production process of bioethanol. Raw materials like grains, corn, sugar cane are broken down into sugars through processes like mashing, cooking and enzymatic hydrolysis. Yeast is then used to ferment the sugars into ethanol through fermentation. The ethanol is then distilled from the mixture. Bioethanol has advantages as a cleaner burning fuel but also disadvantages like lower energy content than gasoline and difficulty in cold starts. Further improvements in efficiency and sustainability are needed for bioethanol to fully replace gasoline.
This document discusses the production of bioethanol from biomass waste such as oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB). It notes that bioethanol is renewable, environmentally friendly and does not compete with food/feed. The document outlines the challenges of pretreatment and hydrolysis of lignocellulose and explains that white-rot fungi can be used in the biological pretreatment of EFB through enzymes that break down lignin. Visual changes in EFB are shown after biological pretreatment with white-rot fungi.
This document discusses bioethanol production and technology. It begins by introducing bioethanol and explaining its importance as an alternative energy source due to depletion of fossil fuels and environmental concerns. The main steps of bioethanol production are described as fermentation, distillation and dehydration. Common raw materials like sugar, starch and cellulose sources are identified. Microorganisms used in fermentation and different production technologies like sugar fermentation and dry/wet milling processes are outlined. Applications include fuel blending and uses. Advantages include renewability while disadvantages include lower efficiency than petroleum and land use impacts.
A presentation on non-conventional energy resources i.e. biomass. The energy obtained from biomass can be used to produce biogas which in turn can be used to produce electricity
This document discusses bioenergy, which is renewable energy derived from biological sources like wood, food waste, and plants. It goes over the carbon cycle that bioenergy relies on, as well as different types of bioenergy like solid, liquid, and gas bioenergy produced from biomass. The document also provides information on bioenergy conversion technologies like combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis. It lists some of the largest biomass power plants worldwide and discusses advantages and disadvantages of bioenergy.
This document summarizes a presentation about the potential for biomass energy in Pakistan. It outlines that Pakistan faces an energy crisis and could benefit from developing renewable sources like biomass. The document discusses what biomass is and where it comes from. It notes that Pakistan generates a large amount of agricultural and animal waste biomass annually. It also examines existing small-scale biogas digesters in Pakistan and the potential for larger commercial plants, highlighting the Landhi cattle colony as a prime location. In conclusion, the document stresses that Pakistan should develop a national program to promote biomass energy to help address its energy needs and reduce environmental pollution.
This document provides information about biomass generation and utilization. It discusses various biomass sources including agricultural residues, urban waste, industrial waste, and forest biomass. It also describes different biomass conversion technologies such as direct combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, fermentation, and anaerobic digestion. Direct combustion involves burning biomass to generate steam for power generation. Gasification and pyrolysis are thermo-chemical conversion processes, while fermentation and anaerobic digestion are biochemical conversion processes.
The document discusses various types of biofuels as alternatives to fossil fuels. It defines biofuels as fuels produced from organic materials and waste. Common biofuels include bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. Bioethanol can be produced from sources like sugar, wheat, sugar beet, and bamboo waste. The document outlines the history of biofuels and discusses reverse photosynthesis as a method to produce fuel from biomass using sunlight and enzymes. It also discusses using bamboo's chlorophyll and the lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase enzyme in reverse photosynthesis. The goals of a biofuel policy are outlined as well as research areas like advanced conversion technologies and international cooperation.
1. Sugar production generates large amounts of biomass waste that can be used as fuel for power generation. Bagasse and press mud from sugar mills can also be used to produce biogas.
2. Cogeneration of power from bagasse is an attractive renewable energy project that has been implemented successfully in many sugar producing countries. It provides carbon-neutral electricity to sugar mills and improves their economic viability.
3. Sugar mills treat their waste water through extended aeration ponds and intensive biological oxidation before discharging to rivers.
This document provides an overview of biorefineries. It defines a biorefinery as a refinery that converts biomass into energy and other beneficial byproducts. The document then discusses the uses of biorefineries, how they function, and the types of biorefineries including classification based on platforms, products, feedstocks, and processes used. It also describes the major biorefinery platforms of thermochemical/syngas and biochemical/sugar, and important feedstocks like sugar, starch, and lignocellulosic materials. Gasification and types of gasifiers and fermentation of lignocellulosic feedstock are also summarized.
This document summarizes a presentation about biomass as a profitable energy resource. It defines biomass as organic matter that can be used to produce electricity, heat, or fuel for transportation. The presentation discusses how biomass works by being burned to produce steam and turn turbines, how it helps reduce global warming by maintaining a closed carbon cycle, and some of the most efficient biomass residues like bagasse and rice husks. It also outlines various processes for generating energy from biomass, such as combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis. In closing, the presentation notes that while biomass has advantages as a renewable resource, it also has disadvantages like requiring energy to cultivate and potentially contributing to pollution if burned directly.
This document provides an overview of bioethanol, including its production process, feedstocks, fuel properties, advantages, and disadvantages. Bioethanol is produced through sugar fermentation of plants containing sugars and starch, such as corn, sugarcane, or wheat. It is used as a substitute for gasoline in vehicles. While bioethanol production reduces greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on oil, it also requires large amounts of land and water and has lower energy content than gasoline. Brazil is highlighted as the largest producer and user of bioethanol due to its sugarcane crops and government policies supporting ethanol production.
biobutanol is an advanced biofuel, it has better properties than ethanol and gasoline .it can be transported via existing pipelines and can be used in current engines. ethanol plants can be easily converted to biobutanol plants.
The document discusses renewable energy resources and biomass energy conversion technologies. It covers several topics:
1) Biomass energy conversion can occur through direct combustion, thermochemical processes like gasification and pyrolysis, or biochemical processes like anaerobic digestion. Direct combustion is the most common method for converting biomass into heat.
2) Gasification involves heating biomass with a limited oxygen supply to produce a low-heating-value gas. The gas can be used directly or upgraded into fuels like methanol. Integrated gasification combined cycle systems can achieve 40-50% efficiency.
3) Biomass resources that can be used include agricultural waste, forest waste, urban waste, and dedicated energy crops.
This document discusses ethanol production from corn and cellulosic sources. It begins by explaining corn ethanol production via dry milling and wet milling processes. Dry milling involves grinding the whole corn kernel and liquefying the starch before fermentation. Wet milling separates the kernel into fiber, germ, and starch components. The document then discusses cellulosic ethanol production, which involves breaking down the lignocellulose structure of plant biomass into fermentable sugars.
This document discusses agro-residues and their potential utilization. It defines agro-residues as by-products generated after harvesting and processing agricultural crops. Major agro-residues include rice straw, wheat straw, bagasse, and cornhusk. Currently, most residues are burned or dumped, but they represent an abundant, renewable resource. The document examines using agro-residues for applications like textiles. It highlights bagasse's suitability due to its high cellulose content. Developing agro-residue value chains could provide farmers additional income while benefiting the environment. Further research is needed to extract high quality fibers from residues like bagasse and cornhusk.
Bioethanol production from fruits and vegetable wastesarchana janamatti
This document discusses bioethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes. It defines bioethanol as ethyl alcohol derived from fermented plant carbohydrates. Fruit and vegetable wastes are promising feedstocks as 30-50% of inputs are discarded as waste, creating environmental issues. Composition analysis shows wastes contain carbohydrates for fermentation. Case studies demonstrate production through various pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation methods using yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Parameters like temperature, incubation time and inoculum concentration impact yields. Studies optimize these to maximize ethanol yields. Fruit and vegetable wastes are concluded to be potential candidates for bioethanol production to meet blending targets and reduce oil imports.
Thermal, gas, chemical, and microbial injection are the main enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods. Thermal recovery uses heat injection like steam to produce more oil. Gas injection involves natural gas or other gases to achieve miscibility with oil. Chemical injection uses alkaline, surfactants, or polymers to better displace oil. Microbial EOR utilizes microorganisms and their byproducts to enhance oil recovery at low cost.
The document discusses biogas production from sewage through anaerobic digestion. It defines biogas as a methane-rich flammable gas produced from decomposing organic waste via anaerobic digestion. The typical composition of biogas from sewage is 50-70% methane and 30-40% carbon dioxide. Anaerobic digestion occurs in four stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. Different types of anaerobic digesters are discussed including fixed dome, floating gas holder, plug flow, and UASB reactors. Experimental results on biogas production from sewage show the highest rates occur around 2.9 kg of volatile solids per cubic meter of digester per day.
Biogas is produced after organic materials (plant and animal products) are broken down by bacteria in an oxygen-free environment, a process called anaerobic digestion. Biogas systems use anaerobic digestion to recycle these organic materials, turning them into biogas, which contains both energy (gas), and valuable soil products (liquids and solids).
This document discusses the production process of bioethanol. Raw materials like grains, corn, sugar cane are broken down into sugars through processes like mashing, cooking and enzymatic hydrolysis. Yeast is then used to ferment the sugars into ethanol through fermentation. The ethanol is then distilled from the mixture. Bioethanol has advantages as a cleaner burning fuel but also disadvantages like lower energy content than gasoline and difficulty in cold starts. Further improvements in efficiency and sustainability are needed for bioethanol to fully replace gasoline.
This document discusses the production of bioethanol from biomass waste such as oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB). It notes that bioethanol is renewable, environmentally friendly and does not compete with food/feed. The document outlines the challenges of pretreatment and hydrolysis of lignocellulose and explains that white-rot fungi can be used in the biological pretreatment of EFB through enzymes that break down lignin. Visual changes in EFB are shown after biological pretreatment with white-rot fungi.
This document discusses bioethanol production and technology. It begins by introducing bioethanol and explaining its importance as an alternative energy source due to depletion of fossil fuels and environmental concerns. The main steps of bioethanol production are described as fermentation, distillation and dehydration. Common raw materials like sugar, starch and cellulose sources are identified. Microorganisms used in fermentation and different production technologies like sugar fermentation and dry/wet milling processes are outlined. Applications include fuel blending and uses. Advantages include renewability while disadvantages include lower efficiency than petroleum and land use impacts.
A presentation on non-conventional energy resources i.e. biomass. The energy obtained from biomass can be used to produce biogas which in turn can be used to produce electricity
This document discusses bioenergy, which is renewable energy derived from biological sources like wood, food waste, and plants. It goes over the carbon cycle that bioenergy relies on, as well as different types of bioenergy like solid, liquid, and gas bioenergy produced from biomass. The document also provides information on bioenergy conversion technologies like combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis. It lists some of the largest biomass power plants worldwide and discusses advantages and disadvantages of bioenergy.
This document summarizes a presentation about the potential for biomass energy in Pakistan. It outlines that Pakistan faces an energy crisis and could benefit from developing renewable sources like biomass. The document discusses what biomass is and where it comes from. It notes that Pakistan generates a large amount of agricultural and animal waste biomass annually. It also examines existing small-scale biogas digesters in Pakistan and the potential for larger commercial plants, highlighting the Landhi cattle colony as a prime location. In conclusion, the document stresses that Pakistan should develop a national program to promote biomass energy to help address its energy needs and reduce environmental pollution.
This document provides information about biomass generation and utilization. It discusses various biomass sources including agricultural residues, urban waste, industrial waste, and forest biomass. It also describes different biomass conversion technologies such as direct combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, fermentation, and anaerobic digestion. Direct combustion involves burning biomass to generate steam for power generation. Gasification and pyrolysis are thermo-chemical conversion processes, while fermentation and anaerobic digestion are biochemical conversion processes.
The document discusses various types of biofuels as alternatives to fossil fuels. It defines biofuels as fuels produced from organic materials and waste. Common biofuels include bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. Bioethanol can be produced from sources like sugar, wheat, sugar beet, and bamboo waste. The document outlines the history of biofuels and discusses reverse photosynthesis as a method to produce fuel from biomass using sunlight and enzymes. It also discusses using bamboo's chlorophyll and the lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase enzyme in reverse photosynthesis. The goals of a biofuel policy are outlined as well as research areas like advanced conversion technologies and international cooperation.
1. Sugar production generates large amounts of biomass waste that can be used as fuel for power generation. Bagasse and press mud from sugar mills can also be used to produce biogas.
2. Cogeneration of power from bagasse is an attractive renewable energy project that has been implemented successfully in many sugar producing countries. It provides carbon-neutral electricity to sugar mills and improves their economic viability.
3. Sugar mills treat their waste water through extended aeration ponds and intensive biological oxidation before discharging to rivers.
This document provides an overview of biorefineries. It defines a biorefinery as a refinery that converts biomass into energy and other beneficial byproducts. The document then discusses the uses of biorefineries, how they function, and the types of biorefineries including classification based on platforms, products, feedstocks, and processes used. It also describes the major biorefinery platforms of thermochemical/syngas and biochemical/sugar, and important feedstocks like sugar, starch, and lignocellulosic materials. Gasification and types of gasifiers and fermentation of lignocellulosic feedstock are also summarized.
This document summarizes a presentation about biomass as a profitable energy resource. It defines biomass as organic matter that can be used to produce electricity, heat, or fuel for transportation. The presentation discusses how biomass works by being burned to produce steam and turn turbines, how it helps reduce global warming by maintaining a closed carbon cycle, and some of the most efficient biomass residues like bagasse and rice husks. It also outlines various processes for generating energy from biomass, such as combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis. In closing, the presentation notes that while biomass has advantages as a renewable resource, it also has disadvantages like requiring energy to cultivate and potentially contributing to pollution if burned directly.
This document provides an overview of bioethanol, including its production process, feedstocks, fuel properties, advantages, and disadvantages. Bioethanol is produced through sugar fermentation of plants containing sugars and starch, such as corn, sugarcane, or wheat. It is used as a substitute for gasoline in vehicles. While bioethanol production reduces greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on oil, it also requires large amounts of land and water and has lower energy content than gasoline. Brazil is highlighted as the largest producer and user of bioethanol due to its sugarcane crops and government policies supporting ethanol production.
biobutanol is an advanced biofuel, it has better properties than ethanol and gasoline .it can be transported via existing pipelines and can be used in current engines. ethanol plants can be easily converted to biobutanol plants.
The document discusses renewable energy resources and biomass energy conversion technologies. It covers several topics:
1) Biomass energy conversion can occur through direct combustion, thermochemical processes like gasification and pyrolysis, or biochemical processes like anaerobic digestion. Direct combustion is the most common method for converting biomass into heat.
2) Gasification involves heating biomass with a limited oxygen supply to produce a low-heating-value gas. The gas can be used directly or upgraded into fuels like methanol. Integrated gasification combined cycle systems can achieve 40-50% efficiency.
3) Biomass resources that can be used include agricultural waste, forest waste, urban waste, and dedicated energy crops.
This document discusses ethanol production from corn and cellulosic sources. It begins by explaining corn ethanol production via dry milling and wet milling processes. Dry milling involves grinding the whole corn kernel and liquefying the starch before fermentation. Wet milling separates the kernel into fiber, germ, and starch components. The document then discusses cellulosic ethanol production, which involves breaking down the lignocellulose structure of plant biomass into fermentable sugars.
This document discusses agro-residues and their potential utilization. It defines agro-residues as by-products generated after harvesting and processing agricultural crops. Major agro-residues include rice straw, wheat straw, bagasse, and cornhusk. Currently, most residues are burned or dumped, but they represent an abundant, renewable resource. The document examines using agro-residues for applications like textiles. It highlights bagasse's suitability due to its high cellulose content. Developing agro-residue value chains could provide farmers additional income while benefiting the environment. Further research is needed to extract high quality fibers from residues like bagasse and cornhusk.
Bioethanol production from fruits and vegetable wastesarchana janamatti
This document discusses bioethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes. It defines bioethanol as ethyl alcohol derived from fermented plant carbohydrates. Fruit and vegetable wastes are promising feedstocks as 30-50% of inputs are discarded as waste, creating environmental issues. Composition analysis shows wastes contain carbohydrates for fermentation. Case studies demonstrate production through various pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation methods using yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Parameters like temperature, incubation time and inoculum concentration impact yields. Studies optimize these to maximize ethanol yields. Fruit and vegetable wastes are concluded to be potential candidates for bioethanol production to meet blending targets and reduce oil imports.
Thermal, gas, chemical, and microbial injection are the main enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods. Thermal recovery uses heat injection like steam to produce more oil. Gas injection involves natural gas or other gases to achieve miscibility with oil. Chemical injection uses alkaline, surfactants, or polymers to better displace oil. Microbial EOR utilizes microorganisms and their byproducts to enhance oil recovery at low cost.
BioEnergy is an Egyptian pioneer in waste refining established in 2012. It operates facilities producing alternative fuels from waste for cement companies. The company was founded by Eng. Mahmoud Galal and Miss. Alaa’ El Sherbiny and has expanded operations to Morocco and the Gulf. BioEnergy produces biomass fuel from agricultural waste, refuse-derived fuel from municipal solid waste rejects, and tire-derived fuel from shredded tires. It aims to increase commercial value from waste through innovative fuel solutions and consulting services.
This presentation discusses the future of oil supply and the potential role of microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR). It notes that while the world has long enjoyed surplus oil, demand is increasing while extraction is becoming more difficult. MEOR uses bacteria to increase oil extraction rates from 50% of original oil in place (OOIP) compared to only 10-30% from primary and secondary recovery. The presentation provides an example of using Clostridium bacteria to increase oil extraction rates by 26% in a field in Turkey. It outlines the mechanisms by which bacteria can increase oil recovery and notes their advantages like being able to thrive in harsh reservoir conditions. The presentation concludes that MEOR could help access the "third trillion barrels" of remaining oil
Biotechnological Routes to Biomass ConversionBiorefineryEPC™
The document provides an overview of biotechnological routes for biomass conversion. It discusses:
1) Two main platforms for biomass conversion - the sugar platform (including enzymatic, dilute acid, and concentrated acid processes) and the syngas platform.
2) Key details of the enzymatic process for ethanol production, including various options for pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation configurations.
3) Technical barriers to commercialization such as understanding feedstock recalcitrance, process integration challenges, and improving enzymatic hydrolysis rates.
El documento describe la necesidad de aprendizaje permanente y autogestionado, y propone el Entorno de Aprendizaje Personal (PLE) como una forma de reunir las herramientas y recursos que una persona utiliza para su aprendizaje de manera autogestionada. El PLE promueve el aprendizaje informal a través de redes sociales y otras fuentes, y ejerce presión sobre los sistemas educativos formales para que reconozcan diferentes formas de aprendizaje.
This document lists various document sharing websites and the typical fields required for user signup on those sites. It includes a list of 18 document sharing sites along with whether they require a username, email, captcha, or other fields for signup. It also lists some popular document sharing sites like Docstoc, Scribd, Issuu, and Google Docs. Finally, it provides instructions for logging into Docstoc and uploading a document, including required fields like title, category, description, and legal terms.
This document discusses a study that used appreciative inquiry to develop a professional development program aimed at making two South African schools more intentionally inviting based on the principles of invitational education. The study focused on understanding teachers' positive experiences with the current teaching approach and identifying strategies to help teachers and schools become more intentionally inviting. Workshops were held to educate teachers on invitational education principles and increase their understanding of how to apply these principles to make their practices more intentionally inviting. The analysis of data from the study revealed themes around discovering best existing practices in the schools and creating a new future, consistent with the appreciative inquiry approach.
This document provides an overview of the Methopedia website, which allows users to share and explore learning activities and approaches. The website encourages users to register or login to contribute, change pages, add pages, upload attachments, and adjust settings. It also outlines next steps to link the site to social communities, hold regular sessions with trainers, and add visual descriptions of activities.
This document discusses the benefits of academics blogging and provides recommendations for those considering starting a blog. It recommends blogging to develop an online presence, participate in conversations in one's field, and get feedback on ideas. The document also lists some well-regarded academic blogs and suggests bloggers think about whether their blog will be personal or professional, anonymous or attached to their real name, and which conversations and blogs they want to engage with. Finally, it provides a number of useful links on topics like blogging platforms, using blogs to encourage reflection, and case studies on implementing blogs in courses.
There are 4 main types of tissues in the body: epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective. Nervous tissue is made up of neurons and regulates body functions. Connective tissue is found throughout the body and connects and supports other tissues. The 4 main types of epithelia are simple, stratified, glandular, and transitional epithelia which form layers of cells on surfaces and linings throughout the body.
The document provides an overview of recent developments at the Institute of Materials Science (IMS) at the University of Connecticut:
- UConn and FEI Co. signed an agreement to develop a $25 million world-class center for electron microscopy and materials science research housed at UConn's new Innovation Partnership Building. The center will feature some of the most advanced electron microscopes in the world.
- IMS faculty member Dr. Anson Ma led teams of students in collaborating with a company to 3D print prototypes of artificial organs, such as kidneys, using advanced 3D printing techniques.
- New IMS faculty member Dr. Kelly Burke studies the development of novel responsive biomaterials and their interactions
The NUS-SBF Business Advisors Program (BAP) matches professional, managerial, executive, and technical (PMET) talent with small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to complete projects. The program aims to create opportunities for both PMETs and SMEs. PMETs receive a consulting fee of up to $5,000 per month to complete projects for SMEs, with 70% paid monthly and 30% paid as a completion bonus. The program is jointly supported by SPRING Singapore and SME sponsors and aims to complete 30 projects annually across business management and technical domains.
SHU Diplomacy & UNA-USA Post 2015 UN Dev. Agenda WebinarMartin Edwards
SHU Diplomacy & UNA-USA/UNF Co-sponsored a Double Feature Webinar on: Building the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda; and
Introducing the New UN Studies Graduate Certificate, School of Diplomacy and International Relations, Seton Hall University
The Liberal Arts Online: an ACS Blended Learning Webinar
Dr. Rebecca Frost Davis, Program Officer for the Humanities, National Institute for Technology in Liberal Education (NITLE)
Improving technology, changing students, challenging finances, and alternative credentialing sources have all combined to create an online learning boom in higher education. For liberal arts colleges, online learning promises to enhance the curriculum by moving some tasks online to allow for more active learning face-to-face, increasing student time on task, connecting study abroad or internship students back to campus, adding curricular resources, or expanding access to liberal education. Whatever the motivation for considering online learning, liberal arts colleges are forging new ground in bringing the liberal arts educational model--highly interactive, close work between students and faculty--into an online context. This seminar will explore a variety of models for using technology to fulfill the essential learning outcomes of liberal education and suggest ways faculty might enhance their courses with online teaching.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of the US penal system. It discusses the different eras and philosophies that have guided the system over time, from the original penitentiary era focused on rehabilitation to the current era emphasizing punishment and incapacitation. Key points covered include the influence of liberal vs. conservative ideologies, the growth of private prisons, differing approaches to incarceration and prisoner treatment, and how the system has attempted to balance punishment, rehabilitation and public safety. The document traces the penal system from its origins to the billion dollar industry it is today.
This document discusses Drupal 7 and its new capabilities for representing content as Resource Description Framework (RDF) data. It provides an overview of Drupal's history with RDF and semantic technologies. It describes how Drupal 7 core is now RDFa enabled out of the box and how contributed modules can import vocabularies and provide SPARQL endpoints. The document advocates experimenting with the new RDF features in Drupal 7.
That bug that’s going around might be bugging your bottom line if you are a small business owner, according to a new survey from Pepperdine University, conducted in partnership with Dun & Bradstreet Credibility Corp. Smaller companies — those with revenues of less than $5 million — reported each sick employee cost them an average of $22,802. For larger companies, the average cost was $15,806.
Students selected topics from the book "What Matters: The World's Preeminent Photojournalists and Thinkers Depict Essential Issues of Our Time" by David Elliot Cohen who maintains that "a single image still has the power to change the world." They reserached their topic, composed an interest statement about whay it mattered to them (and should matter to everyone), compiled images and URLs about the topic to post to a blog and facebook group page.
The document discusses the MOSEP project, which aims to help reduce dropout rates among 14-16 year olds by familiarizing them with ePortfolio tools for lifelong learning. It provides background on issues like informal/non-formal learning and the need to upskill the European workforce. The MOSEP course teaches trainers how to use ePortfolios to help students reflect on their skills, boost self-esteem, and encourage continuing education. The course structure and wiki-based modules are outlined.
Combustible gas from gasification, anaerobic digestion and pyrolysisNajib Altawell
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The document discusses second generation biofuels produced from lignocellulosic feedstocks. It summarizes the status of different technologies being developed to produce ethanol, butanol, and diesel equivalents from biomass sources. The sustainability and environmental benefits of these biofuels are also examined, including significant potential reductions in greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels. Barriers to commercialization are noted but large-scale production is expected within the next decade.
This document summarizes information on renewable energy sources from biomass. It provides a history of bioenergy use in the United States from the 1850s to present day. It also outlines various biomass feedstocks and waste materials that can be converted to bioenergy through processes like combustion, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and fermentation. The applications of bioenergy include biofuels like ethanol, butanol and biodiesel for transportation; bioheat for heating buildings; and bioelectricity from combustion or microbial fuel cells.
Presentation by Theresa Kotanchek, vice president for sustainable technologie...ajagger
Delivering a Sustainable Future Through Innovation - presentation by Theresa Kotanchek, vice president for sustainable
technologies and innovation sourcing, Dow Chemical
2014 fallsemester introduction-to_biofuels-ust(dj_suh)Hiền Mira
This document provides an introduction to biofuels, including definitions of biomass and bioenergy. It discusses various biomass sources and conversion pathways to produce biofuels like bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. The strengths and challenges of different biofuel types are outlined. Key aspects of producing cellulosic bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass are summarized, such as pretreatment methods, hydrolysis, fermentation, and purification processes.
Bioeconomy in brazil moscow - russia - final - nov 2012Geraldo Eugenio
This document provides an overview of Brazil's bioeconomy, including its status, human resources and training, agriculture, bioenergy, and biotechnology sectors. It discusses investments in science and technology as a percentage of GDP, as well as investments in research and development over time. The document also outlines Brazil's prominent role in global agriculture production, as well as its leadership in sugarcane ethanol production and flexible fuel vehicle adoption. Brazil's cooperation with Russia on bioeconomy and energy issues is also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of bioenergy from agricultural wastes. It discusses the increasing global population and energy demand, and renewable energy sources as alternatives to address pollution, climate change, and resource depletion concerns. The document summarizes various agricultural and forestry wastes that can be used for bioenergy production, as well as the processes of converting biomass into biofuels, bioheat, and bioelectricity. Microbial fuel cells are presented as a method for the direct conversion of biomass to electricity. The advantages and drawbacks of biomass energy sources are also reviewed.
Basics of bioenergy and biofuels lecture. First given to ESP 10 class, 3/7/2013. Thanks to Steven Kaffka and Nathan Parker, who contributed some material.
This document outlines a presentation on biomass energy in Nepal. It discusses:
1) Biomass energy sources commonly used in Nepal like fuelwood, agricultural residues, and animal dung.
2) Technologies to convert biomass into energy like improved cookstoves, biogas plants, and briquettes.
3) Benefits of biomass energy including reduced deforestation, indoor air pollution, and women's workload. It can also improve soil fertility and reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers.
4) Over 200,000 households in Nepal now use improved cookstoves and over 160,000 use biogas plants to make better use of biomass resources.
Crop residue utilisation by MUHAMMAD FAHAD ANSARI 12IEEM 14fahadansari131
Crop residues include stalks, cobs, and other plant parts left after harvest which are important for protecting soil from erosion, improving soil structure, and sequestering carbon; however, crop residues can also be used as a biomass feedstock for biofuels or electricity though this must be done judiciously to maintain soil quality. There are competing uses for crop residues between returning them to fields or removing them for fuel, fiber, or feed, and it is debated whether short-term economics or long-term sustainability should determine the best use of crop residues.
The document discusses bio briquettes as an alternative renewable energy source in Indonesia. It notes that Indonesia faces challenges of oil depletion, increasing energy demand, and environmental issues. Bio briquettes can help address these issues by utilizing agricultural and forestry waste biomass. The document describes how various types of biomass waste can be converted into solid fuel briquettes through a process of drying, grinding, mixing, and densification. It provides examples of different bio briquette types and their heating values, and argues that bio briquettes can serve as a cheaper substitute for kerosene and LPG while providing environmental benefits.
World population is projected to reach 10 billion by 2050, increasing energy demand by 63-160%. Renewable energy sources like biomass could help meet this demand sustainably. Biomass includes waste biomass and purpose-grown crops, and can be converted to bioenergy through combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion and fermentation. This produces biofuels like ethanol, biogas and biodiesel. Biomass has the advantages of widespread availability and lower emissions than fossil fuels.
K V Subramaniam Clean Transport Energy Efficient BiofuelsEmTech
The document discusses energy efficiency in biofuels production. It finds that sugarcane under drip irrigation has the highest energy ratio of 8.5 for bioethanol production, while jatropha under drip irrigation has the highest ratio of 7.34 for biodiesel. Overall, biodiesel crops generally have better energy ratios than bioethanol crops. The document also examines productivity assumptions and inputs/outputs of energy for different feedstocks and production methods.
Biomass is biological material from living or recently living organisms that can be converted into useful forms of energy. It is a renewable energy source obtained through photosynthesis from sources like wood, waste, and crops. Biomass can be converted into biofuels, biogas and heat/electricity through various processes like combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion and fermentation. India has significant potential for biomass energy from sources such as agricultural waste, forest waste, and energy crops due to its large land area.
Presentation of Marcos S. Buckeridge for the “Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle”
Apresentação de Alfred Szwarc realizada no “Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle”
Date / Data : May 14 - 15th 2009/
14 e 15 de maio de 2009
Place / Local: ABTLuS, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop3
This document discusses the role of forest and wood residues in addressing climate change through bioenergy. It notes that the forest products industry provides lessons for developing integrated biorefineries. While biomass presents opportunities to reduce carbon emissions, it also faces challenges that require advocacy and public education to overcome. The document examines various biomass feedstocks, regulations, infrastructure needs, and sustainability considerations for expanding the role of bioenergy in a low carbon future.
A Stochastic Analysis of Biofuel Policies
Presented by Michael Obersteiner at the AGRODEP Workshop on Analytical Tools for Climate Change Analysis
June 6-7, 2011 • Dakar, Senegal
For more information on the workshop or to see the latest version of this presentation visit: http://www.agrodep.org/first-annual-workshop
This document summarizes a presentation on research into producing ethanol from loblolly pine forest residuals via thermochemical conversion. The research aims to determine if the process can meet the 60% greenhouse gas reduction requirement in the Energy Independence and Security Act. The life cycle assessment examines the process from feedstock production and transportation through conversion, distribution and use. Key findings include ethanol production resulting in a 86.95% reduction in greenhouse gases compared to gasoline, mainly due to carbon sequestration in the sustainably managed forests.
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- Heating value - The energy content of the oil. Higher heating value is better.
- Pour/Melt point - The temperature at which the oil starts to solidify. Must be below operating temperatures.
- Cloud point - The temperature at which wax crystals start to form causing cloudiness. Should be below operating temperatures.
- Flash point - The minimum temperature at which the oil produces enough vapor to ignite. Must be above operating temperatures for safety.
- Iodine value - Indicates level of unsaturation. Higher value means more unsaturated and prone to oxidation.
- Viscosity - Th
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Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
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Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
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In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
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* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
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Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
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What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
2. World Energy Prospects
World's Population
12 10
10 6.7
Population
8
(billion)
6
4 Increase in
2
Population Energy demand
0
2008 2050
63-
Year
60%
160%
Source:
•CIA's The World Factbook
• World POPClock Projection, U.S. Census Bureau
• Energy Sources, 26:1119-1129,2004
3. Other concerns
Pollution
Climate change
Resource depletion
4. Renewable energy sources
Summary of energy resources consumption in United States, 2004
•By 2030, bio-energy, 15-20% energy consumption
Source:
USDA-DOE, 2005, http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/publications.html.
5. Overview
Bioenergy history
Ag wastes and other biomass
Biomass to Bioenergy
Conversion processes
Pros & Cons
Applications
Biofuels
Bioheat
Bioelectricity
6. Some U.S.
bioenergy history
Bioenergy is not new!
1850s: Ethanol used for lighting (
http://www.eia.doe.gov/ kids/energyfacts/
sources/renewable/ethanol.html#motorfuel)
1860s-1906: Ethanol tax enacted (making it no
longer competitive with kerosene for lights)
1896: 1st ethanol-fueled automobile, the
Ford Quadricycle (
http://www.nesea.org/greencarclub/factsheets_ethanol.pdf)
7. More
bioenergy
history
(photo from http://www.modelt.org/gallery/picz.asp?iPic=129)
1908: 1st flex-fuel car, the Ford Model T
1919-1933: Prohibition banned ethanol unless
mixed with petroleum
WWI and WWII: Ethanol used due to high oil costs
Early 1960s: Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol industrial
fermentation discontinued in US
Today, about 110 new U.S. ethanol refineries in
operation and 75 more planned
8. Ag wastes and
other biomass
Waste Biomass
Crop and forestry residues, animal
manure, food processing waste, yard
waste, municipal and C&D solid wastes,
sewage, industrial waste
New Biomass: (Terrestrial &
Aquatic)
Solar energy and CO2 converted via
photosynthesis to organic compounds
Conventionally harvested for food, feed,
10. Municipal garbage & other
landfilled wastes
Municipal Solid Waste
Landfill gas-to-energy
Pre- and post-consumer residues
Urban wood residues
Construction & Demolition wastes
Tree trimmings
Yard waste
Packaging
Discarded furniture
11. % U.S. Data
crop residue
animal manure
forest residue
MSW, C&D
Category Millions of U.S. (%)
dry tons/yr
Crop 218.9 43
(modified from residues
Perlack et al., 2005)
Animal 35.1 7
manures
Forest 178.8 35
residues
Landfill 78 15
wastes
12. % Ohio data
crop residue
animal manure
forest residue
(modified from Jeanty
MSW, C&D
et al., 2004)
Category Billions of Ohio (%)
BTUs
Crop residues 53,717 18
Animal 2,393 1
manures
Forest residues 33,988 12
Landfill wastes 199,707 69
13. Biomass to Bioenergy
Biomass: renewable energy sources coming
from biological material such as plants, animals,
microorganisms and municipal wastes
17. Advantages of Biomass
Widespread availability in many parts of the world
Contribution to the security of energy supplies
Generally low fuel cost compared with fossil fuels
Biomass as a resource can be stored in large
amounts, and bioenergy produced on demand
Creation of stable jobs, especially in rural areas
Developing technologies and knowledge base offers
opportunities for technology exports
Carbon dioxide mitigation and other emission
reductions (SOx, etc.)
19. Drawbacks of Biomass
Generally low energy content
Competition for the resource with food,
feed, and material applications like
particle board or paper
Generally higher investment costs for
conversion into final energy in
comparison with fossil alternatives
21. Biofuel Applications: Liquids
Ethanol and Butanol :
can be used in gasoline engines
either at low blends (up to 10%),
in high blends in Flexible Fuel
Vehicles or in pure form in
adapted engines
Biodiesel : can be used,
both blended with fossil diesel
and in pure form. Its acceptance
by car manufacturers is growing
22. Process for cellulosic bioethanol
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/abcs_biofuels.html
23. Why Butanol?
More similar to gasoline than ethanol
Butanol can:
Be transported via existing pipelines
(ethanol cannot)
Fuel engines designed for use with gasoline
without modification (ethanol cannot)
Produced from biomass (biobutanol) as
well as petroleum (petrobutanol)
Toxicity issues (no worse than gasoline)
24. Biodiesel from triglyceride oils
Methoxide
Methyl Ester
Triglyceride Glycerine
Triglyceride consists of glycerol backbone + 3 fatty acid tails
The OH- from the NaOH (or KOH) catalyst facilitates the breaking
of the bonds between fatty acids and glycerol
Methanol then binds to the free end of the fatty acid to produce a
methyl ester (aka biodiesel)
Multi-step reaction mechanism : Triglyceride→Diglyceride
→Monoglyceride →Methyl esters+ glycerine
25. Biodiesel
Production
Methanol Raw Oil
Catalyst NaOH
Crude Biodiesel (methyl ester)
Crude glycerin Acid (phosphoric)
Excess methanol
Catalyst KOH
Catalyst Mixing Transesterification
Reaction Neutralization
Methanol Recovery
Recovered
methanol
Biodiesel,
glycerin
Phase Separation
gravity or centrifuge Crude Glycerine
Biodiesel,
impurities
Purification Wash water
(washing)
water
Fertilizer Fuel Grade
K3PO3 Biodiesel
26. Biofuel Applications: Gases
Hydrogen : can be used in
fuel cells for generating
electricity
Methane : can be
combusted directly or converted
to ethanol
27. Bioheat Applications
Small-scale heating systems
for households typically use
firewood or pellets
Medium-scale users typically
burn wood chips in grate
boilers
Large-scale boilers are able to
burn a larger variety of fuels,
including wood waste and
refuse-derived fuel Biomass Boiler
(for more info: Dr. Harold M. Keener, OSU Wooster, E-mail keener.3@osu.edu)
28. Bioelectricity Applications
Co-generation:
Combustion followed by a
water vapor cycle driven
turbine engine is the main
technology at present
Microbial Fuel Cells
(MFCs): Direct conversion
of biomass to electricity
29. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs)
PEM
Electrons flow from an anode through a resistor to a cathode
where electron acceptors are reduced. Protons flow across a
proton exchange membrane (PEM) to complete the circuit.
30. Bio-electro-chemical devices
Bacteria as biocatalysts convert the
biomass “fuel” directly to electricity
Oxidation-Reduction reaction
switches from normal electron
acceptor (e.g., O2, nitrate, sulfate)
to a solid
electron acceptor: Graphite
anode
It’s all about REDOX CHEMISTRY!
31. Microbial fuel cells in the lab
•Two-compartment MFC
• Proton exchange membrane:
Nafion 117 or Ultrex Membrane
• Electrodes: Graphite plate
Cathode
84 cm2
• Working volume: 400 ml
ANODE CATHODE
Anode
33. My own MFC story
Undergraduate in-class presentation, 2003
Bond, D.R. Holmes, D.E., Tender L.M., Lovley D.R. 2002. Electrode-
reducing microorganisms that harvest energy from marine sediments.
Science 295: 483–485.
Extra-curricular student team project, 2004-2005
USEPA - P3 first round winner 2005
#1 in ASABE’s Gunlogson National Competition 2005
Research program, 2005 to present
3 Ph.D. students, 2 undergrad honors theses, 4 faculty
Over $200,000 in grant funding
High school science class project online resource
http://digitalunion.osu.edu/r2/summer07/nskrinak/index.html
34. References
Ezeji, T., N. Qureshi, H.P. Blaschek. 2007. Butanol production from agricultural residues: Impact
of degradation products on Clostridum beijerinckii growth and butanol fermentation. Biotechnol.
Bioeng. 97, 1460-1469.
Jeanty, P.W., D. Warren, and F. Hitzhusen. 2004. Assessing Ohio’s biomass resources for energy
potential using GIS. OSU Dept of Ag, Env., and Development Economics, for Ohio Dept of
Development.
http://www.puc.state.oh.us/emplibrary/files/media/biomass/bioenergyresourceassessment.pdf
Klass, Donald L. 1998. Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals . Academic Press.
ISBN: 9780124109506.
Perlack et al. 2005. Biomass as feedstock for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry: The technical
feasibility of a billion-ton annual supply. USDOE-USDA.
http://www.puc.state.oh.us/emplibrary/files/media/biomass/BiomassFeedstock.pdf
Rabaey, K., Verstraete, W. 2005. Microbial fuel cells: Novel biotechnology for energy generation.
Trends. Biotechnol. 23:291-298.
Rismani-Yazdi, H., Christy, A. D., Dehority, B.A., Morrison, M., Yu, Z. and Tuovinen, O. H. 2007.
Electricity generation from cellulose by rumen microorganisms in microbial fuel cells. Biotechnol.
Bioeng. 97, 1398-1407.
Skrinak, N. 2007. OSU Microbial Fuel Cell Learning Center
<http://digitalunion.osu.edu/r2/summer07/nskrinak/index.html>
USDOE Biomass Program. ABCs of Biofuels
<http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/abcs_biofuels.html>. Accessed April 2008.
35. For more info
(or to request reference list)
Ann D. Christy, Ph.D.,
P.E.
Associate Professor
Dept of Food, Agricultural, and
Biological Engineering
614-292-3171
Email: christy.14@osu.edu
Editor's Notes
World populations is currently 6.7 b but it is predicted to reach 10 b by year 2050. So the question is, how can a world of 10 billion people be provided with adequate supplies of energy. During the same period of time our energy demand will increase by 63 to 160 %.
But in regards to energy the gap between demand and supply of energy is not the only concern that that we have. Concerns over : resource depletion, pollution and climate change.
Alternate sources of feedstock are needed to supplement the looming imbalance between supply and demand of fossil-based feedstocks. Renewable energy source could provide adequate supplies of clean, safe and sustainable energy . At 47 percent of renewable energy consumption, biomass is the single largest renewable energy resource. Therefore there is a strict need for development of new technologies that can make biomass resources accessible to supply this increasing demand.
Does Oil consider Biomass? No, cause it is not reneable.
Ethanol fermentation , a form of anaerobic respiration used primarily by yeasts when oxygen is not present in sufficient quantity for normal cellular respiration transesterification is the process of exchanging the alkoxy group of an ester compound by another alcohol. These reactions are often catalyzed by the addition of an acid or base. Transesterification: alcohol + ester → different alcohol + different ester Gasification is a process that converts carbonaceous materials, such as coal, petroleum, or biomass, into carbon monoxide and hydrogen by reacting the raw material at high temperatures with a controlled amount of oxygen. Fast pyrolysis is a process in which organic materials are rapidly heated to 450 - 600 oC in absence of air. Under these conditions, organic vapours, pyrolysis gases and charcoal are produced. The vapours are condensed to bio-oil. Typically, 70-75 wt.% of the feedstock is converted into oil
This is basically an Overview of the our class topics …. Everything starts from “Photosynthesis”, which is the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar. Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants and some algae (Kingdom Protista).
Bioenergy has many advantages as well as drawbacks that must be considered in order to ensure efficient implementation.
Talk about: as business and industry are taking more interest in producing renewable energy from biomass, the demand for new technical and design skills is increasing. And it’s on the universities and colleges to meet this demand by training engineers and scientists expert in areas related to bioenergy. Just to give an example I am doing a search on the web about the amount of federal investment on bioenergy and thought I would share it with you: I googled “USDA DOE” which are the main federal agencies supporting “biomass research” in “Google News”… and see what came first: Then I just did “Biomass Research” and look at the 4 th link: Ohio 3 rd frontier commission has announced “ $12 MILLION FOR ADVANCED ENERGY GRANTS ” … just $12 million in Ohio… and the share of the Ohio Sate Univ. is: $1.5 million 12.5% of the total budget… and this is just a small portion of the entire funding allocated for biomass and bioenergy research. I also, searched “Renewable Energy” and see what came first: in “The New York Times” published just today “ Majoring in Renewable Energy” the article reports on development of “degree programs” in univ. and colleges nation-wide to meet the demand of the market for training students in these areas. Oregon institute of technology offering the country's first 4-year undergraduate degree in “renewable-energy systems”… And other universities such as stand ford, Illinois State Univ. and even some community colleges… Our offering of this course “Biomass to Bioenergy” is the basically the Fist step here at OSU to go toward that goal of supply the demand of the market …. With that introduction if you do not have a question I would like to briefly go over the course outline to give you an idea of what you will be learning and what we will be discussing in this class. For that I have put together a “Biomass-to-Bioenergy Routes” that summaries the class…
Biodiesel Use in blends below 5% does not require any modification of the engine. Some minor modifications might be necessary when using biodiesel at 100%. Biogas from anaerobic digestion is mainly used on site for cogeneration applications. The solid and liquid residues from the process are often used as fertilisers on farm land.
Biodiesel Use in blends below 5% does not require any modification of the engine. Some minor modifications might be necessary when using biodiesel at 100%. Biogas from anaerobic digestion is mainly used on site for cogeneration applications. The solid and liquid residues from the process are often used as fertilisers on farm land.
Heat can also be produced on a medium or large scale through cogeneration which provides heat for industrial processes in the form of steam and can supply district heat networks.
Heat can also be produced on a medium or large scale through cogeneration which provides heat for industrial processes in the form of steam and can supply district heat networks.
In this regard, microbial fuel cells, in which biomass fuels are directly converted to electrical energy by undergoing oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions at an anode and a cathode is a promising technology.
Voltage was measured across a 1000 ohm resistor and data was logged into a computer using a data acquisition unit. Power density was calculated as :current times voltage divided by area of the electrode. Current was voltage times resistant
Here is a short cartoon that shows how the substrate enters the bacteria cell, and you can see the biochemical reactions that lead to the production of electrons and hydrogen ions inside and then the transfer of these ions across the cell wall to the anode electrode and through the PEM which leas to the electricity production