Infection control prevents or stops the spread of infections in healthcare settings
sterilization is a process which kills all forms of microbial life including transmissible agents such as virus, bacteria, fungi and spore forms
disinfection is define as a destruction or inhibition of most pathogenic agent on the surface of inanimate object by chemical or physical means.
Methods of Handwashing are
A.Short Scrub
B. Short Standard Handwash
C. Surgical Hand Scrub
Spauldings classification ppt by Dr C P PRINCEDR.PRINCE C P
Disinfection of medical instruments is important for preventing the spread of disease. Cleaning and disinfecting reusable equipment after it comes into contact with patients can be expensive, both in the cost of the disinfection procedure, but also in terms of time away from the patients themselves.
Not all medical instruments can be fully sterilized after each use. Thankfully, not all reusable instruments need the highest level of disinfection. But how to determine the minimum level of disinfection in a given situation?
Earle H. Spaulding devised a rational approach to disinfection and sterilization of patient-care items and equipment
Spaulding believed the nature of disinfection could be understood readily if instruments and items for patient care were categorized as critical, semi-critical, and non-critical according to the degree of risk for infection involved in use of the items.
Spaulding recognized that the need for disinfection of equipment in medical settings ranged from non-critical to semi-critical to critical, depending on the likelihood of spreading disease.
For example, sterilization is necessary for equipment that comes into contact with a patient’s bloodstream or sterile tissue. This category of equipment, such as surgical knives, is designated “critical” because it presents a high risk of disease transmission from patient to patient.
Equipment that only touches healthy, unbroken skin presents a low risk of contamination because intact skin acts as an effective barrier to most microorganisms. Examples in this “non-critical” category include bedpans, blood-pressure cuffs, and bedrails.
In between those two scenarios, a “semi-critical” level of disinfection presents a medium risk of contamination. This would include equipment such as endoscopes used on mucous membranes or areas of broken skin.
Spauldings classification ppt by Dr C P PRINCEDR.PRINCE C P
Disinfection of medical instruments is important for preventing the spread of disease. Cleaning and disinfecting reusable equipment after it comes into contact with patients can be expensive, both in the cost of the disinfection procedure, but also in terms of time away from the patients themselves.
Not all medical instruments can be fully sterilized after each use. Thankfully, not all reusable instruments need the highest level of disinfection. But how to determine the minimum level of disinfection in a given situation?
Earle H. Spaulding devised a rational approach to disinfection and sterilization of patient-care items and equipment
Spaulding believed the nature of disinfection could be understood readily if instruments and items for patient care were categorized as critical, semi-critical, and non-critical according to the degree of risk for infection involved in use of the items.
Spaulding recognized that the need for disinfection of equipment in medical settings ranged from non-critical to semi-critical to critical, depending on the likelihood of spreading disease.
For example, sterilization is necessary for equipment that comes into contact with a patient’s bloodstream or sterile tissue. This category of equipment, such as surgical knives, is designated “critical” because it presents a high risk of disease transmission from patient to patient.
Equipment that only touches healthy, unbroken skin presents a low risk of contamination because intact skin acts as an effective barrier to most microorganisms. Examples in this “non-critical” category include bedpans, blood-pressure cuffs, and bedrails.
In between those two scenarios, a “semi-critical” level of disinfection presents a medium risk of contamination. This would include equipment such as endoscopes used on mucous membranes or areas of broken skin.
Sterilization and disinfection in prosthodonticsNishu Priya
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This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Sterilization and disinfection in prosthodonticsNishu Priya
Routinely dental care professionals are at an increased risk of crossinfection while treating patients. This occupational potential for disease transmission becomes evident initially when one realizes that most human microbial pathogens have been isolated from oral secretions. Because of repeated exposure to the microorganisms present in blood and saliva, the incidence of certain infectious diseases has been significantly higher among dental professionals than observed for the general population.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Content
• Definition
• Infectious process
• Airborne infection
• Bloodborne infection
• Classification of instruments
• Objective of infection control
• Sterilization
• Disinfection
• Immunization
• Clinical Attire
• Waste disposal
3. Definition
Infection control:
Infection control prevents or stops the spread of infections in healthcare
settings.
Infection process:
A chain of events is required for the spread of an infectious agent
4. Factors that influence
the development of
infection
Virulence of the organisms: Their
ability to survive interim exposure
Number of organisms and duration of
exposure
General physical health and the
nutritional status of the host
Immune status of the host; antibody
response defence cell reaction
Factors that alter
normal flora
Prostheses and transplants
Drug therapy: Certain drugs used in
the treatment of systemic disease
Systemic diseases
Abnormal physical conditions
Essential features of
disease transmission
A susceptible host that does not have
immunity to the invading agent
A mode of entry
A mode of transmission
A mode of escape
A reservoir where the invading
organism live and multiply
Infectious agent
Chain of events in Infectious process
6. Airborne
Particles
Aerosols: A particle of a true aerosol is less than 50 mm in diameter
Spatter: composed of particles greater than 50mm diameter
Microorganism, particles from oral cavity and ultrasonic
scaling
breathing, coughing ,speaking and sneezing
They are in greater in conc. close to the scene of instrumentation
CLASSIFICATION
Contents
ORIGIN
Conc.
Pre-procedural oral hygiene measures, clean water, protection of
clinicians,interpretation of transmission
Prevention
of
transmission
Aerosols
production
7. Bloodborne infection
Blood borne infections are viruses that are carried in the blood
• hepatitis B
• hepatitis C
1. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
They can be transmitted through sexual contact sharing needles, needle-stick injuries from
mother to baby during pregnancy during birth or through breast feeding.
8. Classification of instruments
• Classified into 3 categories depending upon the risk of contamination
Critical
Instruments that are used to penetrate
soft tissue or bone
Should sterilized after each use
• Forceps
• Scalpels
• Scalers
• Burs
• Bone chisel
Semi-Critical
Instruments that do not penetrate soft
tissue and bone
They should be sterilizes after each use
• Mirrors
• Amalgam condensers
• Impression trays
Non-Critical
Instruments or devices that come into
contact only with intact skin
They should receive intermediate or low
level disinfection
• X-ray Heads
• Face-bows
• BP cuffs
10. Objective of Infection
control
• Reduction of available pathogenic microorganisms to a level at which the normal
resistance mechanisms of the body may prevent infection.
• Elimination of cross-contamination by breaking the chain of infection
• Application of universal precautions by treating each patient as if all human
blood and body fluids are known to be infectious for HIV, HBV
11. Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA)
Standards of OSHA
• Bloodborne Pathogens Standard
• Hazard Communication Standard
• Ionizing Radiation Standard
12. Steriliza
tion
Definition:
A process which kills all forms of microbial life including transmissible agents such as virus,
bacteria, fungi and spore forms
Method of sterilization
1. Moist heat
2. Dry heat
3. Chemical vapours
4. Ethylene oxide
13. Moist heat
Definition:
Destruction of microorganisms by heat takes place as a result of inactivation of essential
cellular proteins or enzymes. Moist heat causes coagulation and denaturation of protein
Two different methods are used
• With 121°C at 15 psi for 15min
• With 134°C at 3 psi for 30min
Advantages Disadvantages
Good penetration Non-stainless steel metal items corrode
More economical May damage plastic and rubber items
Reliable method Sharp instruments loose and get dull
15. Dry heat
The method of sterilization utilizes the principle of oxidation to destroy microorganism
Instruments are heated at
• 170°C for 1hour
• 160°C for 2hours
Advantages Disadvantages
Useful for materials that cannot be
subjected to steam under pressure
Long exposure time required penetration
slow and uneven
When maintained at correct temperature it
is well suited for sharp instruments
High temperature is critical to certain
materials
No corrosion as compared with steam under
pressure
18. Chemical Vapour Sterilizer
This involve heating the mixture of formaldehyde, alcohols, ketons, acetones and water and
placing instruments in them under pressure minimum for 20 minutes with temperature from
127°C to 132°C with 20 to 40 pounds pressure
Advantages Disadvantages
Corrosion—rust-free operation for carbon steel
instruments.
Cannot be used for materials or objects that can
be altered by the chemicals
Ability to sterilize in a relatively short total cycle. Adequate ventilation is needed :cannot use in a
small room
Use of operation and care of the equipment. Slight odour which is rarely objectionable
19. Ethylene
oxide
• Instruments are placed inside the ethylene oxide
• It alkylate the DNA molecules and thereby inactivate microorganism
• Only disadvantage of this method is that it is difficult to operate
20. Disinfection
Definition:
It is define as a destruction or inhibition of most pathogenic agent on the surface of inanimate
object by chemical or physical means.
It does not kills spores less effective than sterilization
Types:
• Chemical disinfection
• Heat disinfection
21. Heat disinfection Chemical disinfection
• Accomplished by
boiling water
• At atmospheric
pressure for at least
15min
• Used for disinfection of
prosthodontic
instruments such as
brushes and buffs
• Accomplished by
chemical
• Such as Alcohol,
formaldehyde,
hydrogen peroxide,
phenol
22. Clinical Surfaces House keeping surfaces
Disinfection of dental unit
• High risk of direct
contamination from spray
splatter or by contact with
gloves
1. Dental Lamp handle
2. Head rest
3. Chair back
4. X-ray tube
5. Adjustable operating table
• Surface barriers should also
be used
• These surfaces does not
have any direct contact
with patient or devices
1. Patient leg rest
2. Instrument table
3. Instruments area
4. Doors
5. Floors
23. Immunizat
ion
• The immunization schedule for infants and children may include protection against
poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), measles, mumps and rubella
(German measles)
• Healthcare worker are at high risk of infection
Management program
A. Recommended Tests
1. Annual tuberculin test (mantoux)
chest radiograph as indicated.
2. Periodic throat culture for possible
haemolytic Streptococcus carrier.
3. Serologic test for herpes simplex
virus I (HSV I) antibodies to
determine susceptibility to primary
HSV.
B. Obtaining Tests
C. Written Records
25. Sterile-clean
Procedures
1. Gown, uniform or scrub suit
• Solid, closed front
• No pockets
• Long sleeves
2. Hair and head covering
3. Protection of uniform
4. Outside wear
26. Face Mask
• The shape, material, and degree of absorption will influence the efficiency of a mask. A
scientifically efficient mask will
1. Prevent inward and outward passage of microorganisms.
2. Filter particles produced during dental and dental hygiene procedures.
3. Have minimal marginal leakage.
• Various materials have been used for masks, including gauze and other
cloth, plastic foam, fibre glass, synthetic fibre mat, and paper. Glass fibre and
synthetic fibre mat were shown to be the most effective.
• Tie on the mask before a scrub or hand wash.
• Use a fresh mask for each patient
• When a mask becomes wet, it should be changed, because a wet mask is not longer an
effective barrier.
• Keep the mask on after completing a procedure, while still in the presence of aerosols.
Particles under 5 micrometres remain suspended longer (up to 24 hours) than larger
particles and can be inhaled directly into terminal lung alveoli
27.
28. Protective Glasses
• Shielding on all sides of the glasses may give the best protection, provided
they fit closely around the edges.
Goggle-style coverage is specially necessary for protection during
laboratory work.
Side-shield can provide added protection. For the member of the dental
team, it may be possible to wear this type over regular prescription glasses.
When the sides of the glasses are curved back, they may provide adequate
protection, similar to those with side-shields
29. • Care of Protective Glasses
1. Run glasses under water stream to remove abrasive particles. Rubbing an abrasive agent
over the plastic lens will create scratches
2. Immerse in 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde for disinfection
3. Rinse thoroughly after immersion because glutaraldehyde is irritating to eyes and skin
4. Check periodically for scratches on the lens, and replace appropriately
31. General use gloves
Sterile individually
paired gloves
Utility gloves
• Material: Latex vinyl non-
sterile gloves are available
latex gloves may be of single
or double thickness
• Surface: Gloves are available
as powdered or
unpowdered. Powdered
gloves have either corn-
starch or an antimicrobial
agent.
• Sizes: Ambidextrous gloves
are made in small, medium,
large or extra-large in boxes
of 100
• Packaged and sealed in
sterile pairs by hand size.
They are prepared for
procedures requiring a
sterile technique. They have
commonly been referred to
as “surgeons gloves” but
they also have special case
where high-risk patients are
being treated.
• Non-used heavy
utility gloves are
indicated for all
instrument handling
during clean up and
preparation for
sterilization as well as
unit preparation
surface disinfection.
Type of Gloves
32. Hand
care
I. Bacteriology of the Skin
• Transient bacteria
• Resident bacteria
II. Handwashing Principles
III. Caring of the Hands
IV. Facilities
33. II. Handwashing Principles
1 Rationale:
Effective and frequent handwashing can reduce the overall bacterial flora of. It is impossible
to sterilize the skin, but every attempt must be made to reduce the bacterial flora to a
minimum.
2. Purposes:
The objective of all scrub procedures is to reduce the bacterial flora of the hands to an
absolute minimum.
An effective scrub procedure can be expected to accomplish the following:
• Remove surface dirt and transient bacteria
• Dissolve the normal greasy film on the skin
• Rinse and remove all loosened debris and microorganisms
• With a long-acting antiseptic provide disinfection.
34. II. Caring of the Hands
• Maintain clean, smoothly trimmed, short finger nails with well-cared cuticles to
prevent breaks where microorganisms can enter.
• Remove hand and wrist jewellery at the beginning of day. Microorganisms can become
lodged in revices of rings, watch bands and watches where scrubbing is impossible.
• After handwashing, don gloves
• Never expose open skin lesion or abrasions to a patient’s oral tissues and fluids. Keep
gloved hands away from face, hair, clothing (pockets), dental chain, operating stool
(manipulate by foot action), telephone, patients records and other objects, that cannot
be sterilized or disinfected
37. SHORT SCRUB
METHOD
According to Stroke count technique
Don eyeglasses and mask, cover hair
Remove watch & jewellery
Wash hands, arms over elbow using surgical soap
Lather hands and arms, leave the lather on hands and arms to increase exposure time to antimicrobial
ingredient of scrub soap
Open sterile package containing scrub brush and orange stick. Orange stick is used to clean under fingernails
Now remove scrub brush from sterile package note time and start scrubbing
First hand
a) Brush back and forth across nails and fingertips 5times
b) For fingers and thumb use small circular stroke 5 stroke each area
c) Scrub wrist and move to forearm
d) When completed rinse well
Repeat entire procedure on second hand
Rinse the hands and arms generously
Dry hand and arm using separate paper towel for each hand
Don gloving
38. According to time technique
Vary from 3-5min. one half of the time is used for scrubbing each hand for 3min
a)nails and fingertips - Umin (15sec each hand)
b)Finger and hands – 1Umin (45sec each hand)
c)wrist and forearm – 1min (30sec each hand
39. SURGICAL SCRUB METHOD
Don eyeglasses and mask, cover hair
Remove watch & jewellery
Wash hands, arms over elbow using surgical soap
Lather vigorously with strong rubbing motion 10 on each side of hands, wrist, arms. Interlace
fingers, thumb to clean the proximal surface
Rinse the hands and arms generously
Open sterile package containing scrub brush and orange stick. Orange stick is used to clean under
fingernails
Lather hands and arms, leave the lather on hands and arms to increase exposure time to
antimicrobial ingredient of scrub soap
First hand
a)Brush back and forth across nails and fingertips for 30sec
b)For fingers and thumb use small circular stroke for 2min
c)Scrub wrist and move to forearm for 21/2min
40. Repeat entire procedure on second hand
Rinse the hands and arms generously
Drying hand and arm
a)Take care not to re-contaminate hands while drying them.
b) Use a separate paper towel for each hand.
c) Cloth towel: The one end of a large towel, for one hand and other end for other hand, taking care
not to drag the tower over unwashed parts or clothing. Two small towels may be used, one for each
hand
• Don gloving
41. Short Standard Handwash
• Don eye glasses and mask and fix hair securely.
• Remove watch and all jewelleries.
• Use comfortable warm water and surgical scrub soap.
• Lather hands, wrist and forearms quickly, rubbing all surfaces vigorously. Interface fingers and
rub back and forth with pressure. Rinse thoroughly, running the water from fingertips down the
hands. Repeat 2 more times. One lathering for 3 minutes is less effective than 3 short lathering
and rinsing 3 times in 30 seconds. The lathering serves to loosen, the debris and microorganisms
and washes them away.
• Drying
a)Take care not to re-contaminate hands while drying them.
b) Use a separate paper towel for each hand.
c) Cloth towel: The one end of a large towel, for one hand and other end for other hand, taking care
not to drag the tower over unwashed parts or clothing. Two small towels may be used, one for each
hand
• Don gloving
