Seminar presentation on the topic Biochip. history working architecture technology application

1. SEMINAR PRESENTATION
ROUK DAS (1020031)
SAM SUR (1020032)
EE 3rd YEAR
KALI GOT. ENG. COGE

2.  BIO stands for any biological entity like
protein, DNA etc.
 CHIP stands for computer chip.
 It is a mate between biological entity and computer chip.
The main motto of this seminar is to give overview of how
bio chip works and their usefulness.
BIO CHIPS
Microchip designed to function inside a living organism.
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3.  Definition (What is Biochip) …………………. 03
 Brief History (Past work on Biochip) ………… 04
 Technology (Tech behind biochip) ………….. 06
 Architecture (What Biochip made of) ……….. 08
 Working (How Biochip works) ……………. 11
 Implantation (How Biochip implanted) ……….. 13
 Application (Where Biochip used) ……………. 14
 Advantage (Possibilities of Biochip) ………… 15
 Conclusion (Future is Biochip) ……………….. 16
 References 17
AGENDA
TOPICS TO BE COVERED:-
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4. Real time BIO CHIP
 The actual Biochip. As you can see the
size compared to an average human
finger is very small but still highly
effective for various depths of a animal
body where doctors are unable to reach.
DEFINITION
A biochip is a miniaturized
laboratory capable of
performing thousands of
simultaneous biochemical
reactions.
It is a collection of micro-test
sites or microarrays which are
arranged on the surface of a
solid substrate.
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5.  The development started with early work on the underlying
sensor technology. One of the first portable, chemistry-
based sensors was the glass pH electrode, invented in 1922
by Hughes.
 The development of sequencing techniques in 1977
by Gilbert and Sanger (working separately) enabled
researchers to directly read the genetic codes that provide
instructions for protein synthesis.
 1986 Hood and co-workers devised a method to label DNA
molecules with fluorescent tags instead of radiolabels, thus
enabling hybridization experiments to be observed optically.
TOPIC ONE
Brief History
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6.  In 1953, Watson and Crick announced their discovery of the
now familiar double helix structure of DNA molecules and
set the stage for genetics research that continues to the
present day.
TOPIC ONE
Brief History (Continued….)
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7.  A biochip is much like a computer chip but instead of
performing a multitude of mathematical operations per
second, it performs biological reactions such as decoding
genes and finding contaminations in a few seconds.
 The biochip system is Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
system. Communication between biochip and reader is via
low-frequency radio waves.
 The multiple technologies needed to make a successful
biochip:
Sensing chemistry: to sense the biological processes.
Micro-arraying: the dense, two-dimensional grid of
biosensors deposited on a flat substrate, which may
either be passive (e.g. silicon or glass) or active.
TOPIC TWO
Technology
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8. Signal processing: Transduction must be done to
translate the actual sensing event into a format
understandable by a computer, which then enables
additional analysis and processing to produce a
final, human-readable output.
TOPIC TWO
Technology (Continued….)
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9.  Size: The size of biochips is the size of an uncooked rice. It
ranges from 5 millimetres to 12 millimetres.
 A biochip implant system consists of two components:
Transponder : It is the actual biochip implant . Also called
as Passive transponder or Active transponder.
Reader : It is an external device used for exciting the
biochip and read the result of internal situation.
 Using a Passive Transponder Biochip & Reader communicate
via low frequency radio waves.
TOPIC THREE
Architecture
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10.  Transponder consists of four parts:
 Computer Microchip : The microchip stores a unique identification
number from 10 to 15 digits long.
 Antenna Coil : This tiny, primitive, radio antenna "receives and
sends" signals from the reader or scanner.
 Tuning Capacitor :This capacitor is charged by the small (1/1000
of a watt) signal sent by the reader.
 Glass Capsule : “houses” the microchip, antenna coil and capacitor.
It is made of biocompatible material.
TOPIC THREE
Architecture (Continued….)
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11.  Reader or Scanner
 Consists of an “exciter” coil which creates electromagnetic field.
 Provide energy to “activate” the implanted biochip.
 Also carries a receiving coil to receive ID number.
 Contains the software and components to decode the receive code
and display the result in an LCD display.
TOPIC THREE
Architecture (Continued….)
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12.  This procedure is made to perform with the help of various
new technology devices at a proper multi-disciplinary order.
The new technology components required to create the
biochip platform starts from microarrays to transducer to
signal processor which finally conveys the data to the
designated output.
 The primary function of biochip is to sense the activities of a
DNA which includes DNA-binding, DNA-oxidation and
reduction, etc.
 These information are then encoded by the biochip into a
format which is readable by the computer.
TOPIC FOUR
Working
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13.  Computer then identifies the encrypted codes and does the
further analysis and produces output result in the form of
human-readable encryption.
 The reader must normally be between 2 and 12 inches near
the biochip to communicate.
 The reader and biochip
can communicate through
most materials, except
metal.
TOPIC FOUR
Working (Continued….)
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14.  The biochip is inserted into the subject with a hypodermic
syringe.
 Injection is safe and simple, comparable to common
vaccines.
 Anaesthesia is not required nor recommended.
TOPIC FIVE
Implantation
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15.  With a biochip , tracing of a person/animal anywhere in the
world.
 A biochip can store and update financial, medical and
demographic data, basically everything about a person.
 Biochip leads to a secured E-commerce system.
 Biochip really have potential in replacing passport, ATM,
medical records etc.
 Medicinal implementation of biochips- as glucose detector,
as oxygen sensor, as a blood pressure sensor etc.
TOPIC SIX
Application
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16.  To locate lost people and wandering Alzheimer’s Patients.
 To identify person uniquely.
 They can perform thousands of biological reactions
operations in few seconds.
 In monitoring health condition of individuals in which they
are specifically employed.
 They can perform thousands of biochemical reactions
simultaneously.
 Perform early detection of diseases.
 Can store and update financial, demographic, medicinal data
and so on
TOPIC SEVEN
Advantages
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17.  Biochips are fast, accurate, miniaturized
and can be expected to become economically
advantageous attributes that make them analogous to a
computer chip.
 Since the potential applications are vast, both for
research and clinical use, the potential markets for
biochips will be huge, a powerful driving force for their
continued development.
CONCLUSION
Biochip is Future….
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18. REFERENCES
 CHAPTER 11 – Biochips – fundamentals and applications Chang
Ming Li, Hua Dong, Qin Zhou, Kai H. Gou, 20 May 2008.
 Microarray Technology, J. Read, S. Brenner, in Encyclopaedia of
Genetics, 2001.
 About biochip-diagnostics (in Russian)//www.biochip-imb.ru, 2008.
biochip-imb.ru/diagnostics.html (reference date: 12.12.2011).
 Biochip implantation - When humans get tagged By Renjith VP,
SiliconIndia, 26 November 2010.
 Watkins, T. (1999). Is the Biochip the mark of the beast? . Dial-
the-Truth Ministries.
 D. L. Nelson and M. M. Cox, Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry,
Worth Publishers, New York, 2000.
 Scheeres, J., “New Body Art: Chip Implants”, Wired, 03.11.2002.
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19. THANK
YOU
We hope audience got a
clear view of how biochip
works and their usefulness.
Thank you for your patience.
We hope to see you again.