This document discusses bioethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes. It defines bioethanol as ethyl alcohol derived from fermented plant carbohydrates. Fruit and vegetable wastes are promising feedstocks as 30-50% of inputs are discarded as waste, creating environmental issues. Composition analysis shows wastes contain carbohydrates for fermentation. Case studies demonstrate production through various pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation methods using yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Parameters like temperature, incubation time and inoculum concentration impact yields. Studies optimize these to maximize ethanol yields. Fruit and vegetable wastes are concluded to be potential candidates for bioethanol production to meet blending targets and reduce oil imports.
BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS AS ALTERNATIVE ...IAEME Publication
Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) has been demonstrated as alternative to conventional fuel, as it is considered to be renewable and clean energy. The major problem of bioethanol is the availability of biomass materials for its production. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the recent developments and potential regarding production techniques, ethanol yields, and properties, as well as the effects of bioethanol fuel as replacement for fossil fuel. The literature indicates that the best results have been obtained with cellulase and β-glucanase cocktail which significantly increases bioethanol production compared to fermented acid pretreatment. The classification of pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation have significant effects on physico-chemical properties of bioethanol fuel, which also influence the internal combustion engines. Difference in operating conditions and physico-chemical properties of bioethanol fuels, may change the combustion behaviors and sometimes makes it difficult to analyze the fundamentals of how it affects emissions.
BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS AS ALTERNATIVE ...IAEME Publication
Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) has been demonstrated as alternative to conventional fuel, as it is considered to be renewable and clean energy. The major problem of bioethanol is the availability of biomass materials for its production. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the recent developments and potential regarding production techniques, ethanol yields, and properties, as well as the effects of bioethanol fuel as replacement for fossil fuel. The literature indicates that the best results have been obtained with cellulase and β-glucanase cocktail which significantly increases bioethanol production compared to fermented acid pretreatment. The classification of pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation have significant effects on physico-chemical properties of bioethanol fuel, which also influence the internal combustion engines. Difference in operating conditions and physico-chemical properties of bioethanol fuels, may change the combustion behaviors and sometimes makes it difficult to analyze the fundamentals of how it affects emissions.
In this presentation I'm explaining about the production and processing of Ethanol from agricultural wastes and usage of ethanol as a fuel for engines. Also explained about the advantages and disadvantages of ethanol process and an detailed explanation about ethanol process.
seminar horticulture.
Bioethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes
The need for energy is continuously increasing due to rapid increase in industrialization and automobiles usage. The major sources to fulfil these energy demands are petroleum, natural gas, coal, hydro and nuclear energy. Increasing concern of fuels as well as escalating social and industrial awareness towards global climate change leads to exploration for the clean renewable fuels (Saifuddin et al., 2014). Therefore, bioethanol production from food sources as well as non-edible feed stocks as a renewable source of energy is believed to be one of the options wide open, to answer our concern towards climate change.
Research is being carried¬-out to convert food waste or inedible parts of fruits like peel and seeds into bioethanol. Although the idea is not new, but has gained considerable attention in recent years due to the escalating price of petro-fuel throughout the world.
Memon et al. (2017) conducted studies on bioethanol production from waste potatoes as a sustainable waste-to-energy resource via enzymatic hydrolysis. The results showed that significant bioethanol production was achieved at 30°C, 6 pH and 84 hours incubation time. About 42 ml of bioethanol was produced from 200 g of potato wastes.
Similarly, Saifuddin et al. (2014) experimented on bioethanol production from mango waste (Mangifera indica L. cv Chokanan). The highest production of bioethanol yield could be obtained from mango pulp of rotten fruits in the 3g/L of yeast concentration at a temperature of 30°C that yielded 15 per cent (v/v) of ethanol. Ethanol production increased with the increase in fermentation time until five days of incubation.
Comparative studies of ethanol production from different fruit wastes using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, revealed that the rate of ethanol production through fermentation of grape fruit waste was very high (6.21%) followed by banana (5.4%), apple (4.73%) and papaya (4.19%) (Janani et al., 2013).
Studies on production of bioethanol using rinds of pineapple, jackfruit, watermelon and muskmelon by saccharification and fermentation process were undertaken by Bhandari et al., (2013). Significant amounts of ethanol was obtained at the end of the process, with jackfruit rind (4.64g/L) followed by pineapple rind (4.38g/L).
Results of the experiment conducted on production of bioethanol from cassava and sweet potato peels revealed that maximum yield was obtained in cassava (26%) and sweet potato (12%) using combination of Gloeophyllum sepiarium and Pleurotus ostreatus for hydrolysis and combination of Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for fermentation (Oyeleke et al., 2012).
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to examine the increasing economic feasibility of algae biofuels. Algae can be grown in places where traditional crops cannot be grown and it consumes carbon dioxide, thus making it better than traditional sources of biofuels. It can also be harvested every 10 days thus making its oil yield per acre 200 times higher than corn and 40 times higher than sunflowers. The problem is that harvesting and extracting the algae requires large amounts of labor and energy (drying) and the algae may damage surrounding eco-systems. Thus new and better processes along with large scale production are needed to solve these problems. These slides discuss the various approaches (open pond, photo-bioreactor, fermentation), their advantages and disadvantages, their existing and future costs, and other improvements that are driving steadily falling costs. In the short term, algae will continue to be used in niche applications such as cosmetics, food, and fertilizers. In the long run, as the cost reductions continue, algae might become a major source of fuel for transportation and other applications.
In this presentation I'm explaining about the production and processing of Ethanol from agricultural wastes and usage of ethanol as a fuel for engines. Also explained about the advantages and disadvantages of ethanol process and an detailed explanation about ethanol process.
seminar horticulture.
Bioethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes
The need for energy is continuously increasing due to rapid increase in industrialization and automobiles usage. The major sources to fulfil these energy demands are petroleum, natural gas, coal, hydro and nuclear energy. Increasing concern of fuels as well as escalating social and industrial awareness towards global climate change leads to exploration for the clean renewable fuels (Saifuddin et al., 2014). Therefore, bioethanol production from food sources as well as non-edible feed stocks as a renewable source of energy is believed to be one of the options wide open, to answer our concern towards climate change.
Research is being carried¬-out to convert food waste or inedible parts of fruits like peel and seeds into bioethanol. Although the idea is not new, but has gained considerable attention in recent years due to the escalating price of petro-fuel throughout the world.
Memon et al. (2017) conducted studies on bioethanol production from waste potatoes as a sustainable waste-to-energy resource via enzymatic hydrolysis. The results showed that significant bioethanol production was achieved at 30°C, 6 pH and 84 hours incubation time. About 42 ml of bioethanol was produced from 200 g of potato wastes.
Similarly, Saifuddin et al. (2014) experimented on bioethanol production from mango waste (Mangifera indica L. cv Chokanan). The highest production of bioethanol yield could be obtained from mango pulp of rotten fruits in the 3g/L of yeast concentration at a temperature of 30°C that yielded 15 per cent (v/v) of ethanol. Ethanol production increased with the increase in fermentation time until five days of incubation.
Comparative studies of ethanol production from different fruit wastes using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, revealed that the rate of ethanol production through fermentation of grape fruit waste was very high (6.21%) followed by banana (5.4%), apple (4.73%) and papaya (4.19%) (Janani et al., 2013).
Studies on production of bioethanol using rinds of pineapple, jackfruit, watermelon and muskmelon by saccharification and fermentation process were undertaken by Bhandari et al., (2013). Significant amounts of ethanol was obtained at the end of the process, with jackfruit rind (4.64g/L) followed by pineapple rind (4.38g/L).
Results of the experiment conducted on production of bioethanol from cassava and sweet potato peels revealed that maximum yield was obtained in cassava (26%) and sweet potato (12%) using combination of Gloeophyllum sepiarium and Pleurotus ostreatus for hydrolysis and combination of Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for fermentation (Oyeleke et al., 2012).
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to examine the increasing economic feasibility of algae biofuels. Algae can be grown in places where traditional crops cannot be grown and it consumes carbon dioxide, thus making it better than traditional sources of biofuels. It can also be harvested every 10 days thus making its oil yield per acre 200 times higher than corn and 40 times higher than sunflowers. The problem is that harvesting and extracting the algae requires large amounts of labor and energy (drying) and the algae may damage surrounding eco-systems. Thus new and better processes along with large scale production are needed to solve these problems. These slides discuss the various approaches (open pond, photo-bioreactor, fermentation), their advantages and disadvantages, their existing and future costs, and other improvements that are driving steadily falling costs. In the short term, algae will continue to be used in niche applications such as cosmetics, food, and fertilizers. In the long run, as the cost reductions continue, algae might become a major source of fuel for transportation and other applications.
Alcoholic fermentation, also referred to as, Ethanol fermentation, is a biological process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products. Because yeasts perform this conversion in the absence of oxygen ethanol fermentation is classified as anaerobic.
Protein Extraction and Purification of Soybean Flakes and Meals Using a Lime ...IJMER
Protein extraction and purification by lime treatment and ultrafiltration on soybean
flakes and meals is an environmentally friendly process that promises a novel alternative to
conventional chemical treatment methods. Protein was extracted from soybean flakes and meals by
ionic-strength of lime as alkali treatment. After centrifugation, proteins were purified by
ultrafiltration.Lime treatedflakes and meals showed significantly higher level of dissolved solid,
protein, and carbohydrate extraction rate than conventional sodium hydroxide or water treatment.
Soybean flakes represented a higher extraction rate of protein and carbohydrate than meals. This
result may becauseby extensive cell distortion and disruption with cracking, cooking, and flatting
which allow lime solutes to easily permeate the cellular matrix. Ultrafiltration substantiallypurified
the protein with minor loss of yields, 94.42% and 96.79% for soybean flakes and meals, respectively.
Therefore, lime treatment and ultrafiltration is a viable option for extraction and purifying proteins of
soybean flakes and meals
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
7. What is bioethanol?
• Bio-ethanol is ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol that is
derived exclusively from the fermentation of plant
carbohydrates (sugar or starch)
• Chemically bioethanol is C2H5
One of the widely used alternative automotive fuel in
the world (majority of the production and
consumption takes place in Brazil & U.S.A )
Mustafa et al., 2009
11. Second
generation
(lignocellulosic
biomass)
fruits and vegetable
waste, grass, Crop
residue, wood , forest
thinnings
Third generation
Algal biomass
Ring Chart 2
Placeholderfor your own sub headline
First
generation
(food or starchy
crops)
Sugarcane
Corn
Palm oil
Sweet sorghum
Sugarbeet
Rice
Wheat
Potato and tapioca
Feed stocks for
Bioethanol
production
12. Food Vs Fuel
No, But I can offer
you a gallon of
Ethanol
CANT YOU SEE IM TRYING
TO FIGHT FOR GLOBAL
WARMING
13. 30–40% - discarded as wasteSolid waste disposal problem –
environment pollution
Generated from farm to fork
Generated from processing units
account for 30–50% of the input
materials
Peel, Pomace, seed, core, stone
India is the second largest
producer of fruits &
vegetables
No waste is waste until it is wasted…….
14. Losses and wastage (%) Waste
Generated
(Million
Tonnes)
Processing Distribution consumption
India 25 10 7 1.81
China 2 8 15 31.98
Phillippines 25 10 7 6.53
Malaysia 25 10 7 0.68
Sharma et al., 2016
15. Moisture
(g)
Protein
(g)
Fiber (g) Carbohydrate
(g)
Apple
pomace
3.97 4.45 48.70 48 Joshi &
Attri (2006)
Pineapple
peel
9.4 8.7 - 29.1 Bandikari et
al.(2004)
Banana peel 10.5 6.02 - 17.8 Sharoba et
al. (2013)
Potato solid
waste
85-87 3-5 19.86 27-35 Arapaglau
et al.(2010)
Orange peel 4.23 5.97 28.56 25.92 Sharoba et
al. (2013)
Cauliflower
leaves
8.6 16.1 28 24 Wadhwat et
al. (2006)
Composition of fruits and vegetable waste (per 100gm)
16. Production Methods of Bioethanol
Sugar-based
Bioethanol
Production
Starch-based
Bioethanol
Production
Lignocellulose-
based
Bioethanol
Production
17. Fruits and vegetable waste based
Bioethanol Production
Pretreatment
Dehydration
Distillation
Fermentation
Hydrolysis
Feedstocks
Bioethanol
18.
19. Fruits and vegetable waste based
Bioethanol Production
Pretreatment
Dehydration
Distillation
Fermentation
Hydrolysis
Feedstocks
Bioethanol
Physical
Pretreatment
Chemical Pretreatment
Physicochemical Pretreatment
Biological Pretreatment
Acid hydrolysis
Enzymatic hydrolysis
21. To optimize the fermentation parameters (inoculum concentration,
temperature and incubation period) for maximizing ethanol production
using co-cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisisae G and Pachysolen
tannophilus MTCC 107.
Objectiv
e:
Case Study -I
23. Materials and methods:
Kinnow waste (Peel + segment membranes + seeds) : Banana peel mixed in the
ratio 4:6
Steam explosion (vertical autoclave at 15 psi for 1.0 h)
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
Enzymatic saccahrification – Cellulase from Trichoderma reesei RUT C -30 at 4 FPU g -1
Fermentation – Saccharomyces cerevisiae G and Pachysolen tannophilus
27. Conclusion:
• The temperature - 30 0C
• Inoculum size of Saccharomyces cerevisae G 6% (v/v) and
Pachysolen tannophilus MTCC 1077 4% (v/v)
• Incubation period of 48 hours
These optimized fermentation parameters could be used for
further scaling up of the process to a pilot scale or commercial
fermenter
28. BIOMASS AND BIOENERGY 69 (2014) 66-70
Residues of dates from the food
industry as a new cheap feedstock for
ethanol production Sofien et al., 2014
Case Study -II
29. Objective:
To evaluate the feasibility of production of bioethanol from
substrate with a high level of sugar (date by-products).
Material and methods:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii
Candida pelliculosa
Sugar concentration of culture medium -174 kg m -3 and 358 kg m -3
100 µL of yeast suspension
Batch fermentation – 28 °C for 72 hour
30. Growth of yeasts in medium
containing 174 kg m -3 sugar
Growth of yeasts in medium
containing 358 kg m -3 sugar
0 18 24 42 48 66 72 180 24 42 48 66 72
31. Parameters 174 kg m -3 (C1) 358 kg m -3 (C2)
S. cerevisiae Z. rouxii C. pelliculosa S. cerevisiae Z. rouxii C. pelliculosa
Eq Glu
consumed (%)
94.0 ± 0.2
67.0 ± 2.0 71.0 ± 0.1 4.0 ± 0.1 41.0 ± 0.2 3.0± 0.4
Ethanol
(Kg m -3)
63.0 ± 0.1 33.0 ± 2.0 41.0 ± 0.3
**
55.0 ± 1.0
**
Glycerol
(Kg m -3)
5.0 ± 0.1 4.6 ± 0.1 4.6 ± 0.1
**
10.0 ± 0.1
**
Q ethanol
(Kg m-3 h-1)
0.9 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.1
**
0.8 ± 0.1
**
Y EtOH/S 38.0 ± 0.5 29.0 ± 0.1 34.0 ± 0.2
**
38.0 ± 0.1
**
Table: Ethanol production from date syrup containing 174 kg m -3 and 358 kg m -3
sugar concentration
** - < limit of detection
32. Conclusion
• The choice of yeast strain effect the bioethanol
production
• The maximum ethanol from concentrated date syrup
could be achieved by Zygosaccharomyces rouxii
• It is preferable to use S. cerevisiae if the culture
medium is less concentrated in sugar
33. Bioethanol production from grape and sugar
beet pomaces by solid-state fermentation
Case Study -III
Rodriguez et al., 2010
34. Objective: To study the ethanol production from grape
and sugar beet pomaces by solid -state fermentation
Materials and methods:
Saccharomyces cerevisae PM -16 (10 8 cells/ g of pomace)
Liquid fermentation on sugar beet juice (LF-SBJ)
Solid state fermentation on sugar beet and grape pomace
Incubated in anaerobic environment at 28 °C for 96 hours
35. SSF-GP : Solid state fermentation on grape pomace
SSF – SBP : Solid state fermentation on beet pomace
LF-SBJ : Liquid fermentation on sugar beet juice
A
B
Ethanol yield Consumption of sugar
36. Conclusion:
• Ethanol was found more concentrated in solid state fermentation
• Maximum ethanol concentration was found in 48 hour of
fermentation.
• Decrease of waste mass
• Technological and economical advantage of solid state fermentation
could be studied further
Ethanol yield based on consumed sugars and percentage of the
theoretical yield at 48 h of fermentation
37. Bioethanol production from taro waste using thermo-
tolerant yeast Kluveromyces marxianus K21
Wu et al.,2016
38. Objective: To establish an effective process to produce bioethanol from
taro waste using thermo-tolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus K21
Material and methods
• Taro waste- outer core of taro corm with residual taro starch and cork
• Enzyme hydrolysis of starch
Liquification: α-Amylase (0.9 ml)
Saccharification: Amyloglucosidase ( 30 µL)
• Fermentation: 24 to 72 h at 40 °C
• Basal medium: 40 g of glucose
• Taro waste medium: Taro waste
42. SHF SSF
DESCRIIPTION 40 °C 45 °C 50 °C 40 °C 45 °C 50 °C
Ethanol (g/L) 43.46 43.01 19.15 48.98 47.5 20.86
Sugar consumed (g/L) 96.84 97.96 49.62 - - -
Productivity (g/L/h) 1.73 1.48 0.66 2.23 1.98 0.95
Theoretical yield (%) 87.83 86.02 - - - -
Kinetic parameter of K. marxianus K21 by the SHF and SSF under
different temperatures
- The values cannot be obtained due simultaneously starch hydrolysis and
fermentation
43. Conclusion
Taro waste is an attractive agricultural waste to
produce bioethanol
100 g/L Taro waste loading amount
5% inoculum
40 °C temperature
SSF fermentation method
46. Materials and methods
• S. cerevisae var. bayanus – 6% inoculum size
• Acid hydrolysis - 0.5 M HCl
Enzymes
1. Viscozyme L - Aspergillus aculeatus
2. Ternamyl 120 L -B. licheniformis
3. Liquozyme Supra - Bacillus lichneniformis
4. Celluclast 1.5 L - Trichoderma reesei
Fermentation - 32 °C for 2 days
47. Fermentable sugar released from enzymatic hydrolysis
L: Liquozyme
T: Ternamyl
V: Viscozyme
Acid hydrolysis
Fermentable sugar – 18.15 g L-1
Consumed sugar – 14.08 gL-1
48. Effect of different enzyme combinations on ethanol production
L: Liquozyme
T: Ternamyl
V: Viscozyme
Acid hydrolysis
Ethanol – 6.97 g L-1
Product yield (Y p/s) – 0.46 gL-1
Theoretical yield – 92%
49. Conclusion
• Enzymatic hydrolysis liberates a higher amount of fermentable reducing
sugar
• The enzyme combination Ternamyl 0.24 KNU + Viscozyme 12 FBGU +
Celluclast 1% produced maximum ethanol yield
• The results demonstrated that potato peel waste can efficiently used for
ethanol production
50. Conclusion
• Inoculum, enzyme and substrate concentrates besides
temperature, time and incubation period plays
important role in obtaining good ethanol yield
• Ethanol yield indicates that fruits and vegetable waste
are potential candidate for bioethanol production
51. India imports nearly 70 % of its annual
crude petroleum requirement (~ 110
million tons)
Expenditure on crude purchase is in the
range of Rs. 1600 billion/ year
The notification on EBP (Ethanol blending
programme) was approved by Government
of India (GOI) - 5% ethanol doping in
petrol is mandatory in 9 states and 4 union
territories with effect from 1st January
2003
The national policy on biofuel (2009)
approved by GOI has planned to 20%
biofuel blending (biodiesel and bioethanol)
by 2017
Due to insufficient supply
of the sugar molasses the
government of india is
not able to meet 5 %
blending
Thus India have to look
beyond sugar cane
molasses
Fruits and vegetables
waste could be a
promising solution
52. In 1925, Henry Ford quoted ethanol as
“The fuel of the future”. “The fuel of the
future is going to come from apples,
weeds, sawdust almost anything. There is
fuel in every bit of vegetable matter that
can be fermented”. Today Henry Ford’s
futuristic vision significance can be easily
understood
Exhaustible fossil fuels represents 80% of the total world energy supply. At constant production and consumption, the presently known reserves of oil will last around 41 years, natural gas 64 years, and coal 155 years
Although very simplified, such an analysis illustrates why fossil fuels cannot be considered as the world’s main source of energy for more than one or two generations.
Clearly fossil fuel reserves are finite - it's only a matter of when they run out - not if. Globally - every year we currently consume the equivalent of over 11 billion tonnes of oil in fossil fuels. Crude oil reserves are vanishing at the rate of 4 billion tonnes a year1 – if we carry on at this rate without any increase for our growing population or aspirations, our known oil deposits will be gone by 2052.
Increase on world’s energy demand and the
progressive depletion of oil reserves motivate the
search for alternative energy resources, especially for
those derived from renewable materials such as
biomass. Global concern about climate change and the
consequent need to diminish greenhouse gases
emissions have encouraged the use of bioethanol as a
gasoline replacement or additive
Biofuel is the fuel which is produced from organic products and wastes.
The common commercially used biofuels are bioethanol, biodiesel and biomethane.
Bioethanol is made from sugar, algae, wheat and sugar beet
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil, algal lipids, animal fats
Biomethane can be produced from waste organic material, sewage, agriculture waste and domestic wastes.
Looking the bioethanol production statistics, all around the world the largest producer is USA. The country has two hundred and four bioethanol plants and produces bioethanol from corn.
Brazil the second bioethanol producer, it has three hundred thirty five bioethanol plants. Brazil produced bioethanol from sugar cane.
And the third producer is China, produces from corn. Also cassava and sweet patato are competitive feedstocks for China.
Biofuels are basically classified into four groups considering their production methods and feedstocks. First generation biofuels are produced from agricultural feedstocks. Especially bioethanol is obtained from sugar- and starch-based feedstocks. Second generation biofuels are…..Production of these fuels targets the usage of non-food feedstocks and is converted from lignocellulose-based feedstocks. Third generation biofuels are fuels obtained from algae, or liquid or solid biofuels obtained by integrated biorefinery technology from trees, grass, weeds, wastes, residues, and new oilseeds, or biofuels produced from genetically modified vegetables containing less lignin and more cellulose. Fourth generation biofuels, also known as carbon negative biofuels, are obtained from genetically modified raw materials. It is mainly aimed to provide lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions released to the atmosphere with the developed technologies. It is unknown how soon after 2030 they will be used commercially.
Production method of bioethanol differs according to the feedstock used. Here is the production diagram of the bioethanol. Extraction for sugar based feedstock, saccharification for starch-based feedstock are applied. For cellulose-based feedstock, first pretreatment and hydrolysis is applied to convert fermentable sugars. After fermentation, fermented mash is distilled and dehydrated to produce bioethanol with 99% purity.
Lignocellulose-based bioethanol depends on pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, distillation and dehydration steps. Plant cell microfibrils are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. To release the pentose and hexose sugars for fermentation, this structure should be broke down.
Because of the robust structure of plant wall cell, it requires pretreatment to improve enzyme accessibility in enzymatic hydrolysis. In brief, pretreatment is essential
