3. • Collection of miniaturized test sites(microarrays)
arranged on a solid substrate.
• Permits many tests to be performed at the same time.
• Surface area is no longer than a fingernail.
• Perform thousands of biological reactions in a few
seconds.
• Used to analyze organic molecules associated with
living organisms.
• Help in identifying gene sequences, environmental
pollutants, airborne toxins, or other biochemical
constituents.
5. •Developed in 1983 for monitoring fisheries.
•Large scale development of biochips in the 1990s.
•Today, a large variety of biochip technologies are either
in development or being commercialized.
•Invented in 4G generation & the development is still
continued.
•In 1980 Fred Sanger and Walter Gilbert were awarded
Nobel Prize for their pioneering DNA sequencing
approach.
•In 1983, Kary Mullis was awarded Nobel Prize for his
Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) which allowed to
amplify minute amounts of DNA to quantities.
6. •In 1986, Leroy Hood gave fluorescence-based DNA
sequencing which facilitated the automation of reading
DNA sequence.
8. •Two types of transponder – passive or active.
•Communication between biochip and reader is via
low-frequency radio waves.
•Transponder consists of four parts:-
Computer microchip
Antenna coil
Tuning capacitor
Glass capsule
9.
10.
11. •Computer Microchip:- The microchip stores a unique
identification number from 10 to 15 digits long.
•Antenna Coil:- This tiny, primitive, radio antenna
"receives and sends" signals from the reader or scanner.
•Tuning Capacitor:- This capacitor is charged by the small
(1/1000 of a watt) signal sent by the reader.
•Glass Capsule:- “houses” the microchip, antenna coil and
capacitor. It is made of biocompatible material such as soda
lime glass.
12. •Consists of an “exciter” coil which creates
electromagnetic field.
•Provide energy to “activate” the implanted biochip.
•Also carries a receiving coil to receive ID number.
•Contains the software and components to decode the
receive code and display the result in an LCD display.
13. •Reader transmits a low-power radio signal and activates
the implanted biochip.
•ID number transmitted by the transponder and received
by the reader.
•Reader displays the ID number on the reader’s LCD
display.
14. •Injected by a hypodermic syringe beneath the skin.
•Injection is safe and simple.
•Anesthesia is not required.
•Usually injected behind the neck in dogs and cats.
15.
16. •With a biochip tracing of a person/animal, anywhere
in the world is possible.
•A biochip can store and update financial, medical,
demographic data, basically everything about a person.
•A biochip leads to a secured E-commerce systems.
•Biochips are really potent in replacing passports, cash,
medical records.
•Medicinal implementation of biochips-as glucose
detector; as oxygen sensor; as an blood pressure sensor.
17. •To rescue the sick.
•To find the lost people.
•To identify person uniquely.
•In monitoring health condition of individuals in which they
are specially employed.
•They can perform thousands of biological reactions in a few
seconds.
•Increase speed of diagnosis of unknown pathogens.
•Ability to detect multiple viral agents in parallel.
18. •They raise critical issues of personal privacy.
•They mark the end of human freedom and dignity.
•There is a danger of turning every man, women and
child into a controlled slave.
•They can be implanted into ones body without their
knowledge.
19. •A chip implanted somewhere in human bodies might
serve as a combination of credit card, passport, driver's
license, personal diary.
•No longer would it be needed to worry about losing the
credit cards while traveling.
•A chip inserted into human bodies might also give us
extra mental power.
