Here are the key fuel-related characteristics of plant oils that affect their suitability as fuels:
- Heating value - The energy content of the oil. Higher heating value is better.
- Pour/Melt point - The temperature at which the oil starts to solidify. Must be below operating temperatures.
- Cloud point - The temperature at which wax crystals start to form causing cloudiness. Should be below operating temperatures.
- Flash point - The minimum temperature at which the oil produces enough vapor to ignite. Must be above operating temperatures for safety.
- Iodine value - Indicates level of unsaturation. Higher value means more unsaturated and prone to oxidation.
- Viscosity - Th
Biofuel is a liquid fuel produced from plant or animal material and used as an alternative to petroleum-based fuels. There are several types of biofuels including biodiesel, bioalcohols like ethanol, and biogas. Biofuels can be produced from feedstocks like palm, coconut, jatropha seeds, rapeseed, and algae. They are produced through fermentation of sugar crops or by heating plant oils. Biofuels are a renewable source and their production can benefit rural development.
Biofuels are renewable alternatives to fossil fuels that can help reduce emissions and dependence on oil. There are two main types of biofuel: bioethanol and biodiesel.
Bioethanol is produced through fermentation of sugars or starches from crops into alcohol. It can be used in gasoline engines in blends up to E85. Biodiesel is produced through a chemical process called transesterification that converts vegetable oils or animal fats into fuel. It can be used in diesel engines in blends up to B20.
Both biofuels have benefits like reducing emissions and providing energy security but also have disadvantages like requiring large amounts of land and water. Advanced technologies aim to make bio
This document provides an overview of biofuels, including what they are, their advantages over fossil fuels, examples of biofuel feedstocks and production processes, and the current state of the biofuel industry regionally. It discusses that biofuels are fuels produced from plant or animal matter rather than fossil fuels, and are seen as alternatives that are renewable. Examples mentioned include biodiesel, ethanol, and biogas.
This document discusses biofuels as a renewable energy source. It notes that fossil fuel reserves will eventually be depleted, so scientists are looking at alternatives like biofuels. Biofuels are fuels derived from biological carbon fixation, such as plant biomass or waste. They offer advantages like reducing dependence on fossil fuels and emissions. Common biofuels include ethanol from sugar/starch crops and biodiesel from plant oils, with biodiesel being popular in Europe. While biofuels provide benefits, their production also has some disadvantages like higher costs.
Biofuels are fuels produced from biological sources such as agricultural waste, sugarcane, corn, and algae. They include bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. Biofuels offer advantages like reducing dependence on fossil fuels, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing foreign oil reliance. However, they also have disadvantages like potentially higher food prices and shortages if too much cropland is used for fuel production rather than food. Common biofuels include bioethanol from sugar cane or corn fermentation, biodiesel from vegetable or animal fats, and biogas from organic waste digestion.
Group 3 consists of M. Waqas Haider, Hassan Naeem, Asma Sattar, and Bukhtawer khusnood. The document discusses different types of biofuels including their sources and production methods. It covers first, second, and third generation biofuels. First generation biofuels include biodiesel from oils, bioalcohols like ethanol from sugars/starches, biogas, and syngas. Second generation biofuels are produced from non-edible biomass like agricultural waste. Third generation biofuels use algae and microbes as feedstock.
A powerpoint presentation on biofuels . Application , manufacture , advantages and disadvantages of biofuels also included . Presentation based on sustainable devolopment . A useful powerpoint presentation for engineering students . GO GREEN . Thank you .
Biofuel is a liquid fuel produced from plant or animal material and used as an alternative to petroleum-based fuels. There are several types of biofuels including biodiesel, bioalcohols like ethanol, and biogas. Biofuels can be produced from feedstocks like palm, coconut, jatropha seeds, rapeseed, and algae. They are produced through fermentation of sugar crops or by heating plant oils. Biofuels are a renewable source and their production can benefit rural development.
Biofuels are renewable alternatives to fossil fuels that can help reduce emissions and dependence on oil. There are two main types of biofuel: bioethanol and biodiesel.
Bioethanol is produced through fermentation of sugars or starches from crops into alcohol. It can be used in gasoline engines in blends up to E85. Biodiesel is produced through a chemical process called transesterification that converts vegetable oils or animal fats into fuel. It can be used in diesel engines in blends up to B20.
Both biofuels have benefits like reducing emissions and providing energy security but also have disadvantages like requiring large amounts of land and water. Advanced technologies aim to make bio
This document provides an overview of biofuels, including what they are, their advantages over fossil fuels, examples of biofuel feedstocks and production processes, and the current state of the biofuel industry regionally. It discusses that biofuels are fuels produced from plant or animal matter rather than fossil fuels, and are seen as alternatives that are renewable. Examples mentioned include biodiesel, ethanol, and biogas.
This document discusses biofuels as a renewable energy source. It notes that fossil fuel reserves will eventually be depleted, so scientists are looking at alternatives like biofuels. Biofuels are fuels derived from biological carbon fixation, such as plant biomass or waste. They offer advantages like reducing dependence on fossil fuels and emissions. Common biofuels include ethanol from sugar/starch crops and biodiesel from plant oils, with biodiesel being popular in Europe. While biofuels provide benefits, their production also has some disadvantages like higher costs.
Biofuels are fuels produced from biological sources such as agricultural waste, sugarcane, corn, and algae. They include bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. Biofuels offer advantages like reducing dependence on fossil fuels, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing foreign oil reliance. However, they also have disadvantages like potentially higher food prices and shortages if too much cropland is used for fuel production rather than food. Common biofuels include bioethanol from sugar cane or corn fermentation, biodiesel from vegetable or animal fats, and biogas from organic waste digestion.
Group 3 consists of M. Waqas Haider, Hassan Naeem, Asma Sattar, and Bukhtawer khusnood. The document discusses different types of biofuels including their sources and production methods. It covers first, second, and third generation biofuels. First generation biofuels include biodiesel from oils, bioalcohols like ethanol from sugars/starches, biogas, and syngas. Second generation biofuels are produced from non-edible biomass like agricultural waste. Third generation biofuels use algae and microbes as feedstock.
A powerpoint presentation on biofuels . Application , manufacture , advantages and disadvantages of biofuels also included . Presentation based on sustainable devolopment . A useful powerpoint presentation for engineering students . GO GREEN . Thank you .
This document discusses different types of biofuels including their production, uses, and benefits. It describes first, second, and third generation biofuels made from sources like sugar, starch, non-edible plant materials, and algae. Specific biofuels covered include biodiesel, biogas, bioalcohols, and syngas. Biodiesel production through trans-esterification is explained. Feedstocks and outputs for biodiesel are listed. Benefits of biodiesel include being cleaner burning and having less sulfur than diesel fuel.
This document discusses various types of fuels and focuses on biofuels as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. It provides information on:
- Biofuels, which are made from organic matter, as a renewable option compared to finite fossil fuels. Common types include biodiesel, bioethanol, and biogas.
- Jatropha and algae as feedstocks for biodiesel production, with details on jatropha cultivation and a biodiesel plant.
- Benefits of biodiesel such as reduced emissions, biodegradability, and energy security. India's initiatives to promote the use of biofuels are also mentioned.
- Biogas production through anaerobic digestion
A ground reality about biodiesel with India-specific focus, this presentation talks about the if's and but's of biodiesel production in India using Jatropha at this hour of the fuel crisis.
This document discusses biomass as an alternative energy source. It notes that biomass is a renewable source derived from living or recently living organisms, including waste products from agriculture, forestry and human activities. Biomass can be converted into energy through processes like combustion, anaerobic digestion, fermentation and pyrolysis. While biomass has potential benefits as a renewable resource, it also faces challenges in terms of cost, infrastructure requirements, and environmental impacts from production and use. The document concludes that biomass can play a role as a complement to fossil fuels but has limitations and is not a complete replacement on its own due to technical and economic issues.
The document discusses the production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil through a process of trans-esterification. It notes that Jatropha is a suitable source of oil for biodiesel production because the plants are drought resistant, pest resistant, and can yield 27-40% oil from their seeds. The process of converting Jatropha oil to biodiesel through trans-esterification has already been developed and tested in Pakistan. Biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil through this process is economically feasible when grown on a large scale.
This document discusses biofuels and biodiesel production. It defines biofuels as transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel that are made from biomass materials. The document outlines the process of biodiesel production, including using vegetable oils or animal fats and an alcohol like methanol through a transesterification process. It discusses important characteristics of biodiesel like viscosity, density, flash point and others. The advantages of biodiesel include being renewable, having lower emissions than diesel, and able to be used in conventional diesel engines. Disadvantages include slightly higher fuel consumption and issues with long term storage.
This document discusses different types of biofuels and whether they are an environmental solution or problem. It outlines three main types of biofuels: first generation from starch/sugar/vegetable oil which are not sustainable; second generation from non-food crops; and third generation from algae. While biofuels can be used as fuel substitutes and help reduce global warming, first generation biofuels could damage food supplies if used in large quantities. The document also notes biofuels' advantages like being renewable and sourced from waste, but disadvantages include high costs and overuse of fertilizers in crop production.
biomas pyrolysis,its features properties methods and current context in India and world with life cycle analysis.Biomass as renewable energy source for pollution free environment and sustainable development of society.Biochar for farming and Bagesse for cogeneration in industries
This document discusses different types of fuels, including solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. It focuses on biofuels, describing them as fuels derived from biological carbon fixation. Biofuels include biodiesel, produced from vegetable oils through transesterification, biogas produced from organic waste through anaerobic digestion, and bioethanol. The document discusses the history and production of these biofuels, their advantages like being renewable and reducing emissions, and disadvantages like high production costs. It also outlines India's national biofuel policy and the drivers for biofuel production in the country.
This document discusses biofuels as a safer substitute for gasoline. It defines biofuels as fuels produced from living organisms through biomass conversion. The document outlines the three generations of biofuels: first generation from sugar, starch or vegetable oil; second generation from sustainable feedstock; and future cellulosic ethanol. It then focuses on ethanol biofuels, describing their production from corn or cellulosic biomass. While corn ethanol currently reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 20% compared to gasoline, cellulosic ethanol has the potential to reduce emissions by 86%. The document concludes that with depleting fossil fuels, biofuels can act as a perfect substitute and have less environmental impact.
The document discusses first generation biofuels. First generation biofuels are derived from sources like starch, sugar, vegetable oils, and animal fats using conventional techniques. Some examples given are ethanol, biodiesel from vegetable oils, and biogas. While they provided early alternatives to fossil fuels, first generation biofuels face sustainability challenges as they compete with food production and may not provide significant environmental benefits over fossil fuels. Future research focuses on second and third generation biofuels from non-food sources like lignocellulosic biomass and algae.
This document discusses various types of biofuels including ethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and algal biofuel. It provides information on their production processes and advantages and disadvantages. Some key points include:
- Biofuels are fuels produced from biomass such as plants and algae. Common types include ethanol, biodiesel, and biogas.
- Ethanol is typically produced from sugars and starches through fermentation. Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification of vegetable oils.
- Biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion of organic waste to produce a methane-rich gas.
- Algal biofuel is in research and development with
The document discusses different types of biofuels including their classification, advantages over fossil fuels, and production. It describes biofuels as fuels produced from biomass that are safer and less polluting alternatives to fossil fuels. The main types covered are bioethanol, biodiesel, biobutanol, and biogas. Bioethanol is produced through fermentation of carbohydrate feedstocks, biodiesel is made through transesterification of oils, and biogas involves anaerobic digestion of organic waste. Advantages of biofuels include being renewable, reducing greenhouse gases and pollution, and providing economic and energy security compared to finite fossil fuels.
The document discusses using microalgae to produce biodiesel as a renewable alternative fuel. Microalgae have advantages over other biodiesel feedstocks like seed oils in that they do not require arable land, can use brackish or saline water, and absorb more CO2. While open ponds are commonly used, they have issues with contamination, evaporation and land use. The aim is to use microalgae for high and cost-effective biodiesel production to address declining fossil fuels and global warming without competing with food supplies.
This presentation provides an overview of different types of biofuels. First generation biofuels are made from sugars and vegetable oils, while second generation biofuels can be made from various biomass sources like cellulosic ethanol from algae or wood. Specific biofuels discussed include bioethanol, biomethanol, biobutanol, biodiesel, green diesel, biofuel gasoline, vegetable oils, bioethers, biogas, and solid biofuels. Advantages are reduced reliance on foreign oil and reduced pollution, while disadvantages include potential rises in food prices, vehicle safety concerns, and issues with energy balance. Biofuels can be used as alternatives to fossil fuels for transportation, heating homes, and
This document discusses biofuels and their production. It notes that biofuels are solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels derived from biomass or biological waste. Common biomass sources include sugar crops, plant oils, wood and waste. The document outlines the advantages of biofuels such as lower costs, renewability, and reduced emissions. It also describes the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from oils, involving heating, catalysts, and separation of glycerol. While biofuels provide benefits, the document raises concerns about their environmental and social impacts.
You can understand about-
What is Bio Fuel?
Why we use it?
Examples of Bio Fuel.
Life cycle & Classification of Bio Fuel.
Current States of Bio Fuel.
Future of it.
Disadvantages of Bio Fuel.
This document discusses various types of biofuels including their production processes and applications. It begins by introducing biofuels and explaining that they are fuels produced from biomass sources. It then discusses different types of biofuels such as bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and bio-oil. For each type, it provides details on the production process, feedstocks used, and applications. The document also covers advantages and disadvantages of biofuels compared to fossil fuels and highlights some of the major research needs and issues around biofuels such as potential competition with food production.
This document discusses bioethanol as an alternative fuel source. It outlines various sources of bioethanol, including first generation sources like sugar and starch, and second generation sources like cellulose. The document describes the process of producing bioethanol from lignocellulose, including pre-treatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation steps. It notes that bioethanol production has advantages like being renewable and reducing carbon emissions, but also has disadvantages like potentially causing deforestation if feedstocks are not sustainable.
2014 fallsemester introduction-to_biofuels-ust(dj_suh)Hiền Mira
This document provides an introduction to biofuels, including definitions of biomass and bioenergy. It discusses various biomass sources and conversion pathways to produce biofuels like bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. The strengths and challenges of different biofuel types are outlined. Key aspects of producing cellulosic bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass are summarized, such as pretreatment methods, hydrolysis, fermentation, and purification processes.
Vegetable oils are extracted from various plant sources such as seeds, nuts, and fruits. They are commonly used for cooking, fuel, and industrial purposes. The key types of vegetable oils include palm, soybean, canola, and sunflower oils. Vegetable oils have different properties depending on their fatty acid composition, with coconut oil being highly saturated and canola/sunflower oils being less saturated but higher in monounsaturated fat. They are produced through pressing or solvent extraction methods and have varying smoke points for cooking.
This document discusses various types of biofuels including bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and biobutanol. It provides details on the production processes and feedstocks used for each type of biofuel. The advantages and disadvantages of biofuels compared to fossil fuels are also summarized.
This document discusses different types of biofuels including their production, uses, and benefits. It describes first, second, and third generation biofuels made from sources like sugar, starch, non-edible plant materials, and algae. Specific biofuels covered include biodiesel, biogas, bioalcohols, and syngas. Biodiesel production through trans-esterification is explained. Feedstocks and outputs for biodiesel are listed. Benefits of biodiesel include being cleaner burning and having less sulfur than diesel fuel.
This document discusses various types of fuels and focuses on biofuels as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. It provides information on:
- Biofuels, which are made from organic matter, as a renewable option compared to finite fossil fuels. Common types include biodiesel, bioethanol, and biogas.
- Jatropha and algae as feedstocks for biodiesel production, with details on jatropha cultivation and a biodiesel plant.
- Benefits of biodiesel such as reduced emissions, biodegradability, and energy security. India's initiatives to promote the use of biofuels are also mentioned.
- Biogas production through anaerobic digestion
A ground reality about biodiesel with India-specific focus, this presentation talks about the if's and but's of biodiesel production in India using Jatropha at this hour of the fuel crisis.
This document discusses biomass as an alternative energy source. It notes that biomass is a renewable source derived from living or recently living organisms, including waste products from agriculture, forestry and human activities. Biomass can be converted into energy through processes like combustion, anaerobic digestion, fermentation and pyrolysis. While biomass has potential benefits as a renewable resource, it also faces challenges in terms of cost, infrastructure requirements, and environmental impacts from production and use. The document concludes that biomass can play a role as a complement to fossil fuels but has limitations and is not a complete replacement on its own due to technical and economic issues.
The document discusses the production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil through a process of trans-esterification. It notes that Jatropha is a suitable source of oil for biodiesel production because the plants are drought resistant, pest resistant, and can yield 27-40% oil from their seeds. The process of converting Jatropha oil to biodiesel through trans-esterification has already been developed and tested in Pakistan. Biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil through this process is economically feasible when grown on a large scale.
This document discusses biofuels and biodiesel production. It defines biofuels as transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel that are made from biomass materials. The document outlines the process of biodiesel production, including using vegetable oils or animal fats and an alcohol like methanol through a transesterification process. It discusses important characteristics of biodiesel like viscosity, density, flash point and others. The advantages of biodiesel include being renewable, having lower emissions than diesel, and able to be used in conventional diesel engines. Disadvantages include slightly higher fuel consumption and issues with long term storage.
This document discusses different types of biofuels and whether they are an environmental solution or problem. It outlines three main types of biofuels: first generation from starch/sugar/vegetable oil which are not sustainable; second generation from non-food crops; and third generation from algae. While biofuels can be used as fuel substitutes and help reduce global warming, first generation biofuels could damage food supplies if used in large quantities. The document also notes biofuels' advantages like being renewable and sourced from waste, but disadvantages include high costs and overuse of fertilizers in crop production.
biomas pyrolysis,its features properties methods and current context in India and world with life cycle analysis.Biomass as renewable energy source for pollution free environment and sustainable development of society.Biochar for farming and Bagesse for cogeneration in industries
This document discusses different types of fuels, including solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. It focuses on biofuels, describing them as fuels derived from biological carbon fixation. Biofuels include biodiesel, produced from vegetable oils through transesterification, biogas produced from organic waste through anaerobic digestion, and bioethanol. The document discusses the history and production of these biofuels, their advantages like being renewable and reducing emissions, and disadvantages like high production costs. It also outlines India's national biofuel policy and the drivers for biofuel production in the country.
This document discusses biofuels as a safer substitute for gasoline. It defines biofuels as fuels produced from living organisms through biomass conversion. The document outlines the three generations of biofuels: first generation from sugar, starch or vegetable oil; second generation from sustainable feedstock; and future cellulosic ethanol. It then focuses on ethanol biofuels, describing their production from corn or cellulosic biomass. While corn ethanol currently reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 20% compared to gasoline, cellulosic ethanol has the potential to reduce emissions by 86%. The document concludes that with depleting fossil fuels, biofuels can act as a perfect substitute and have less environmental impact.
The document discusses first generation biofuels. First generation biofuels are derived from sources like starch, sugar, vegetable oils, and animal fats using conventional techniques. Some examples given are ethanol, biodiesel from vegetable oils, and biogas. While they provided early alternatives to fossil fuels, first generation biofuels face sustainability challenges as they compete with food production and may not provide significant environmental benefits over fossil fuels. Future research focuses on second and third generation biofuels from non-food sources like lignocellulosic biomass and algae.
This document discusses various types of biofuels including ethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and algal biofuel. It provides information on their production processes and advantages and disadvantages. Some key points include:
- Biofuels are fuels produced from biomass such as plants and algae. Common types include ethanol, biodiesel, and biogas.
- Ethanol is typically produced from sugars and starches through fermentation. Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification of vegetable oils.
- Biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion of organic waste to produce a methane-rich gas.
- Algal biofuel is in research and development with
The document discusses different types of biofuels including their classification, advantages over fossil fuels, and production. It describes biofuels as fuels produced from biomass that are safer and less polluting alternatives to fossil fuels. The main types covered are bioethanol, biodiesel, biobutanol, and biogas. Bioethanol is produced through fermentation of carbohydrate feedstocks, biodiesel is made through transesterification of oils, and biogas involves anaerobic digestion of organic waste. Advantages of biofuels include being renewable, reducing greenhouse gases and pollution, and providing economic and energy security compared to finite fossil fuels.
The document discusses using microalgae to produce biodiesel as a renewable alternative fuel. Microalgae have advantages over other biodiesel feedstocks like seed oils in that they do not require arable land, can use brackish or saline water, and absorb more CO2. While open ponds are commonly used, they have issues with contamination, evaporation and land use. The aim is to use microalgae for high and cost-effective biodiesel production to address declining fossil fuels and global warming without competing with food supplies.
This presentation provides an overview of different types of biofuels. First generation biofuels are made from sugars and vegetable oils, while second generation biofuels can be made from various biomass sources like cellulosic ethanol from algae or wood. Specific biofuels discussed include bioethanol, biomethanol, biobutanol, biodiesel, green diesel, biofuel gasoline, vegetable oils, bioethers, biogas, and solid biofuels. Advantages are reduced reliance on foreign oil and reduced pollution, while disadvantages include potential rises in food prices, vehicle safety concerns, and issues with energy balance. Biofuels can be used as alternatives to fossil fuels for transportation, heating homes, and
This document discusses biofuels and their production. It notes that biofuels are solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels derived from biomass or biological waste. Common biomass sources include sugar crops, plant oils, wood and waste. The document outlines the advantages of biofuels such as lower costs, renewability, and reduced emissions. It also describes the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from oils, involving heating, catalysts, and separation of glycerol. While biofuels provide benefits, the document raises concerns about their environmental and social impacts.
You can understand about-
What is Bio Fuel?
Why we use it?
Examples of Bio Fuel.
Life cycle & Classification of Bio Fuel.
Current States of Bio Fuel.
Future of it.
Disadvantages of Bio Fuel.
This document discusses various types of biofuels including their production processes and applications. It begins by introducing biofuels and explaining that they are fuels produced from biomass sources. It then discusses different types of biofuels such as bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and bio-oil. For each type, it provides details on the production process, feedstocks used, and applications. The document also covers advantages and disadvantages of biofuels compared to fossil fuels and highlights some of the major research needs and issues around biofuels such as potential competition with food production.
This document discusses bioethanol as an alternative fuel source. It outlines various sources of bioethanol, including first generation sources like sugar and starch, and second generation sources like cellulose. The document describes the process of producing bioethanol from lignocellulose, including pre-treatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation steps. It notes that bioethanol production has advantages like being renewable and reducing carbon emissions, but also has disadvantages like potentially causing deforestation if feedstocks are not sustainable.
2014 fallsemester introduction-to_biofuels-ust(dj_suh)Hiền Mira
This document provides an introduction to biofuels, including definitions of biomass and bioenergy. It discusses various biomass sources and conversion pathways to produce biofuels like bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. The strengths and challenges of different biofuel types are outlined. Key aspects of producing cellulosic bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass are summarized, such as pretreatment methods, hydrolysis, fermentation, and purification processes.
Vegetable oils are extracted from various plant sources such as seeds, nuts, and fruits. They are commonly used for cooking, fuel, and industrial purposes. The key types of vegetable oils include palm, soybean, canola, and sunflower oils. Vegetable oils have different properties depending on their fatty acid composition, with coconut oil being highly saturated and canola/sunflower oils being less saturated but higher in monounsaturated fat. They are produced through pressing or solvent extraction methods and have varying smoke points for cooking.
This document discusses various types of biofuels including bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and biobutanol. It provides details on the production processes and feedstocks used for each type of biofuel. The advantages and disadvantages of biofuels compared to fossil fuels are also summarized.
This presentation discusses biofuels as an alternative renewable energy source. It begins by outlining the global energy crisis and increasing demand for energy. The presentation then defines biofuels as fuels derived from biological resources like plant biomass. Biofuels are presented as a way to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and lower greenhouse gas emissions. The main types of biofuels discussed are biodiesel, bioalcohol, vegetable oils, biogas, and syngas. Advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel production and use are also summarized.
Small Scale Electricity Generation from Vegetable Oil X3X
This document discusses using vegetable oil as fuel for small-scale electricity generation in rural areas of developing countries. It provides an overview of the technical aspects of using straight vegetable oil or biodiesel in diesel generators. Common vegetable oil sources like jatropha, palm, coconut, and waste oils are examined. The extraction process and developing markets for vegetable oils are covered. The energy balance of vegetable oil production is often negative when only considering the oil, but can be positive when other biomass products are included. Case studies from various countries demonstrate experience with vegetable oil electricity projects. Overall data on operational performance and economic viability is limited due to many projects still being pilots.
Why You Should NEVER Eat Vegetable Oil or MargarineKatie Wells
Over the last couple of decades, vegetable oil and margarine have been championed as "heart healthy" and better alternatives to natural oils and butter. But are they truly the healthier option? Find out why these "foods" are doing more harm than good, why our bodies aren't made to react well with them, what science really says, and what we should be eating instead.
This is the PowerPoint presentation I used to teach elementary and junior high students about renewable energy. I recommend at least 90 minutes for the presentation, in order to get the most participation and discussion out of the classroom.
This document discusses marketing of high value crops. It defines marketing as the process of moving goods from concept to customer, which involves identifying a product, determining its price, selecting distribution channels, and developing promotions. High value crops give higher productivity and income than competing crops. Reasons for shifting to high value crops include changing diets, rising incomes, diversification, new technologies, finance availability, and government focus. Examples of high value vegetables are provided. Sorting, grading, and the advantages of grading are outlined. Information sources like Agmark and SMS portals are provided. Marketing channels like direct, APMC, and contract farming are described. Arrival and price trends for vegetables in Hamirpur yard are shown. Initiatives
BIG IDEAS for partnerships in sustainable developmentICRISAT
ICRISAT has identified the biggest hurdles and opportunities critical for the
development of agriculture and agribusiness in the drylands.
The drylands cover 40% of the world’s land, where one-third of the people depend on agriculture and over 600 million of these people are among the poorest in the world. Climate change is also making the drylands a tougher environment to develop and survive.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A DI DIESEL ENGINE USING TYRE PYROLYSIS OIL-DIE...IAEME Publication
Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, Methanol, Ethanol, LPG, CNG etc have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. This research describe a comparison of the use of pyrolysis oils which are the tire pyrolysis oil, plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel oil in the assessment of engine performance, and feasibility analysis.
Biogas is generated through the breakdown of organic waste by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. It can be produced on farms from livestock waste or at wastewater treatment plants from sewage. Biogas plants can generate electricity and do not rely on other countries, though the amount of electricity generated depends on the size of the plant. Biogas is a renewable energy source and its use can have positive environmental impacts by reducing methane emissions.
This document provides an overview of wind energy, including its history, how wind turbines work, types of wind turbines, factors that determine suitable locations for wind farms, the growth of wind power in Europe, future prospects for offshore wind, pros and cons of wind power, and approaches for building consensus around wind farm projects. Key points covered include the long history of windmill technology, how horizontal and vertical-axis turbines convert kinetic wind energy to electricity, Europe installing over 100,000 megawatts of wind capacity by 2012 to supply 7% of its electricity, and methods for managing social and environmental conflicts related to wind energy development.
The document summarizes a project in Uganda that aims to increase vegetable oil production through three subprojects: an oil palm plantation on Bugala Island, developing traditional oilseed crops in northern districts, and researching essential oil crops.
The oil palm subproject has established 92% of its nucleus estate but smallholder participation is below targets, with only 66% of land registered and 33% planted. The traditional oilseeds subproject has significantly expanded sunflower production, benefiting over 200,000 farmers. The essential oils subproject identified potential crops but faces bottlenecks in processing and marketing. Overall the traditional oilseeds subproject has been most effective while the oil palm subproject faces challenges in smallholder engagement.
Soybean Oil Market | Price, Processing Plant ReportIMARC Group
Soybean oil is considered as one of the healthiest cooking oils and currently represents the second largest edible oil consumed in the world. The latest report of soybean oil describes the demand of soybean oil to grow at a CAGR of around 4% in the coming years. Link to report: http://www.imarcgroup.com/soybean-oil-processing-plant
China controlled Vietnam for nearly 1000 years until 939. After independence from China, Vietnam thrived as an advanced culture until the late 1800s when France colonized it. The end of WWII marked the beginning of Vietnam's fight for independence from France under Ho Chi Minh. It took 8 years of fighting but the French were defeated in 1954. The US then entered to fight on the side of South Vietnam against Ho Chi Minh's North Vietnam, but ultimately withdrew in 1975 after failing to contain the spread of communism.
This document discusses different types of tidal power generation including tidal stream systems that use the kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines, and barrage tidal power that uses the potential energy from high and low tides. It also discusses locations suitable for tidal stream systems and provides examples. Economics and environmental impacts of tidal barrage systems are mentioned. The document also briefly discusses wind power, including onshore, offshore, and near shore installations as well as growth trends, scalability, economics, intermittency issues, and grid management challenges.
Wind turbines, like aircraft propeller blades, turn in the moving air and power an electric generator that supplies an electric current. Simply stated, a wind turbine is the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity.
Wind Turbine Types
Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups; the horizontal-axis variety, like the traditional farm windmills used for pumping water, and the vertical-axis design, like the eggbeater-style Darrieus model, named after its French inventor. Most large modern wind turbines are horizontal-axis turbines.
Turbine Components
Horizontal turbine components include:
blade or rotor, which converts the energy in the wind to rotational shaft energy;
a drive train, usually including a gearbox and a generator;
a tower that supports the rotor and drive train; and
other equipment, including controls, electrical cables, ground support equipment, and interconnection equipment.
Power generation from wind has emerged as one of the most rapidly growing renewable energy technologies. The estimated power generation capacity in India through wind is about 45,000 MW. The installed capacity is about 1,870 MW, which is about 4% of the total estimated potential.
Globally, wind generation capacity has increased by 27% in the year 2002 and is expected to expand 15 – fold in the next 20 years. Wind energy technologies have matured and large capacity wind turbines in the range of 1.25 to 1.65 MW are now being manufactured in India. The productivity of larger capacity machines is higher than that of smaller machines. Minimum wind velocity required for power generation is about 2.5 m/s and the maximum could be 30 m/s.
Energy generation for 1 MW turbine could be about 28 to 30 lakhs units per year, with a plant load factor of 25 to 30% Among the different renewable energy sources, wind energy is currently making a significant contribution to the installed capacity of power generation, and is emerging as a competitive option. The programme covers research and development, survey and assessment of wind resources, implementation of demonstration and private sector projects and promotional policies. As a result, India, with an installed capacity of about 3000 MW, ranks fifth in the world after Germany, USA, Spain and Denmark in wind power generation.
Small wind energy systems, namely water pumping windmills, aero generators and wind-solar hybrid systems can also be used for harnessing wind power potential, in addition to the large capacity wind turbines. These systems have been found to be very useful for meeting water pumping and small power requirements in decentralised mode in rural and remote windy areas of the country, which are un-electrified or have intermittent electric supply.
Graph showing top 10 countries for palm oil in 2015. Palm oil remains the number one source of oil and fat. The largest consumer of palm oil is India, consuming 9.2 million tonnes annually. This is followed by Indonesia with 7.3 million tonnes; Indonesia is also the largest producer of palm oil. The EU 28 collectively consumed 7.2 million tonnes and China 5.8 million with Malaysia 2.9 million completing the top 5. Pakistan 2.5 million, Nigeria 2.3 million, Thailand 1.7 million, Bangladesh 1.3 million and USA 1 million complete the top 10. Total global palm oil consumption in 2013 was 61 million tonnes.
Read more about it at:
http://windturbinesllc.blogspot.com/
http://knol.google.com/k/wind-turbines/-/25fjwptfb1ke6/0#knols
Connect with us!
http://twitter.com/windturbinesnet
http://www.facebook.com/windturbines.net
This document discusses various types of biofuels including first, second, and third generation biofuels. First generation biofuels are made from sugar, starch, vegetable oils or animal fats. Second generation biofuels use non-food feedstocks and different extraction technologies like gasification, pyrolysis, and fermentation. Third generation biofuels are derived from algae. The document also discusses pros and cons of biofuel production such as their renewability but also potential high costs and impacts on food supply.
This seminar report discusses biofuels as an alternative fuel source. It defines biofuels as hydrocarbons produced from organic matter in a short period of time. The report outlines two generations of biofuels - first generation from food crops like corn and vegetable oils, and second generation from non-food feedstocks. Examples of first generation biofuels discussed are biodiesel and bioethanol. Current research is focused on improving crop yields and developing biofuels from waste. The report concludes that while biofuels show potential as a renewable alternative fuel, production methods need advancement to be more sustainable.
Biomass refers to organic material that can be converted into useful energy sources such as fuel. It is a renewable energy source that includes waste plant and animal material. Biomass can be converted into energy through processes like gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and combustion. This reduces dependence on landfills and non-renewable energy sources. India has significant potential to develop biomass energy due to its large agricultural output and waste that can be utilized as biomass feedstock. However, the biomass energy sector in India also faces challenges like high fragmentation, lack of financing, and insecure supply chains.
Renewable energy geothermalenergies.pptxalice145466
The document provides an introduction to renewable energy sources including biomass energy and other non-conventional energy resources such as fuel cells. It defines biomass as organic material from living or recently living organisms that can be used as energy. Biomass includes plants, wood and waste which are converted to energy through direct combustion or indirect processes like digestion to produce biofuel. Other sections classify biomass resources, explain how biomass is a renewable resource, and discuss thermal-chemical and biological conversion methods. The document also provides descriptions of floating drum and fixed dome biogas plants. Finally, it introduces fuel cells as devices that convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy through hydrogen fuel and oxygen reactions.
Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Curcas Oil Using Potassium Carbonate as an...ZX7
This document summarizes a study on producing biodiesel from Jatropha curcas (JTC) oil using potassium carbonate as an unsupported catalyst. Key findings include:
1) Potassium carbonate produced the least amount of soap compared to other base catalysts and can be recovered from JTC seedcake ash, making it suitable for biodiesel production from JTC oil.
2) Transesterification of JTC oil appeared complete within 15 minutes using 5% potassium carbonate and a 6:1 methanol to oil ratio or 4% potassium carbonate at 9:1 ratio and 60°C.
3) FTIR-ATR analysis was used to monitor the reaction and detect soap
Biodiesel Production from Jatropha curcas Oil Using Potassium CarbonateXZ3
This document summarizes a study on producing biodiesel from Jatropha curcas (JTC) oil using potassium carbonate as an unsupported catalyst. Key findings include:
1) Potassium carbonate produced the least amount of soap compared to other base catalysts and can be recovered from JTC seedcake ash, making it suitable for biodiesel production from JTC oil.
2) The transesterification of JTC oil appeared complete within 15 minutes using 5% potassium carbonate and a 6:1 methanol to oil ratio or 4% potassium carbonate and a 9:1 ratio, both at 60°C.
3) FTIR-ATR analysis was used to monitor the
Biofuel as an alternative source of energy Gaurav Bohra
This document provides an overview of biofuels as an alternative energy source. It defines fuels and classifies them as fossil fuels and biofuels. Biofuels are produced from plants, waste, and biomass rather than fossil sources. The document outlines the history of biofuels and discusses current and potential future global production. It also examines India's role in biofuel production and different generations of biofuels including their feedstocks and examples of companies involved. Specific biofuels like biogas, biodiesel, and ethanol are explained in terms of their composition and impacts.
This document summarizes a presentation about biomass as a profitable energy resource. It defines biomass as organic matter that can be used to produce electricity, heat, or fuel for transportation. The presentation discusses how biomass works by being burned to produce steam and turn turbines, how it helps reduce global warming by maintaining a closed carbon cycle, and some of the most efficient biomass residues like bagasse and rice husks. It also outlines various processes for generating energy from biomass, such as combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis. In closing, the presentation notes that while biomass has advantages as a renewable resource, it also has disadvantages like requiring energy to cultivate and potentially contributing to pollution if burned directly.
This document discusses biomass energy and various biomass resources. It describes different biomass conversion techniques including densification, direct combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and fermentation. Specific technologies covered include biomass gasifiers, fluidized bed gasifiers, and biogas plants. Biofuels such as ethanol, biodiesel and producer gas are also summarized. Advantages and disadvantages of biomass energy are provided.
Importance of Biomass and biofuels in environment.pptxRafiaRayanabtbc
Biomass is organic matter that can be used as a renewable energy source, such as wood, crops, and animal waste. There are four main types of biomass energy: wood and agriculture products, solid waste, landfill gas and biogas, and alcohol fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. Biomass is a renewable source of energy because its supplies can be replenished, unlike fossil fuels. While biomass energy has advantages like being renewable and reducing reliance on fossil fuels, it also has disadvantages such as contributing to global warming and requiring significant space.
Petroleum fuels are finite and their use contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, forcing development of alternative fuels. The document discusses biofuels as alternatives, specifically bioethanol and biodiesel which can replace gasoline and diesel. It provides details on production methods and feedstocks for various generations of biofuels. While biofuels have benefits like renewability and reducing emissions, their production costs remain higher than conventional fuels in most cases. Government policies aim to support biofuel industries for economic and environmental reasons.
This document discusses various types of clean fuel technology, including biomass energy, biofuels, biohydrogen, biogas, biodiesel, and bioethanol. Biomass energy is generated from organic matter like wood and waste and imitates natural processes of decomposition. Biofuels include fuels derived from biomass conversion as well as solid biomass and liquid fuels. Biohydrogen can be produced biologically from biomass but faces challenges in storage and transportation. Biogas is a renewable energy produced from organic waste through anaerobic digestion. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste grease that can help reduce climate change. Bioethanol is mainly produced through sugar fermentation
Biochar is a porous charcoal-like substance produced from biomass that has benefits for agriculture and the environment. It can sequester carbon from the atmosphere, reducing CO2 levels, while enhancing soil quality when used as a soil amendment. Biochar increases plant growth and nutrient density, decreases fertilizer needs, and reduces fertilizer runoff into waterways. Small-scale production is suitable but larger operations could utilize bio-oil byproducts for energy and upgrade them into industrial and transportation fuels. Ongoing studies are testing biochar's effects on plant growth.
Bio fuels are fuels that are derived from plant biomass and agricultural and industrial wastes by carbon fixation by Micro organisms and are serve as alternate fuels for automobiles and emit no Green house gases
-“Biofuel is an inexhaustible, biodegradable fuel manufactured from Biomass.”
• Renewable energy
• Derived from living materials.
• Pure and the easiest available fuels on planet earth.
The document discusses bioenergy and biomass energy. It defines bioenergy as a renewable form of energy obtained from converting biomass resources like agricultural waste, forest residues, and energy crops into useful energy sources. It then discusses various biomass feedstocks and different processes for converting biomass into biofuels and bioenergy, including pyrolysis, gasification, combustion, and anaerobic digestion. The document also covers classifications of biofuels, examples of biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel, and applications of biofuel products.
Biofuel is a type of fuel derived from biological carbon fixation. Common biofuels include ethanol, vegetable oil, and animal fats. Biofuels are classified into first and second generation types. First generation biofuels are derived from sources like starch, sugar, and vegetable oil using conventional techniques. Examples include biodiesel, green diesel, bioethers, biogas, and syn-gas. Second generation biofuels use more sustainable feedstocks and are still under development, such as cellulosic ethanol. India's biofuel production focuses on cultivating and processing Jatropha plant seeds for biodiesel. While biofuels reduce emissions, their production has disadvantages like requiring considerable land use and having poorer performance
Similar to Vegetable oil and biofuel industry [autosaved] [autosaved] [autosaved] (20)
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
2. I. Introduction
A. What are Biofuels?
B. Biofuel History
II. Feed stocks for Biofuel
A. Cellulosic Biomass
B. Sugar and Starchy Crops
C. Oil Containing or Oil Producing Plants
III. Solid Biofuel
A. Solid Biofuel Handling
a) Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)
IV. Gaseous Biofuel
A. Anaerobic Digestion
a) Production of Biogas
b) Production of Biomethane
B. Application of Gaseous Biofuel
3. V. Liquid Biofuel
A. Bioethanol
a) Production of BioEthanol
i. Pre-Processing
ii. Fermentation
iii. Distillation
iv. Dehydration
B. Vegetable Oil/ Plant Oil
a) Fuel-Related Characteristics of Plant Oils/Vegetable Oils
b) Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO)
c) Plant Oil-Diesel Blend
C. Biodiesel
a) Crops for Biodiesel
i. Coconut
ii. Jatropha Curcas
b) Production of Methyl Ester/Biodiesel
i. Transesterification
4. VI. Philippine Setting
A. Biofuels Legislation and Standards in the Philippines
a) R.A. 9367 “Biofuels Act of 2006”
B. Biofuel Industry in the Philippines
a) San Carlos Bioenergy Inc.
VII. Environmental and Social Impacts
VIII.The Future of Biofuels
IX. References
6. The easiest available fuels on the
planet.
Fuels are very clean and environment
friendly.
Renewable source of energy unlike
any other resources such as
petroleum, coal and nuclear fuels.
7. Biofuels are all types
solid, gaseous and liquid
fuels that can be derived from
organic matter that is taken
from or produced by plants and
animals or indirectly from organic
industrial, commercial, domestic, or
agricultural wastes primarily
used as fuel for automobiles,
thermal and power generation.
8. Solid Biofuel
Wood
Charcoal
Bagasse
Liquid Biofuel
Bioethanol
Plant or Vegetable oil
Biodiesel
Biomethanol
Green diesel
Gaseous Biofuel
Biogas
Methane Gas
Producer Gas
9. B.C.E. (Before Common Era)
4000 Sumerians discover the process of fermentation.
10 th century Assyrians use biogas for heating bathing water.
C.E. (Common Era)
17th century Helmont observes that organic matter emits flammable gases.
1808 Davy discovers methane as the end product of anaerobic digestion.
Mid-1800s Transesterification of plant oils is used to distill glycerin during
soap production.
1858-1864 French biologist Antoine Bechamp experiments with fermentation
and concludes that ferments are living organisms.
1864 French chemist Louis Pastuer describes the process of fermentation
scientifically.
1880s First successful internal combustion engine using producer gas is
produced.
1895 Biogas is used to fuel street lamps in Exeter, Great Britain.
1896 Henry Ford’s Model A designed to run on ethanol
1920s-1930s Attempts to promote ethanol motor fuel are made.
Anaerobic bacteria responsible for methane production are
identified.
1940s First U.S. ethanol plant opens.
11. What type of engine wherein a bioethanol is used?
a) Bioethanol engine
b) Otto-cycle engines
c) Diesel-cycle engines
d) Rankine-cycle engines
12. Dr. Rudolph Diesel, a
German engineer who filed
the patent for a
compression ignition (CI)
engine in 1894. He
then successfully operated
a prototype engine in 1897.
13. The diesel engine was named after Dr. Rudolph
Diesel, a German engineer who filed the patent for
a compression ignition (CI) engine in 1894. Then
in 1900 the diesel engine was first demonstrated
to run using what kind of plant/vegetable oil?
a. Coconut oil
b. Jatropa oil
c. Canola oil
d. Peanut oil
14. 1939-1945 Extensive use of biogas to replace gasoline occurs.
1979 Commercial alcohol-blended fuels are marketed
1984 Number of ethanol plants peaks at 163 in the United States,
producing over 2.2 billion liters of ethanol during the year.
1988 Ethanol is used for first time as an oxygenate to lower pollution
caused by burning gasoline.
1990 Ethanol plants begin to switch from coal to natural gas and to
adopt other cost-reducing technologies.
1997-2002 Three million U.S. cars and light trucks that could run on E85, a
blend of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline, are
produced but few gas stations sell the fuel.
Concerns about climate change cause leading alternative
energies such as biofuel, solar and wind to expand by 20 to 30
percent yearly.
2003 California becomes the first to start replacing the oxygenate
MTBE with ethanol. Several other states start switching soon
afterward.
2004 The U.S. ethanol industry makes 225,000 barrels per day in
August, an all-time record. Oil companies invest in alcohol fuel.
2006 Indy Racing League switches to a 10 percent ethanol, and 90
percent methanol fuel mixture.
15.
16. It is made up of very complex sugar polymers that
are not usually used as a source of food.
It includes wide range of heterogeneous solid
materials:
Agricultural Residues (e.g. rice straw, corn husks etc.)
Forestry wastes (e.g. Chips and sawdust from lumber mills)
Municipal solid wastes (e.g. paper products)
Processing and other Industrial waste (e.g. slops)
Energy crops grown for fuel purposes (e.g. trees and grasses)
Its main components are cellulose, hemicelluloses,
and lignin.
17. Plants that can store through photosynthesis the
energy from the sun by converting it into simple
sugars or complex sugars (starches).
Example: sugar cane, sugar beets, corn, cassava
and sweet potato
These biomass products are mainly used as
human or animal food.
These products are increasingly being used for the
production of biofuels, particularly ethanol as
gasoline substitute or blend.
18. Plants that produce oils, in particular fixed oils,
which can be processed to produce biofuels that
can be used as diesel substitute or blend.
Most of these oils such as soybean oil, coconut oil
and palm oil have been used mainly for human
or animal food are being processed for the
production of
biodiesel.
20. Solid Biofuel
Fuel which is particularly derived
from grass, sawdust, charcoal,
agricultural waste, wood, dried
manure and many more which are
burned to emit steam that can
be used to generate electricity.
21. When raw biomass
is already in a
suitable form (such
as firewood), it can
burn directly in a
stove or furnace to
provide heat or
raise steam.
22. When raw biomass
is in an
inconvenient form
(such as sawdust,
wood chips, grass,
urban waste wood,
agricultural
residues), the
typical process is to
densify the
biomass.
23. A coarse or fine powdered solid fuel from
municipal solid wastes, agricultural wastes and
residues and other cellulosic feed stocks after
undergoing physical-chemical processes.
Presently, two types of refuse-derived fuels
are being developed: coarse solid fuel and fine
powdered supplementary fuel.
There are many developers of the coarse solid fuel
systems and a number of power plants run on
RDF or mixed RDF and coal.
27. Gaseous Biofuel
Gas produced by the process of anaerobic
digestion of organic material by anaerobes
(anaerobic bacteria) typically used as a fuel source
for local heat and electrical power generation .
It can be produced either from biodegradable
waste materials or by the use of energy crops
fed into anaerobic digesters to supplement gas
yields.
28. A biochemical process whereby organic biomass
sources are broken down via microorganisms
in a low-oxygen environment producing
biogas as a natural byproduct of the reaction.
CO CO
2
2
CH4 CH4
Used for industrial or domestic purposes to manage
CO CO
waste and/or to release energy.
2 2
CH4
Widely used as a renewable energy source because
the process produces a methane and carbon
dioxide rich biogas suitable for energy O 2
O
production, helping to replace fossil fuels. The O 2
2
nutrient-rich digestate which is also O O 2
O 2
produced can be used as fertilizer. O O
2
2 2
O2
29. Anaerobic
Biogas Digester
A device for optimizing the
anaerobic digestion of Covered Lagoon
biomass and/or animal
manure, often used to
recover biogas for energy
production. Commercial
Continuous Flow
digester types include
complete mix, continuous
flow (horizontal or plug-
flow, multiple-tank, and
vertical tank) and covered
lagoon.
Complete Mix
31. Biogas
A naturally occurring gas formed as a byproduct of the
breakdown of organic materials in a low-oxygen
(e.g. anaerobic) environment.
Produced after the anaerobic digestion of the organic
materials.
A less clean form of biogas is the landfill gas which is
produced by the use of naturally occurring
anaerobic digesters.
Its major components are methane (typically 60 – 70%)
and carbon dioxide (typically 30 – 40%).
33. Biomethane
Biogas which has
been upgraded or
“sweetened” via
process to remove the
bulk of the carbon dioxide, water,
hydrogen sulfide and other
impurities from raw biogas
(digester gas).
34. It involves upgrading, or “cleaning-up”, raw biogas to a higher
quality gas.
The resulting biomethane will have a higher content of
methane and a higher energy content making it essentially
identical to conventional natural gas.
The primary tasks in the biogas upgrading process
(“sweetening”):
• Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) removal
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) removal
• Water (H2O) removal
• Removal of other contaminants (e.g. particles,
halogenated hydrocarbons, ammonia,
nitrogen, oxygen and organic silicon compounds)
• Odorization
35. Production of Biomethane
Schematic diagram of biogas and biomethane production and
utilization (Part 1)
37. The most important/basic substrate used in the
biogas plant in the video.
a) Waste water
b) Liquid manure
c) Leachate
d) Brine
38. What type of anaerobic digester/fermenter was
used in the biogas plant in the video?
a) Covered lagoon
b) Plug-flow
c) Multiple tank
d) Complete mix
39. How many days it takes to complete the gas
formation process?
a) 40 days
b) 50 days
c) 60 days
d) 70 days
40. In case of overproduction of biogas, what
equipment was used to burn the excess biogas?
a) Kiln
b) Gas Burner
c) Gas flare
d) Combustion engine
43. Liquid Biofuel
Liquid fuels such as alcohol, ether, and oil can
be derived from the chemical energy released by
plants and plant-derived substances in
photosynthesis.
It is used very efficiently in the internal combustion engines
that power automobiles
It is also environmentally significant because it reduces
greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change.
45. What is Bioethanol?
Bioethanol (or ethyl alcohol, C2H6O) is an
alternative, renewable fuel mainly produced by
sugar fermentation process, which is used in
spark-ignition internal combustion engines
(Otto cycle)
It is one type of alcohol that has many
properties quite similar to those of gasoline.
These similarities make ethanol a highly
attractive fuel for use as a gasoline substitute or
as an alternative fuel for blending.
49. Pre-Processing of
Different Feed
stocks
Ethanol can be produced by
the fermentation of carbohydrates
from three various feed stocks:
a) sugar-bearing feed stocks
b) starchy feed stocks
c) cellulosic feed stocks
52. Production of Ethanol
from
Starchy feed stocks
• There are basically two
subcategories of starch crops:
grains (e.g., corn, sorghum, wheat,
and barley) and
tubers (e.g., potatoes and sweet
potatoes).
53.
54. Production of Ethanol from corn using the Wet Mill Process
Corn Pre-Processing by Wet Milling Process
55. Pre-Processing of Cellulosic Feed stocks
Production of Ethanol from cellulosic
feedstocks
Acid Hydrolysis Cellulosic Cooking
56. It is the natural metabolic process that
produces energy by breaking down
carbohydrates (like sugars) in the absence of
oxygen.
It is catalyzed by the action of enzymes present
in microorganisms like yeasts (single-celled
fungi of Saccharomyces cerevisae species)
Ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced as
the sugar (glucose) is consumed.
C6H12O6 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2
63. The two distinct types of plant oils:
(a)Fixed oils such as coconut and castor oils, which do not readily
evaporate on exposure to air
(b) Essential oils such as citronella and cinnamon oils, which readily
evaporate or volatilize on exposure to air.
64. Fuel-Related Characteristics of Plant Oils/Vegetable Oils
The physical and chemical characteristics of plant oils that
affect their suitability as fuels:
Heating value
Pour point or Melt Point
Cloud point
Flash point
Iodine value
Viscosity
Density
Cetane number
Other characteristics that do not have direct bearing on the
actual performance of the engine, but are similarly important
for environmental and other reasons:
Ash Percentage
Potassium Percentage
Sulfur Percentage.
66. SVO was the fuel of
choice when the diesel
engine was invented and
first demonstrated.
The downside is that straight vegetable oil
(SVO) is much more viscous (thicker) than
conventional diesel fuel or biodiesel, and it
doesn't burn the same in the engine that it can
damage engines.
67. Majority of the studies conducted
on the use of straight vegetable
oils show that in short-term trials,
straight plant oils give satisfactory
engine performance and power output
often equal to or even slightly better
than conventional diesel fuel.
In long term trials, however, straight
plant oils cause various engine problems
such as coking of injector nozzles,
sticking piston rings, crankcase
oil dilution, lubricating oil contamination,
and other operational problems.
68.
69. The various studies on the
use of plant oil-diesel fuel
blends indicate that they can be
used in diesel engines
for short periods with no
significant decline in performance
provided that the concentration of the
plant oil in the blend is less than 20%.
Long-term engine performance tests show that plant
oil concentrations higher than 20% can have adverse
effect on the engine due to accumulation of carbon
deposits, fuel line clogging, and lubricating oil
contamination.
71. It is the fatty acid methyl ester
or mono-alkyl esters derived from vegetable
(plant) oils or animal fats and other biomass-derived
oils that meet certain quality specifications.
Produced from the reaction of vegetable oil with
alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to yield mono-
alkyl esters and glycerine, which is then removed.
It is a form of biofuel made from soybean, corn, etc.
extracts that is an excellent substitute for petroleum
diesel fuel.
73. A tall stately palm, 20-25 meters
high, with a stout wavy stem,
surmounted by a crown of long
arching, handsome, pinnate leaves.
The kernel (endocarp) yields
a valuable fatty oil. In the fresh
state the kernels are shredded and
made into desiccated coconut,
largely exported for use in
confectionery.
74. The husk (pericarp) when retted for
about 3 weeks in water yields coir fiber,
which is made into mats, brushes,
matting, string and ropes.
Copra of commerce, the source of
coconut oil, consists of the dried kernels.
It is prepared by breaking the nut in two;
the two cup-shaped halves, being easily
separated from the shell, are then
dried in the sun or in specially
constructed low houses or kilns,
over smoke and heat from smoldering
fires made with the husks and shells.
Copra contains about 65% of oil.
76. 1. Seeds contain more than 30% oil which
can be processed into Jatropha
Methyl Ester (JME)
2. Can be planted in idle lands not suitable
for other crops
3. Can flower and bear fruits as early as
four months after planting if planted
by cuttings and six months if
planted by seedlings
4. A perennial shrub
77. 5. Can be integrated in agricultural
systems as hedges or alley crop
6. Can be planted as pioneer crop in
association with climax species in
community-based forest
management areas
7. Can generate employment being labor
intensive in the establishment and
harvesting operations, thus,
generating additional income for rural
areas.
82. The chemical conversion to achieved mono-alkyl
esters from plant oils.
During this process, an alcohol (such as methanol)
reacts with the triglyceride oils contained in plant
oils, animal fats or recycled greases to form fatty
acid alkyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerin.
The reaction requires heat and a strong base
catalyst such as sodium hydroxide or potassium
hydroxide.
83.
84. Simplified process flow diagram for
biodiesel production
Transesterification Dilute Acid
Esterification
Methanol Recovery
Biodiesel refining
PhasePhase separator for the
separator for the separation of
2x 4-stage ion-exchange the
Multistage mixer for system
separation offrom methyl ester
glycerine watery phase from
transesterification to Biodiesel
Glycerine for the Purification of Biodiesel
Refining RME
85. “The Biofuels Act of 2006” is also known as
_________.
a. R.A. 6739
b. R.A 3679
c. R.A. 9367
d. R.A. 7693
91. Biodiesel Producers
SENBEL FINE CHEMICALS COMPANY, INC.
PURE ESSENCE INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Annual Rated TECHNOLOGIES
CHEMREZ
70,000,000
Capacity (liters)
Annual Rated Brgy. Cotta, Lucena City
60,000,000
Annual Rated Head Office:
Capacity (liters)
Location 75,000,000
Capacity (liters) 20/F Richville Corporate Tower 1107 Alabang-Zapote Road, Madrigal Business Park Alabang,
Muntinlupa City Philippines
Location 4 Avis St., Bagong Ilog, Pasig City Metro Manila, Philippines
Tel. Nos.: (632) 850-6877; 809-6101; 809-6102
Contact Fax no.: (632) 809-6116
Location Tel.Industria St. Bagumbayan 10
65 Nos.: (632)671-77-07 to Quezon
Email: senbel@vasia.com City 1110 Metro Manila, Philippines
Website Fax no.: (632) 671-7872
http://www.senbel.com.ph.com
Contact
Mobile No.:
Senbel Fine(632) 637-6099 Inc. is a manufacturer and exporter of high quality fine chemicals
Fax no.: Chemicals Company,
Contact Email: info@pure-essence.biz
derived from coconut and other vegetable oils. These products serve as vital and raw materials for
Email: info@chemrez.com
cosmetics, household and laundry care industries. Its plant facilities are located at the center of
Website http://www.pure-essence.biz/site/biodiesel.html
coconut oil milling and trading activities in the Philippines. This makes production very efficient
resulting to products of high standard at competitive prices. Senbel Fine Chemicals Company, Inc.
Website http://www.chemrez.com
focuses its efforts into satisfying the needs of its local and multinational customers. Each quality
Pure Essence International, Inc. started operations in 1995. Since then, the
product can be tailor-fit to match the client's specifications. Senbel Fine Chemicals Company, Inc.
Profile
is a young and aggressive firm managed by a dynamic management teamoil blends, as of
company has been producing soap noodles from different with long years well
experience in the oleochemicals and surfactants industry. derived from vegetable oilsmost
Chemrez offers clean-burning fuel enhancers The company has global reach to
as quality bath soaps.
Profile major markets in the Asia-Pacific, Europe, North Americacollectively many of is made possible
including biodiesel. Our fuel enhancers treat an the Middle East. This the problems
by its excellent network of distributors and customers worldwide as anew production line to
As part of the expansion effort, the company set up a result of its long years of
Profile that other additives address individually. They clean, lubricate and oxygenate
association. Senbel has delivered significant quantities of its products and continues to serve an
produce Coco Methyl Ester (CME or BioDiesel). Additional products from CME
the fuels resulting to efficient combustion, longer mileage and cleaner
increasing number of satisfied customers. With all these at hand, the company is poised to serve
as a reliable partner to a Methyl roster of customers, bridging their path towards success.
are: Soap Noodles, growing Ester Sulfonates, Amides and Betaines.
emission.
92. SAN CARLOS BIOENERGY INC.
Annual
Rated
30,000,000
Capacity
(liters)
San Carlos Ecozone Brgy. Palampas & Punao San
Location
Carlos City, Negros Occidental
Tel. Nos.: (632) 752-0050 to 51
Contact Fax no.: (632) 892-9238
Email: info@bronzeoakph.com
Website http://www.pure-essence.biz/site/biodiesel.html
San Carlos Bioenergy Inc. is a company
incorporated in May 2005 to construct, own, and
operate an integrated ethanol distillery and power
cogeneration plant located in the San Carlos Agro-
Industrial Economic Zone on the eastern coast of
Negros Occidental - the first in the Philippines and
the Southeast Asian region. The plant has the
Profile
capacity to mill 1,500 TCD of sugarcane to
produce 30M liters of ethanol annually and
approximately 8MW of power.
SCBI is scheduled to deliver the country's first
locally-produced fuel grade ethanol in time for the
January 2009 mandate of a 5% ethanol-blend in
gasoline as provided by the Biofuels Law.
93. The plant’s six main
components:
a) Cane mill
(crushing capacity: 1,500 tons/day)
b) Fuel ethanol distillery
(producing 125,000 liters per day of
ethanol) b
c) Cogeneration Plant a
(capacity :8 MW) c
d) Carbon Dioxide Recovery e
Plant (50 tons per day)
e) Anaerobic Digestion Plant
f) Integrated Waste Water f
Treatment Plant
96. The energy obtained from biomass does not add to
global warming.
Using biofuels as an additive to petroleum-based
transportation fuels reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions.
Both bioethanol and biodiesel are used as fuel
oxygenates to improve combustion characteristics.
97. Greater energy security, promotion of exports and
rural development
Generates revenue, employment and safer living
conditions.
99. Impact of biofuel expansion on food prices and its
effects on food security. (Food VS Fuel)
Impacts of biofuels to the use of land for
monocultivation.
Land-use change and biodiversity losses.
100.
101. The recent scientific advances and technological
developments in agriculture, biology and chemistry
provide win-win possible solutions to the food-versus-
energy dilemma. These include the development of
genetically-improved crops for energy and food
production, the production of affordable specialized
enzymes, and the ability to artificially simulate natural
biological processes such as photosynthesis.
Nevertheless, a lot of work still needs to be done to
reduce costs, mitigate environmental impacts and
biodiversity losses, and minimize the pressure on
scarce land resources, particularly on existing
productive, arable lands.
103. Algae are the fastest growers of
the plant kingdom that can
produce and store inside the cell
large amounts of carbohydrates
and up to 50% by weight of oil as
triglycerides.
The conversion of algae oil into
biodiesel is a similar process as for
plant oils based on esterification of
the triglycerides after extraction,
but the cost of producing algae oil
is relatively high at present.
Numerous studies are being
undertaken worldwide in
universities and research centers to
determine optimum conditions for
the production of oil from micro-
algae.
What is a Biofuel?Biofuel is any fuel that is derived from organic matter. It is a renewable source of energy unlike any other resources such as petroleum, coal and nuclear fuels. One advantage of Biofuel in comparison to most other fuel types is its biodegradability, and thus rendering it relatively harmless to the environment if spilled. It is made from biomass and primarily used for motive, thermal and power generation, with quality specifications in accordance with the Philippine National Standards (PNS).
These engines are basically classified into two types,depending on how the combustion is started: spark ignition Otto-cycle engines, for whichthe preferred biofuel is bioethanol; and Diesel-cycle engines, in which ignition is achievedby compression and good performance is attained with biodiesel.Actually, pioneers of the automotive industry developed engines for biofuels: HenryFord for bioethanol and Rudolf Diesel for peanut oil.
Dr. Rudolph Diesel, a German engineer who filed the patent for a compression ignition (CI) engine in 1894. Hethen successfully operated a prototype engine in 1897. Then in 1900 the diesel engine was first demonstrated to run on peanut oil during the world fair in Paris by the Otto Company at the request of the French Government.
Feedstock- a raw material used in the industrial manufacture of a product. Different Biomass for FuelBiomasses are used to make bio fuels and they come in different kinds; one such kind is the solid biomass which is particularly derived form grass, sawdust, charcoal, agricultural waste, wood, dried manure and many more. These biomasses are burned to emit steam that can be used to generate electricity. Another kind is liquid biomass which is derived mostly from vegetable oils, animal fat and recycled grease and can be used as an additive to other fuels; and is also called biodiesel which helps to reduce carbon monoxide emissions. And lastly is the biogas which is derived from the breakdown of organic materials and can be used for cooking, heating and many more.These biomasses that are made into biofuels are very helpful in helping reduce the pollution caused by using conventional fuel for car, pollution generated by power plants to generate electricity and other kinds of pollutions caused when not using biofuels.
It comprises 40-60 wt.% of cellulose, 20-40 wt% hemicellose and 10-24% lignin depending on the source of biomass. As a highly complex carbon-containing biomass, it contains a lot of energy and can be burned to produce steam and electricity for use in the biomass-to-ethanol manufacturing process./* cellulosic biomass are mainly used as solid biofuels*/* Cellulose- a complex sugar polymer, or a polysaccharide, and is made from the six-carbon sugar called glucose. Because of its crystalline structure, it is resistant to hydrolysis (the chemical reaction that enables the production of simple, fermentable sugars from a polysaccharide). * Hemicellulose- also a complex polysaccharide that is made from a variety of five carbon and six-carbon sugars. Although it is relatively easier to hydrolyze into simple sugars compared to cellulose, the sugars that are produced, however, are not easily fermented to ethanol. * Lignin - provides structural integrity and strength in plants. It remains as the residual material after the sugars in the biomass have been converted to ethanol.
Sugar and starches (carbohydrates) are produced through photosynthesis by plants and contain only molecules of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, usually in the ratio 1:2:1 * However, because of the need to find alternative sources of energy other than fossil fuels, these products areincreasingly being used for the production of biofuels, particularly ethanol as gasoline substitute or blend.*Sugar (a.k.a sucrose or table sugar)- water-soluble carbohydrates that have relatively low molecular weight and usually characterized with having a sweet taste. *Carbohydrates, on the other hand, are a group of organic compounds that include sugars, starches, celluloses and gums. They provide a major source of energy in the diet of humans and animals. *Simple sugars are called monosaccharides. More complex sugars comprise between two and ten monosaccharides that are linked together. Thus dissacharides are those that contain two monosaccharides,trisaccharides are those that contain three and so on.
When raw biomass is already in a suitable form (such as firewood), it can burn directly in a stove or furnace to provide heat or raise steam..
This process includes grinding the raw biomass to an appropriate particulate size (known as hogfuel), which depending on the densification type can be from 1 to 3 cm (1 in), which is then concentrated into a fuel product. The current types of processes are wood pellet, cube, or puck. The pellet process is most common in Europe and is typically a pure wood product. The other types of densification are larger in size compared to a pellet and are compatible with a broad range of input feedstocks. The resulting densified fuel is easier to transport and feed into thermal generation systems such as boilers.When raw biomass is in an inconvenient form (such as sawdust, wood chips, grass, urban waste wood, agricultural residues), the typical process is to densify the biomass.
The process of preparing coarse solid fuel includes a combination of shredding, magnetic separation, and air classification to remove the non-combustible fraction. Some systems pass the material through trommel screens for additional contaminant removal. A simplified process flow diagram for the production of RDF includes the separation of the non-combustible components through size reduction followed by screening, mixing with an additive, press molding and drying.The coarse products are then briquetted, with or without a suitable binder, for easier handling.
A gas produced from bacteria in the process of bio-degradation of organic material under anaerobic conditions. (absence of oxygen)
2.2.1 Types of Anaerobic Digesters The following is a brief description of the major types of anaerobic digesters currently used: • Covered Lagoon – This is the simplest and least expensive type of anaerobic digester. It is intended to be used on large volume, liquid manure lagoons with less than 2% solids, typically on a dairy or swine farm. It consists of a non-porous, plastic cover over a manure lagoon with a built-in biogas collection system. The cover traps gas produced during the decomposition of the manure. Covered lagoons are sometimes installed for odor control purposes (in which case the captured biogas may be flared) but with additional equipment, the recovered biogas can be used to provide heat and electric power to the farm. • Complete Mix – This type of anaerobic digester is more expensive than a covered lagoon and is intended for manure with 2 – 10% solids. It consists of either above- or below-ground tanks with a built-in mixing and biogas collection system. The mixing system, which may be either mechanical or gas-based, helps to increase the efficiency of the digestion process as well as accelerate it. Likewise a built-in heating system also increases the efficiency of the digestion process. Typically 10 – 15% of the biogas output is used to provide heating for the digester and electricity for other biogas plant processes. • Plug-Flow – This type of anaerobic digester is intended for ruminant animal manure (cows) with 11 – 14% solids and is therefore not appropriate for manure collected via a flush system. The design is similar to the complete mix digester but without the mixing system. Plug-flow digesters are cheaper to construct and operate than complete mix digesters but are also less efficient. • Multiple-Tank (2-Stage) – This type of anaerobic digester is similar to the complete mix digester design except that digestion occurs sequentially in two phases. The first phase is a higher temperature (thermophilic) phase at 55ºC followed by a second, lower temperature (mesophilic) phase at 35ºC. While laboratory tests of this design show promise for increased digester efficiency, there is very little data on field-scale systems yet.
most common biomass feedstocks used to produce biogas: • Sewage • Organic fraction of municipal solid waste (e.g. in landfills) • Manure (e.g. dairy, pig, cattle) • Forestry wastes • Agricultural wastes • “Energy crops” (e.g. clover grass, corn) • Industrial food processing wastes
A gas mainly composed of methane (60%) and carbon dioxideA less clean form of biogas is the landfill gas which is produced by the use of naturally occurring anaerobic digesters. but these gases can be a severe threat if escapes into the atmosphere.Biogas – A naturally occurring gas formed as a byproduct of the breakdown of organic materials in a low-oxygen (e.g. anaerobic) environment. In its raw state, the major components of biogas are methane (typically 60 – 70%) and carbon dioxide (typically 30 – 40%). Additional smaller components of biogas include hydrogen sulfide (typically 50 – 2000 ppm), water vapor (saturated), oxygen and various trace hydrocarbons. Due to its low methane content (and therefore lower heating value) compared to NG, biogas is considered a low quality gas which is only suitable for use in Biogas: Biogas is mainly produced after the anaerobic digestion of the organic materials. Biogas can also be produced with the biodegradation of waste materials which are fed into anaerobic digesters which yields biogas. The residue or the by product can be easily used as manure or fertilizers for agricultural use. The biogas produced is very rich in methane which can be easily recovered through the use of mechanical biological treatment systems. A less clean form of biogas is the landfill gas which is produced by the use of naturally occurring anaerobic digesters, but the main threat is that these gases can be a severe threat if escapes into the atmosphere.
1. Solidwastes that are gathered by dump trucks are brought into the intake pit or MRF were the waste are sorted and screened. Inorganic waste are separated from the organic waste. Then it will under screening and size reduction to further separate the large solid materials. It will then be stored in the intermediate storage before going into the fermenter/anearobic digester. After several days of storage in the fermenter, 3 by products are formed. First is the solid part/phase that can be used as compost. The liquid product is used as liquid fertilizer. And the main product which is the biogas is used as fuel for automobiles, used in power genration etc.
Biomethane – Biogas which has been upgraded or “sweetened” via a process to remove the bulk of the carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen sulfide and other impurities from raw biogas (digester gas). The primary purpose of upgrading biogas to biomethane is to use the biomethane as an energy source in applications that require pipeline quality or vehicle-fuel quality gas, such as transportation. From a functional point of view, biomethane is extremely similar to NG except that it comes from renewable sources. (Note that the term “biomethane” has not yet come into popular usage; thus the term “biogas” is often used when referring to both the raw and upgraded forms of biogas/biomethane.)
BIOMETHANE PRODUCTIONRemoval of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)Hydrogen sulfide is a contaminant present in biogas produced during the digestion process. The H2S content of theraw biogas may vary from 50 to 3000 ppm (parts per million) or higher. H2S should be removed from the gas stream early in the treatment process because of its corrosive nature. In addition, the release of the compound into the atmosphere is carefully regulated as it is extremely toxic and it contributes to air pollution. Pipeline gas and vehicle fuel standardsrequire an H2S content of less than 16 ppm. Some of the technologies used to reduce theH2S content to acceptable levels are:• In-situ (undisturbed) reduction of H2S within the digester vessel by adding metal ions (e.g. iron chloride) to form insoluble metal sulfides or creation of elementary sulfur through oxidation • Removal of H2S with metal oxides (e.g. iron oxide and zinc oxide) • Oxidation with air• Adsorption of H2S on activated carbonRemoval of carbon dioxide (CO2)Reducing the relative amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the biogas is the main task of the biogas upgrading process. Raw biogas contains typically 60 – 70% methane and 30 – 40% carbon dioxide and biomethane contains 97 – 99% methane and 1 – 3% carbon dioxide.The following are the most common methods used to decrease the CO2 content and increase the methane content of biogas:• Membrane separation In membrane separation, the biogas is directed to a very thin (<1 mm) physical membrane where the rates of CO2and H2S diffusion through the membrane are very high relative to the rate of methane diffusion. As a result, most of the methane is retained on one side of the membrane and most of the CO2and H2S passes through to the other side. • Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) PSA is a method for separating CO2from methane via adsorption/desorption of CO2on zeolites or activated carbon at different pressure levels. The system consists of multiple vessels filled with adsorption material. During the adsorption phase, biogas is fed into the bottom of a vessel. As it travels to the top of the vessel, CO2, O2and N2are adsorbed on the surface of the adsorption material, resulting in pressure buildup and >97% methane content of the gas leaving the top of the vessel. • Water scrubbing (with and without regeneration) In water scrubbing systems, biogas is fed into the bottom of a tall vertical column and water is fed into the top of the column, thereby creating a gas-liquid counter flow. Under pressure, CO2is dissolved in the water flowing through the column. Thus the gas leaving the top of the column has a high methane content and the water leaving the bottom of the column has a high dissolved CO2 content.Water RemovalRaw biogas is saturated with water vapor. Since water is potentially damaging to natural gas pipeline equipment and engines,pipeline and vehicle fuel requirements regarding water content and dewpoint are very strict.The following are some of the most common methods usedfor removing water from biogas (sometimes referred to as drying the biogas):• Refrigeration• Adsorption• AbsorptionRefrigeration is a common method used in many systems. Adsorption drying requires regeneration of the adsorbing (drying) agent. H2O can also be absorbed, e.g. with glycol, triethylene glycol or hygroscopic salts.
Depending on the technology used, some of the biogas upgrading steps may be performed simultaneously or as separate steps in the process. In addition, there may be further processing required depending on the composition of the raw biogas, the final form of theBiomethane (e.g. low pressure gas, compressed, liquefied) and its intended usage.Removal of Other ContaminantsIn addition to H2S, H2O and CO2, there may be other trace contaminants present in the biogas which are potentially harmful to equipment and/or people and must therefore be removed or reduced to acceptable levels. These additional contaminants include particles, halogenated hydrocarbons, ammonia, nitrogen, oxygen and organic silicon compounds (e.g. siloxanes). A number of effective, commercially available technologies exist to reduce or eliminate these contaminants including filters, membranes, activated carbon and other absorption media.OdorizationOdorization is normally accomplished by introducing sulfur containing compounds such as tetrahydrotiophen or mercaptans into the gas via a controlled dosing process.
Feedstock suitable for use in ethanol production via fermentation must contain sugars, starches, or cellulose that may readily be convertible to fermentable sugars. Feedstocks can be classified roughly into three groups: those containing predominantly sugars, starches, or cellulose.
Ethanol is one type of alcohol that has many properties quite similar to those of gasoline. These similarities make ethanol a highly attractive fuel for use as a gasoline substitute or as an alternative fuel for blending. Ethanol can be produced by the fermentation of carbohydrates from various feedstocks. The feedstocks fall under three main categories: (a) sugarbearingfeedstocks such as sugar cane; (b) starchy feedstocks such as cassavaor corn; and (c) cellulosic feedstocks such as wood and agricultural residues such as bagasse.
The densities of ethanol and gasoline are almost identical although the energy content of ethanol is about 30% lower. On the other hand, since ethanol contains molecular oxygen that promotes more complete combustion, the difference in energy content does not become a major concern at low level of alcohol blends in gasoline.Octane rating is a measure of a fuel’s resistance to self-ignition and detonation. There are to main ratings, the Motor (MON) and Research (RON) methods, which permits to infer how engines fed with a particular fuel will behave in high load or steady load conditions, respectively.Ethanol is an excellent anti-detonating additive, and significantly improves the octane rating of the base gasoline.Steam pressure determines the level of evaporative emissions and the possibility of steam forming in fuel lines, a problem which is minimized today with the use of fuel pumps inside the tank of most modern vehicles. It is interesting to note that, althoughthe steam pressure of pure gasoline is higher than that of pure ethanol the addition of ethanol to gasoline raises the steam pressure of the blend.The addition of ethanol tends to shift the distillation curve, especially its first half, affecting the so-called T50 temperature — 50% of the mass evaporated — although the initial and final distillation temperatures are not significantly affected. In this regard, the addition of ethanol has limited impact on engine behaviour..
GlossaryBagasse – Used as a biofuel. Bagasse is the fibrous residue remaining after crushing sugarcane or sorghum stalks.Biodiesel – Vegetable or animal based diesel fuel. It is a form of renewable energy.Bioethanol – Produced from agricultural feedstocks by the sugar fermentation process. It is a form of renewable energy.Cellulosic bioethanol – Biofuel produced from non-edible parts of plants, wood or grasses.Denatured alcohol – also known as methylated spirits. It is mainly used as a household solvent and as a fuel for many different industrial uses. It is undrinkable.Diesel No.2 – Diesel road fuel.ETBE – Ethyl tert-butyl ether is a gasoline additive used to raise the octane number of gasoline. It is far less polluting that MTBE.Ethanol – Also known as ethyl alcohol. Involves the fermentation of sugar from nonrenewable sources.Fischer-Tropsch process – a process that converts gas to liquids. It produces a petroleum substitute.Gasoline (US term) – Petroleum-derived liquid used mainly as road fuel.Glycerol – A byproduct of biodiesel.Hydrous bioethanol versus anhydrous bioethanol – Anhydrous alcohol is purer than hydrous bioethanol and is free from water. This ethanol may be used in fuel blends. Hydrous alcohol contains water.MTBE – Methyl tert-butyl ether is a gasoline additive used to raise the octane number of gasoline although it is major pollutant and is banned in many places.Petrol (UK term) – Petroleum-derived liquid used mainly as road fuel.Ratoon – Stubble crop.Syngas/synfuel – Synthetic liquid fuel that can be made from biomass.The various mixes, e.g. B2, B5, E8, E10, E20, E25, E85 – B means biodiesel, E means bioethanol and the number represents the percentage of the relevant biofuel within the mix. It may also be referred to in a ratio form e.g 10:90 ratio is E10 fuel.Vinasse – byproduct of sugar fermentation process.
Ethanol can be produced by the fermentation of carbohydrates from various feedstocks. The feedstocks fall under three main categories: sugarbearingfeedstocks such as sugar cane; (b) starchy feedstocks such as cassava or corn; and (c) cellulosic feedstocks such as wood and agricultural residues such as bagasse.Depending on the type and nature of feedstock, the pre-processing steps or operations may differ but there are basically three processes that are common for all three types of feedstocks: fermentation of the sugars into ethanol; (b) distillation to separate the aqueous ethanol (95%) from the fermented mash; and (c) dehydration to produce anhydrous ethanol (>99.5%) suitable for blending with gasoline.The sugar extracted from cane or sweet sorghum can be directly fermented with little or no alteration, but the starches present in grains must be converted into sugars. Starch itself is nothing more than a long chain of individual glucose molecules, which must be broken apart or hydrolyzed with enzymes.
In the case of starchy and cellulosic feedstocks, pretreatment through saccharification or hydrolysis is required in order to convertthem to sugars that can be fermented by yeast into ethanol.
Preparation is basically a crushing and extraction of the sugars which the yeast can immediately use. But sugar crops must be dealt with fairly quickly before their high sugar and water content causes spoilage. Because of the danger of such spoilage, the storage of sugar crops is not practical.The crop residue, called bagasse, is usedto provide heat.After it is cut sugarcane is promptly transported to the mill to avoid saccharose losses.The initial processing stages for bioethanol are basically the same as for sugar production. Once in the mill sugarcane is generally washed (only the whole stalk sugarcane) and sent to the preparation and extraction phases. Extraction is made by roll-mills that separate the sugarcane juice containing saccharose from the bagasse, which is sent to the mill’s power plant to be used as fuel. Produced in the mill or diffuser, the juice containing sugars can be then used in sugar or bioethanol production.The juice is initially screened and chemically treated for coagulation, flocculation and precipitation of impurities, which are eliminated through decanting. The filter cake, used as fertilizer, is generated by recovering sugar out of the decanted slurry by meansof rotary vacuum filters. The treated juice is then concentrated in multiple-effect evaporators and crystallized. The molasses does not return to the sugar manufacturing process but can be used as an input for bioethanol production through fermentation, because it still contains some saccharose and a high amount of reducing sugars (such as glucose and fructose, resulting from saccharose decomposition).After treatment the juice is evaporated to balance its sugars concentration and, in some cases, it is mixed to molasses, generating sugarcane mash, a sugary solution which is ready to be fermented. The mash is sent to fermentation reactors, where yeasts are added to it (single-celled fungi of Saccharomycescerevisae species) and fermented for a period ranging from 8 to 12 hours, generating wine (fermented mash, with ethanol concentration from 7% to 10%). In distillation bioethanol is initially recovered in hydrated form. Nearly 96° GL (percent in volume) corresponds to around 6% of water in weight, producing vinasse or stillage as residue, generally at a ratio of 10 to 13 litres per litre of hydrated bioethanol produced. In this process, other liquid fractions are also separated, producing second generation alcohols and fusel oil. Hydrated bioethanol can be stored as final product or may be sent to the dehydration column. Nevertheless, as it is an azeotropic mixture, its components cannot be separated by distillation only. The most commonly-used technology is dehydration with addition of cyclohexane, forming a ternary azeotropic mixture, with boiling point lower than that of anhydrous bioethanol. In the dehydration column, cyclohexane is added on top, and the anhydrous bioethanol is removed from the bottom, with nearly 99.7° GL or 0.4% of water in weight. The ternary mixture removed from the top is condensed and decanted, while the part with high water content is sent to the cyclohexane recovery column.Bioethanol dehydration also can be made by adsorption with molecular sieves or by means of extractive distillation with monoethyleneglycol (MEG), which stand out as providers of lower energy consumption, as well as by their higher costs. Due to increasing requirements bioethanol producers have been choosing molecular sieves, since they allow producing anhydrous bioethanol free from contaminants.
In starch crops, most of the six-carbon sugar units are linked together in long, branched chains (called starch). Yeast cannot use these chains to produce ethanol. The starch chains must be broken down into individual six- carbon units or groups of two units. The starch conversion processis relatively simple because the bonds in the starch chain can be broken in an inexpensive manner by the use of heat and enzymes, or by a mild acid solution.
For the production of ethanol from corn, there are two main processes incommercial use: dry milling and wet milling. In the dry milling process the entirecorn kernel is ground into flour, which is referred to as “meal.” The meal is thenmade into slurry by adding water. Enzymes are added to the mash to convertstarch to dextrose, which is a simple sugar. Ammonia is added to control thepH and to provide nutrient for the yeast, which is added later. The mixture isprocessed at high temperatures to reduce the bacteria levels and transferred andcooled in fermentation tanks. This is where the yeast is added and conversionfrom sugar to ethanol and carbon dioxide takes place.The entire process takes between 40 to 50 hours, during which time thefermenting mash is kept cool and agitated in order to facilitate yeast activity. Afterthe process is complete, everything is transferred to distillation columns where theethanol is removed from the stillage. The ethanol is dehydrated to about 99.5%using a molecular sieve system. A denaturant such as gasoline is added to theanhydrous ethanol to render the product not suitable for drinking. The remainingstillage undergoes a series of processes to produce feed for livestock. The carbondioxide released from the process is collected and processed to produce industrialor food grade product.
The process of wet milling takes the corn grain and steeps it in a dilute combination of sulfuric acid and water for 24 to 48 hours in order to separate the grain into many components. The slurry mix then goes through a series of grinders to separate out the corn germ. Corn oil is a by-product of this process and is extracted and sold. The remaining components of fiber, gluten and starch are segregated out using screen, hydroclonic and centrifugal separators. The gluten protein is dried and filtered to make a corn gluten meals coproduct, which is used as a feed ingredient for poultry broilers. The steeping liquor produced is concentrated and dried with the fiber and sold as corn gluten feed to the livestock industry. The heavy steep water is also sold as a feed ingredient. The starch and remaining water can then be processed one of three ways: (a) fermented into ethanol through a similar process as dry milling; (b) dried and sold as modified corn starch; or (c) made into corn syrup. The production of ethanol from corn using the wet mill process has become the technology of choice since it provides more product diversity and flexibilityAcid hydrolysis of starch is accomplished by directly contacting starch with dilute acid to break the polymer bonds. This process hydrolyzes the starch very rapidly at cooking temperatures and reduces the time needed for cooking. Since the resulting pH is lower than desired for fermentation, it may be increased after fermentation is complete by neutralizing some of the acid with either powdered limestone or ammonium hydroxide. It also may be desirable to add a small amount of glucoamylase enzyme after pH correction in order to convert the remaining dextrins.
Pre-Processing of Cellulosic Feed stocks To produce ethanol from cellulosic feedstocks, several pre-treatment steps are necessary to convert cellulose into simple sugars that can be converted into alcohol using the conventional yeast fermentation process. The first step is mechanical preparation through size reduction to make the material easier to handle and more susceptible to the subsequent pre-treatment steps. This is followed by acid pre-treatment. In this step, the hemicellulose fraction of the biomass is broken down into simple sugars. A chemical reaction called hydrolysis occurs when dilute sulfuric acid is mixed with the biomass feedstock. In this hydrolysis reaction, the complex chains of sugars that make up the hemicellulose are broken, releasing simple sugars. The complex hemicelluloses sugars are converted to a mix of soluble five-carbon sugars, xylose and arabinose, and soluble six-carbon sugars, mannose and galactose. A small portion of the cellulose is also converted to glucose. The next step is cellulose hydrolysis. In this step, the remaining cellulose is hydrolyzed to glucose. In this enzymatic hydrolysis reaction, cellulase enzymes are used to break the chains of sugars that make up the cellulose, releasing glucose. Cellulose hydrolysis is also called cellulose saccharification because it produces sugars. The yeast feeds on the sugars and as the sugars are consumed, ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced. The hemicellulose fraction of biomass is rich in five-carbon sugars, which are also called pentoses. Xylose is the most prevalent pentose released by the hemicellulose hydrolysis reaction. As glucose is converted to ethanol by yeast fermentation similar to those used in the first two types of feedstocks, the pentose (mainly xylose) is subjected to a different type of fermentation. In pentose fermentation, Zymomonasmobilisor other genetically engineered bacteria are used instead of yeast. Hydrous ethanol is recovered from the fermented mash through distillation and anhydrous ethanol is produced after dehydration. Lignin and other byproducts of the biomass-to-ethanol process can be used to produce the electricity required for the ethanol production process. Burning lignin actually creates more energy than needed and selling electricity to outside users improves the economic viability of the process.
Itis necessary to begin fermentation is by mixing the activated yeast and the cooled, pH-adjusted mash in the fermentation tank. Aside from the considerations of pH, the most important thing during the fermentation is temperature control. When the fermentation begins, carbon dioxide gas will be given off. At the height of fermentation, the mash will literally "boil" from the carbon dioxide produced. The reaction also produces some heat. The optimum temperature for the fermentation process is between 70-85 deg F., and it is desirable not to let the temperature go much above 90-95 deg F. Conversion of sugars to alcohol and C02 will be completed in three to five days, depending on the temperature of the mixture and the type of yeast used. You can tell when the mash is done by watching the "cap" of solids on top of the solution. During fermentation, the rising C02 keeps the solids in constant motion, but when the bubbling stops, the solids fall to the bottom. At this time, you're ready to separate the solids from the liquids and begin distillation. Yeast plants can propagate in a solution with or without air, so agitate only enough to saturate the wort with air and then let it stand still. If the mash is continually agitated, the yeast will reproduce faster and make less waste: carbon dioxide and alcohol. But if the solution becomes anaerobic (without air) the yeast slows down reproduction and makes more alcohol and carbon dioxide.Yeast also produces enzymes of its own to convert complex sugars. Since sugar conversion and alcohol conversion can take place simultaneously, the amylase enzymes and the yeast work in cooperation to convert the dextrins to glucose and fructose and then to alcohol and C02.
Continuous fermentation. The advantage of continuous fermentation of clarified beer is the ability to use high concentrations of yeast (this is possible because the yeast does not leave the fermenter). The high concentration of yeast results in rapid fermentation and, correspondingly, a smaller fermenter can be used. However, infection with undesired micro-organisms can be troublesome because large volumes of mash can be ruined before the problem becomes apparent.
Batch fermentation. Fermentation time periods similar to those possible with continuous processes can be attained by using high concentrations of yeast in batch fermentation. The high yeast concentrations are economically feasible when the yeast is recycled. Batch fermentations of unclarified mash are routinely accomplished in less than 30 hours. High conversion efficiency is attained as sugar is converted to 10%-alcohol beer without yeast recycle. Further reductions in fermentation require very large quantities of yeast. The increases attained in ethanol production must be weighed against the additional costs of the equipment and time to culture large yeast populations for inoculation.Fermentation is a chemical process and produces heat. In concentrated or particularly large mashes, the temperature can actually rise to levels dangerous to yeast. Since the ideal temperature for yeast is around 85 deg F, it's best to maintain that temperature by either utilizing cooling coils.
Ethanol is therefore recovered through distillation but only hydrous ethanol of about 95-96% can be produced through steam distillation of the fermented mash due to the formation of water-ethanol azeotrope. The product ethanol is withdrawn from the top of the distillation column while the spent fermented mash called distillery slops is withdrawn from the bottom and sent for further treatment before final disposal or reuse. To make ethanol fully miscible with gasoline, it is necessary to further remove the residual water to produce anhydrous ethanol with a concentration of at least 99.5%. To attain this concentration, the hydrous ethanol has to undergo a suitable dehydration process or operation.
There are at least three widely-used dehydration processes to further remove water from the azeotropic ethanol-water solution. The first process that was used in many of the earlier ethanol plants is the so-called azeotropic distillation or ternary distillation process (as opposed to a binary or two component distillation process). It consists of introducing a third component, benzene or cyclohexane, to the azeotropic solution which forms a heterogeneous azeotropic mixture in vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium. When this mixture is distilled, anhydrous ethanol is produced at the bottom of the distillation column. Another early method is called extractive distillation, which consists of adding a ternary component that increases the relative volatility of ethanol. In this case, anhydrous alcohol is produced and withdrawn at the top of the distillation column. Because distillation processes are energy intensive, a third method has been developed and accepted in majority of modern ethanol plants. This process uses molecular sieves to remove water from ethanol. In this process, ethanol vapor under pressure passes through a bed of molecular sieve beads. The pores of the beads are such that they allow the absorption of water but not ethanol. Two beds are normally used in parallel to allow the regeneration of one bed while the other is in use. This dehydration technology can save significant amounts of energy (up to 840 kJ/l) compared to conventional azeotropic or extractive distillation processes.
Fixed oils are usually extracted by crushing and pressure, by boiling, or by chemical solvents. On the other hand, essential oils are almost always extracted by distillation, many of them from flowers such as ilang-ilang oil and sampaguita oil. Some fixed oils that are liquid at relatively high temperature become solid in ambient and lower temperatures. These fixed oils from plants are the oils of interest as possible replacement for diesel fuel or as diesel fuel extenders while essential oils are of interest as components in the production of perfumes and other cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Soybean oil, coconut oil and palm oil are the most widely used plant oils, followed by rapeseed oil, sunflower seed oil, peanut or groundnut oil, cottonseed oil, and olive oil.
Heating Value, Heat of Combustion. Heating Value or Heat of Combustion is the amount of heating energy released by the combustion of a unit value of fuels. One of the most important determinants of heating value is moisture content. Air dried biomass typically has about 15-20% moisture, whereas the moisture content for oven-dried biomass is negligible.Melt Point or Pour Point. Melt or pour point refers to the temperature at which the oil in solid form starts to melt or pour. In cases where the temperatures fall below the melt point, the entire fuel system including all fuel lines and fuel tank will need to be heated.Cloud Point (CP). The temperature at which an oil starts to solidify. While operating an engine at temperatures below an oil’s cloud point, heating will be necessary in order to avoid waxing of the fuel.Flash Point (FP). The flash point temperature of fuel is the minimum temperature at which the fuel will ignite (flash) on application of an ignition source. Flash point varies inversely with the fuel’s volatility. Minimum flash point temperatures are required for proper safety and handling of fuel.Iodine Value (IV). The amount of iodine, measured in grams, absorbed by 100ml of a given oil. The degree of saturation is indicated by the Iodine Value of the oil. Plant oils with low iodine value are generally more combustible and more efficient fuels than oils with high iodine value.Viscosity. Viscosity refers to the thickness of the oil, and is determined by measuring the amount of time taken for a given measure of oil to pass through an orifice of a specified size. Viscosity is one of the critical parameters in the use of plant oils as fuel since it affects injector lubrication and fuel atomization.Density. The weight per unit volume. Oils that are denser contain more energy. For example, gasoline and diesel fuels give comparable energy by weight, but diesel is denser and hence gives more energy per liter.Cetane Number (CN). A relative measure of the interval between the beginning of injection and autoignition of the fuel. The higher the cetane number, the shorter the delay interval and the greater its combustibility.Ash Percentage. Ash is a measure of the amount of metals contained in the fuel. High concentrations of ash can cause injector tip plugging, combustion deposits and injection system wear. The ash content is important for the heating value, as heating value decreases with increasing ash content.Sulfur Percentage. The percentage, by weight, of sulfur in the fuel. Sulfur content is limited by law to very small percentages for diesel fuel used in on-road applications.Potassium Percentage. The percentage, by weight, of potassium in the fuel
The use of pure or straight plant oil as fuel in diesel engines is an old idea. In fact it was the fuel of choice when the diesel engine was invented and first demonstrated.
The use of pure or straight plant oil as fuel in diesel engines is an old idea. In fact it was the fuel of choice when the diesel engine was invented and first demonstrated.
Degumming is suggested as a way to improve the characteristics of plant oils in low level blends. The use of suitable additives has also been suggested to overcome many of the problems associated with the use of higher concentrations of plant oil in the fuel blends.
What is biodiesel?Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that is domestic, non-toxic, biodegradable, clean burning, and renewable. It can completelyreplace petroleum diesel, or be mixed with it in any concentration. B20, or 20% biodiesel to 80% petroleum diesel, is acommon mixture ratio in the US, as is B2 and B5. In the United States, biodiesel is made primarily from various oilseedcrops such as Soybeans or Canola oil and secondarily from waste vegetable oil (WVO), which is essentially usedrestaurant cooking oil.
Produced from the reaction of vegetable oil with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to yield mono-alkyl esters and glycerine, which is then removed. The oil comes from oily crops or trees (e.g. rapeseed, sunflower, soya, palm, coconut or jatropha), but also from animal fats, tallow, and waste cooking oil. Some types of biodiesel can be used unblended or in high-proportion blends if vehicle engines are modified. A blend of 5 per cent biodiesel in regular diesel is denominated as B5. A form of biofuel made from soybean or corn extracts. Biodiesel is an excellent option for vehicles that run on gasoline as well as those that run on diesel. There are several methods available: acid-catalyzed, alkaline-catalyzed, enzyme catalyzed, or non-catalyzed
The Philippines is a major coconut source and the country is the largest Coconut Oil producer/exporter in the world.
The growing concern regarding the possible diversion of plant oils from their use as food for humans and animals to their use as fuel for compression ignition engines has sparked the search for suitable plant oils that fall outside the “food or fuel dilemma”. As population grows and per capita consumption rises, the price of traditional feedstocks such as coconut oil, palm oil and soybean oilrises sharply making their use as fuel both uneconomical and impractical. One of the consequences of this food or fuel dilemma is the growing interest in the use of oil from jatrophacurcas as feedstock for the production of biofuels. The principal reasons for this are first, jatropha oil is not suitable for human consumption, and second, the plant is found to grow fairly well in marginal soils.It is impractical because as more of these plant oils are diverted to fuel production, their price go up even more thus rendering them uneconomical for fuel use. In addition, this causes further increase in the price of many food products.
It is known in the Philippines as tubangbakod, tuba-tuba, kasla, tubangaso,tibangsilangan, tawa-tawa• Planted in fences for hedges, thus the term tubangbakod• Seeds are grounded and used to poison fish thus the term tuba• Leaves are used as herbal medicine for fractures• Can reach a height of up to 5 meters• 500-600 mm of rainfall limit of growth• Can grow in areas of up to 500 meters above sea level• Can grow in marginal or poor soil condition (semi-arid to tropical condition)• Bears flowers and fruits as early as 6 months and can live up to 50 years• Can bear fruit throughout the year• From seedling: flowering starts at 7 to 8 months after planting• From cuttings: flowering could be as early as four months after planting• Typically planting density of 2,500 trees per hectare (2 meters x 2 meters)• Yields 2,000-5,000 kg seeds/hectare/year depending on the quality ofjatropha seed, planting density and soil quality• 3-4 bunches per branch per fruiting season• 7-10 fruits per bunch• Average of 2.66 seeds per fruit• Average of 36 branches per tree• Average of 1,200 seeds per kilogram• 0.3-0.9 kg/tree seed production• Seeds yield 30-40% crude non-edible oil• Typically produces 0.75-2 tons biodiesel/hectare
The Jatropha Methyl Ester industry and market is still in its infancy here in the Philippines, but it is likely to become a major global industry sector in 5 to 10 years.
In the countryside where land is available and labor is plentiful and relatively cheap, jatrophacurcas may be grown and the seeds manually harvested. The fruits are sun-dried, manually dehulled, and the seed further dried under the sun. The sundried seeds are then sent to a mechanical press for the extraction of oil. The press cake is removed from the bottom of the equipment and may be used as fuel for cooking and other purposes. The crude jatropha oil is sent to a plate-and frame filter press to remove residual solids. The filtered jatropha oil is ready and suitable as feedstock in a small-scale microemulsification plant. The MHF that is produced can be used to run farm tractors, trucks, cars and jeepneys, and to operate compression ignition engines to supply electricity to the community or run irrigation pumps.The use of small scale mechanical press for the extraction of oil from jatropha seeds, combined with the microemulsification of jatropha oil to produce fuel for compression ignition engines, appears to be a viable option for wide application in many parts of most developing countries, including the Philippines. Small scale jatropha oil extraction facilities may be installed together with a microemulsification plant. The extraction process using a small mechanical press followed by filtration.
The process of biodiesel production involves two phases. The first phase is the extraction of crude oil from seeds and the second is the transesterification of the crude oil into biodiesel. The extraction process involves the use of machines to extract the oil from the seed. On the other hand, the transesterification of crude oil is a process that uses chemicals like methanol and catalysts such as caustic soda. This produces jatropha methyl ester (JME) as its main product and glycerin as its by-product. Ten liters of crude jatropha oil produces 8.5 liters of JME.
The process of biodiesel production involves two phases. The first phase is the extraction of crude oil from seeds and the second is the transesterification of the crude oil into biodiesel. The extraction process involves the use of machines to extract the oil from the seed. On the other hand, the transesterification of crude oil is a process that uses chemicals like methanol and catalysts such as caustic soda. This produces jatropha methyl ester (JME) as its main product and glycerin as its by-product. Ten liters of crude jatropha oil produces 8.5 liters of JME.Acid Esterification. The oil feedstock containing more than 4% free fatty acids is usually pretreated using an acid esterification process to increase the yield of biodiesel. These include inedible animal fats and recycledgreases. The feedstock is first filtered and then pre-processed to remove water and other contaminants such as unwanted solids. The pretreated oil is then fed to the acid esterification process. The catalyst, sulfuric acid, is dissolved in methanol and then mixed with the pretreated oil. The mixture is heated and stirred, and the free fatty acids are converted to biodiesel. Once the reaction is complete, it is dewatered and then fed to the transesterification process.Transesterification. The plant oil, which contains less than 4% free fatty acids, is first filtered and then pre-processed to remove water and other contaminants. The pretreated oil is then fed directly to the transesterification process along with any products of the acid esterification process. The catalyst, potassium hydroxide, is dissolved in methanol and then mixed with the pretreated oil. If an acid esterification process is used, then additional alkaline catalyst must be added to neutralize any excess acid remaining from that step. Once the reaction is complete, the major co-products, biodiesel and glycerin, are separated into two layers.Methanol recovery. The methanol is usually removed immediately after the biodiesel and glycerine have been separated. This is done to prevent the reaction from reversing itself. The recovered methanol is cleaned and recycled back to the beginning of the process.Biodiesel refining. Once separated from the glycerin, the biodiesel goes through a series of cleaning-up or purification steps to remove excess alcohol, residual catalyst and soaps. These consist of multistage washings with clean water. The product biodiesel is then dried and sent to storage. If required, the product biodiesel can be further refined through an additional distillation step to produce a colorless, odorless, zero-sulfur, and premium quality biodiesel.Glycerin refining. The crude glycerin from the transesterification process may be recovered or used in a fuel blend for steam production. The crude glycerin contains unreacted catalyst and soaps that must be neutralized with an acid. The water and alcohol are also removed to produce 50%-80% crude glycerin. The remaining contaminants include unreacted fats and oils. In large biodiesel plants, the glycerin can be further purified through a series of unit operations to produce a product of 99% or higher purity. This purified product is suitable for use in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
Policy on biofuelsIt is hereby declared the policy of the State to reduce dependence on imported fuels with due regard to the protection of public health, the environment, and natural ecosystems consistent with the country’s sustainable economic growth that would expand opportunities for livelihood by mandating the use of biofuels as a measure to: (a) Develop and utilize indigenous renewable and sustainably-sourced clean energy sources to reduce dependence on imported oil; (b) Mitigate toxic and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; (c) Increase rural employment and income; and (d) Ensure the availability of alternative and renewable clean energy without any detriment to the natural ecosystem, biodiversity and food reserves of the country.
Pursuant to Section 5 of Republic Act 9367, all liquid fuels for motors and engines sold in the Philippines shall contain locally-sourced biofuels components as follows: 5.1 Bioethanol (a) Within two (2) years from the effectivity of the Act, at least five percent (5%) bioethanol shall comprise the annual total volume of gasoline fuel actually sold and distributed by each and every oil company in the country, subject to the requirement that all bioethanol blended gasoline shall contain a minimum five percent (5%) bioethanol fuel by volume: Provided, that the bioethanol blend conforms to the PNS. (b) Within four (4) years from the effectivity of the Act, the National Biofuels Board (NBB) created under Section 8 of the Act is empowered to determine the feasibility and thereafter recommend to the DOE to mandate a minimum of ten percent (10%) blend of bioethanol by volume into all gasoline fuel distributed and sold by each and every oil company in the country: Provided, that the same conforms to the PNS. 5.2 Biodiesel (a) Within three (3) months from the effectivity of the Act, a minimum of one percent (1%) biodiesel by volume shall be blended into all diesel fuels sold in the country: Provided, that the biodiesel blend conforms to the PNS. (b) Within two (2) years from the effectivity of the Act, the NBB is empowered to determine the feasibility and thereafter recommend to the DOE to mandate a minimum of two percent (2%) blend of biodiesel by volume which may be increased after taking into account considerations including, but not limited to, domestic supply and availability of locally sourced biodiesel component.
One environmental benefit of replacing fossil fuels with biomass-based fuels is that the energy obtained from biomass does not add to global warming. All fuel combustion, including fuels produced from biomass, releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. But, because plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to grow (photosynthesis), the carbon dioxide formed during combustion is balanced by that absorbed during the annual growth of the plants used as the biomass feedstock—unlike burning fossil fuels which releases carbon dioxide captured billions of years ago.Adding oxygen results in more complete combustion, which reduces carbon monoxide emissions. This is another environmental benefit of replacing petroleum fuels with biofuels. Ethanol is typically blended with gasoline to form an E10 blend (5%-10% ethanol and 90%-95% gasoline), but it can be used in higher concentrations such as E85 or in its pure form. Biodiesel is usually blended with petroleum diesel to form a B20 blend (20% biodiesel and 80% petroleum diesel), although other blend levels can be used up to B100 (pure biodiesel).
Low- and middle income countries have seen biofuels as a way of addressing a number of goals including greater energy security, promotion of exports and rural development.
Bringing additional land under cultivation would affect the environment. Soiltillage, nitrate run-off, and replacing traditional habitats with monocultures disruptecosystems and related biodiversity.
The production of biofuels from lignocellulose rather than sugars and starches appears to be one of the possible long-term solutions. Research and development efforts are currently focused on efficiently recovering sugars through improved hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose fractions of biomass followed by much better fermentation of sugars into alcohol. Success in this field will result in minimizing the potential conflicts between food and energy production and in maximizing environmental benefits (including greenhouse gas reductions) relative to fossil-fuel use. But such advances in production and conversion technologies must be combined with appropriate policies that will integrate biomass energy development with sustainable agricultural and forestry practices and improve crop productivity with regard to land, water and nutrient use in order to be sustainable.
The second generation biofuels address many of the problems and concerns associated with first generation biofuels. Since most second generation biofuels are still relatively immature technologically, there is therefore great potential for cost reductions and increased efficiency levels as the technologies develop and experience in using them accumulate. The current biofuels industry is primarily based on the productionof ethanol via the fermentation of sugars or starches and on the production of biodiesel derived from plant oils. To develop second generation biofuels, research and development work has been directed towards advanced technologies such as ethanol hydrolysis and fermentation, biodiesel enzymes, higher carbon fixation in roots, and improved oil recovery. Through advances in genetic engineering, it has become possible to develop crops that: (a) are disease-resistant, (b) viable even in degraded lands previously considered not suitable for cultivation, and (c) require much lower inputs of chemicals and water. New cutting-edge technologies are also being developed for the processing of lignocellulosic materials for the productionof both industrial chemicals and biofuels, with overall conversion efficiencies of up to 70-90 percent. For this purpose, low-cost crops and forest residues, wood process wastes, and municipal solid wastes can all be used as feedstocks.
Algae can be produced continuously in closed photo-reactors but oil concentration is relatively low and capital costs are high. To collect the biodiesel feedstock more cheaply would need high volumes of algae to be cultivated in large facilities at low cost, hence the interest in growing the algae in open ponds,including sewage ponds where nutrients are in abundance and the sewage is partly treated as a result. In practice a problem is contamination of the desired culture by other organisms that limit algal growth. A combination of closed and open systems is a possible option. The algae are initially grown in closed reactorsunder controlled conditions that favor continuous cell division and prevent contamination. A portion of the culture is transferred daily to an open pond where it is subjected to stress and nutrient deprivation. This stimulates cell concentration and oil production within a short residence time before contamination can occur.