its about the new technology called Biochips which has many application in various field

1. BIOCHIPS-PROTEIN
PRINCIPLE & APPLICATION
NAREN YADAV

2. INTRODUCTION
(BIOCHIP)
• A biochip is a collection of miniaturized test sites (microarrays) arranged on a solid
substrate that permits many tests to be performed at the same time in order to
achieve higher throughput and speed.
• Like a computer chip that can perform millions of mathematical operations in one
second, a biochip can perform thousands of biological reactions, such as decoding
genes, in a few seconds.
• The biochip is being used in toxicological, genetic, protein, and biochemical
research.

3. PROTEIN MICROARRAY
(PROTEIN CHIP)
• A protein microarray (or protein chip) is a high-throughput method used to
track the interactions and activities of proteins, and to determine their function.
• Protein microarrays are rapid, automated, economical, and highly sensitive,
consuming small quantities of samples and reagents.
• biochips are essentially miniaturized laboratories that can perform hundreds or
thousands of simultaneous biochemical reactions.

4. PROTEIN MICROARRAY
Two classes of protein microarrays are currently available:
1. analytical protein microarrays
2. functional protein microarrays
Analytical protein microarrays, mostly antibody microarrays, have become one of the
most powerful multiplexed detection technologies.
Functional protein microarrays are being increasingly applied to many areas of
biological discovery, including studies of protein interaction, biochemical activity,
and immune responses.

5. PRINCIPLE (IN GENERAL)
• The proteins are arrayed onto a solid surface such as microscope slides,
membranes, beads or microtitre plates.
• After proteins are immobilized on the slides, they can be probed for a variety of
functions/activities.
• Finally, the resulting signals are usually measured by detecting fluorescent or
radioisotope labels.

6. CONSTRUCTION OF PROTEIN MICROARRAY
(OR PROTEIN BIOCHIP)
• The proteins are arrayed onto a solid surface such as microscope slides,
membranes, beads or microtitre plates.
• Nitrocellulose film slides are broadly accepted as the highest protein binding
substrate for protein microarray applications.
• The chosen solid surface is then covered by coating with Immobilising agents
include layers of aluminium or gold, hydrophilic polymers, and polyacrylamide
gels, or treatment with amines or aldehyde .

7. • After proteins are immobilized on the slides, they can be probed for a variety of
functions/ activities.
• Finally, the resulting signals are usually measured by detecting fluorescent or
radioisotope labels.

8. APPLICATION
diagnostics
antibody
characterization
treatment
development
protein functional
analysis
proteomics
There are five major areas where protein arrays are being applied:
APPLICATION

9. • Diagnostics involves the detection of antigens and antibodies in blood samples.
• Proteomics pertains to protein expression profiling i.e. which proteins are
expressed in the lysate of a particular cell.
• Protein functional analysis is the identification of protein-protein interactions (e.g.
identification of members of a protein complex), protein-phospholipid
interactions, small molecule targets, enzymatic substrates and receptor ligands.
• Treatment development involves the development of antigen-specific therapies for
autoimmunity, cancer and allergies; the identification of small molecule targets
that could potentially be used as new drugs.

10.  Other application :
 Protein biochips are also being developed for pathogen detection
 It as application in food industries.