This document discusses bio-safety protocols for operating theatres. It recommends regulating the operating room environment through proper ventilation, humidity and temperature control. Standard cleaning and disinfection protocols with appropriate agents can provide a safe environment if followed properly. Hand washing is emphasized as the most important practice to reduce infections. Restricting unnecessary personnel from operating theatres and monitoring staff compliance with safety protocols are also highlighted as effective measures. Education and training of medical staff on continuous basis is crucial to ensure best practices are followed consistently.
Needle stick injury and hazards of needle stickNCRIMS, Meerut
Needlestick injuries are wounds caused by sharps that accidentally puncture the skin.
Needlestick injuries are a hazard for people who work with hypodermic syringes and other needle equipment.
These injuries can occur at any time when people use, disassemble, or dispose of needles.
Blood spillage may occur because a laboratory sample breaks in the phlebotomy area or during transportation, or because there is excessive bleeding during
this is a very brief guide for medical students and interns who will be going in the o.t for the first time. this presentation includes almost all aspects of o.t.
Needle stick injury and hazards of needle stickNCRIMS, Meerut
Needlestick injuries are wounds caused by sharps that accidentally puncture the skin.
Needlestick injuries are a hazard for people who work with hypodermic syringes and other needle equipment.
These injuries can occur at any time when people use, disassemble, or dispose of needles.
Blood spillage may occur because a laboratory sample breaks in the phlebotomy area or during transportation, or because there is excessive bleeding during
this is a very brief guide for medical students and interns who will be going in the o.t for the first time. this presentation includes almost all aspects of o.t.
A Context-aware Patient Safety System for the Operating RoomJakob Bardram
This is the presentation of the paper entitled "A Context-aware Patient Safety System for the Operating Room" by Jakob E. Bardram and Niels Nørskov. Presented at UbiComp September 2008 in Seoul, Korea.
Rationale
Chain of infection
Routes of disease transmission
CDC and OSHA
Spauldings classification
Sterilization protocol
Methods of sterilization-physical and chemical agents
New methods of sterilization
Sterilization of scaler handpeice and inserts
Infection control
Infectious diseases commonly encounterd in dentistry
Medical history and dental safety
Immunization of personnel involved in dental care
Infection control practices
Hand hygiene
Personal protective equipments
Surface barriers
Waste management in dental practice
Cdc guidelines-special considerations
Infection control prevents or stops the spread of infections in healthcare settings
sterilization is a process which kills all forms of microbial life including transmissible agents such as virus, bacteria, fungi and spore forms
disinfection is define as a destruction or inhibition of most pathogenic agent on the surface of inanimate object by chemical or physical means.
Methods of Handwashing are
A.Short Scrub
B. Short Standard Handwash
C. Surgical Hand Scrub
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. Key Recommendations of CDC
and HICPAC
• Ventilation and water system
performance
• Multidisciplinary risk assessment team
• Use of dust control procedures during
construction, repair, renovation or
demolition
• Environmental surface cleaning and
disinfection strategies geared towards
antimicrobial resistant organisms
3. Regulate the Operating Room
Environment
• Ventilation = positive
pressure.
– Variable air systems
(positive pressure only)
– Air introduced at the
ceiling and exhausted
near the floor
• Humidity <68%
• Temperature control
4. Can we Sterilize Operation theatre
• Sterilization means eradicating germs
completely, which is not 100%
possible in an operating theatre. The
sources of bacterial contamination
are from air and the environment,
infected body fluids, patients,
articles, or equipment.
5. Follow the Standard protocols
• Standard cleaning,
disinfection with
appropriate chemical
agents, good theatre
practice and
discipline can
provide a
microbiologically
safe environment.
6. The following precautions have
greatly reduced the rates of infection
• 1.Every hospital must establish an infection
control committee to monitor the events in
the hospital on all matters related to the
control of infections.
• 2. The entry of unnecessary personnel should
be restricted into operation theatres as
everyone potentially contributes to infection.
7. A good hand washing and Monitoring
reduces infections
• 3 A thorough washing with warm water and
good detergent can bring more of an overall
improvement than solely decontamination
sterilization with other chemicals,
or fumigation.
• 4. Frequent monitoring and training of
medical and paramedical staff must carry a
high priority – don’t merely observe
mechanical and chemical methods.
8. Hand washing a boon to safety
• Thorough washing and
carbonizations, if done
every day after the
surgeries, will greatly
enhance the safety
standards and reduce
the repeated
expenditure on
fumigation.
13. Cleaning and Disinfecting
Environmental Surfaces
– Medical equipment surfaces
knobs, handles on
equipment such as x-ray
machines, instrument carts
– Housekeeping surfaces
floors, walls, chairs, and
tabletops
14. Cleaning and Disinfecting
• Medical Equipment
• Manufacturer’s recommendation for
sterilization
– Recommended chemical germicides
– Water-resistant properties
– Required decontamination after
servicing
– Non-critical medical equipment (see
intermediate level disinfection)
15. Cleaning and Disinfecting
•
Housekeeping Surfaces
Frequent hand contact “high touch surfaces
•
•
Doorknobs, bedrails, light switches, wall
areas around the toilet, edges of privacy
curtain
Clean/disinfect more frequently
Minimal hand contact
•
•
Hard surface floors and window sills
– Clean on a regular basis, when soiled, and
when patient is discharged from facility
Walls, blinds and window curtains
– Clean when visibly soiled
16. Cleaning
• A form of
decontamination by
removing organic
matter, salts, and
visible soils
– Physical action of
scrubbing with
detergents or surfactants
and rinsing with water
– Necessary step prior to
sterilization or
disinfection
17. Cleaning Strategy
Minimize contamination of cleaning
solutions and tools
Change cleaning solutions frequently
– Replace soiled cloths and mop heads with
each cleaning solution change
– Launder cloths and mop heads after use
and allow to dry before re-use or use
disposable cloths and mop heads
Use manufacturers recommended
concentration
18. Cleaning Carpeting and Cloth
Furniture
Vacuum carpeting and cloth furniture on a
regular basis
Maintain vacuum to minimize dust dispersal
by using HEPA filters
Maintain wet cleaning equipment in good
repair and allow to dry between uses
Note: Avoid use of carpeting and cloth
furnishings in areas where spills are likely
to occur
19. Disinfection
“The process that eliminates many or all
pathogenic micro-organisms on inanimate
objects with the exception of bacterial
spores”
Spaulding’s* three levels of
disinfection:
• High-level
• Intermediate-level
• Low-level
*for
treatment of devices and surfaces that do not
require sterility for safe use
20. High-level Disinfection
Includes powerful sporocidal chemicals (glutaraldehyde,
peracteic acid and hydrogen peroxide)
Inactivates all vegetative bacteria, mycobacteria (TB), viruses,
fungi, some bacterial spores, enveloped and non enveloped
viruses
Utilize for items that come into contact with intact mucous
membranes and are heat sensitive
–
–
–
–
semi-critical medical instruments (s/a flexible fiber optic endoscopes)
thermometers
vaginal speculums
sigmoid scopes
21. Intermediate-level Disinfection
Includes Chlorine-containing
compounds, alcohols (small surfaces),
some phenolic, and some iodophors
Inactivates a highly resistant organisms
and exhibits some sporocidal activity
Utilize for non-critical medical
equipment s/a stethoscopes, blood
pressure cuffs, dialysis machines,
equipment knobs and controls.
22. Low-level Disinfection
Includes quaternary ammonium compounds,
some phenolic, and some iodophors
Inactivates vegetative bacteria, fungi, and
some lipid enveloped medium size viruses
Utilize for items that come in contact with
intact skin such as examining table top, baby
weigh scale, blood pressure cuff
24. Special Pathogen Concern
• Recent studies indicate that MRSA and VRE are most
likely transmitted either:
– Patient to patient contact
– Via health-care workers hands
– Hand transfer from contaminated environmental
surfaces and patient care equipment
Note: Use standard cleaning and disinfection protocols
to control environmental contamination with
antibiotic-resistant, gram-positive coccid
25. Hand Hygiene
• Avoid artificial nails and keep natural nails < ¼ in
• For visibly soiled hands use soap and water
• Use alcohol-based hand rubs
– Before and after each patient
– Before and after glove use
• Improved hand hygiene adherence has:
– Terminated outbreaks in health care facilities
– ↓ transmission of AR organisms
– ↓ overall infection rates
26. What is wrong with our Practices
• Disinfectants used
indiscrimately,
• Used unnecessarily
• Not used when needed.
• Concentration not
adequate
• Economic consideration,
• Business promotions.
• Laboratory testing X
Hospital conditions may
not correlate.
27. Economical loss
• Money wasted on
unnecessary use.
• People concentrate on
Floors, Inanimate
objects,
If the resources are not
spend with scientific
understanding the
limited resources are
lost in particular
developing countries.
28. Disinfection x Sterilization
• Sterilization is absolute,
removes microbes and
spores too.
• To achieve Sterilization
is Expensive, not
sustainable, many
times not needed.
• An effective
Disinfection reduces
the infections
drastically.
29. Basic care of Operation Theatres.
• Reduction of Microbial
counts is important.
• Very rarely the Microbes
reach the operation site,
• Paying great attention to
Floors Using unnecessary,
too many chemical not
necessary
• Keep the floor Clean and
Dry - Bacteria are reduced,
• Most Important component of
Bacteria is water a dry areas
causes natural death except
spores
30. Frequent cleaning of Walls and Roof of
Operation Theatre is not needed
• Frequent cleaning has little
effect.
• Do not disturb these areas
unnecessarily,
• Floors get contaminated
quickly, depend on
Number of persons
present in the
Theatre / Movements
they make, has direct
relation to increase of
bacterial counts
31. Do not disturb the Roof
• Do not disturb
unnecessarily,
• Do not use ceiling fans
they cause aerosol
spread
• Clean only when
remodeling or
accumulated ,good
amount of dust.
32. How you care for Floors
• Use only
vacuum
cleaners
• Don't broom
• As it increases the
bacterial flora in
the environment
33. Cleaning the Floor
• A simple detergent
reduces flora by
80 %
• Addition of
disinfectant
reduces to 95 %
• In busy Hospitals
counts raise in 2
hours
34. Aldehyde free sterilization of
Operation theatres
• Some of the emerging compounds developed
for use in the sterilization of operating
theatres are more effective for environmental
decontamination, have a very good
cost/benefit ratio, good material compatibility,
excellent cleaning properties and leave
virtually no residues. One particular product
available has the advantage of being a
Formaldehyde-free disinfectant cleaner with
low use concentration
36. Why flowers are Harmful
• They carry a prominent
bacteria which can
cause Hospital acquired
infections.
• Many Hospitals advise
not to bring flowers to
patients in
Burns/Orthopedic
wards and critical care
areas.
39. Sterilization and Disinfection
policies.
• Create you own Infection control team which
suits your Hospital,
• Infection control team decides the policies.
• Educate the staff on Methods and policies in
Hospital safety and Hygiene
• Educate the staff on few useful option, many
theoretical ideas confuse.
• To many Chemicals – Costly, need not be
effective.
40. Importance of Staff Education
• Specify the staff for
duties and
responsibilities.
• Education is a matter of
continuity
• Train under the seniors
observation.
• Train the staff with
scientific goals
43. CDC Definition of Surgical Site
Infections
SSI level classification
Incisional SSI
- Superficial incisional = skin and
subcutaneous tissue
- Deep incisional = involving deeper soft
tissue
Organ/Space SSI
- Involve any part of the anatomy (organs
and spaces), other than the incision,
opened or manipulated during
operations