Bio ch03 4
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The document discusses passive transport across cell membranes. It describes how diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport that move molecules down concentration gradients. Osmosis specifically is the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane, and there are three types of solutions: isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic. Some molecules require transport proteins to diffuse through the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion.
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Osmosis and diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration without requiring energy. It can occur through cell membranes and within cells or fluids to evenly distribute molecules. Osmosis is a special type of diffusion where water moves through a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower water concentration, being drawn towards the solute.
Cell transport
This document summarizes different types of cell transport mechanisms. It describes passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis which move particles down concentration gradients without energy. Active transport mechanisms like the sodium-potassium pump use energy to move particles against concentration gradients. Endocytosis and exocytosis are described as mechanisms to move larger particles in and out of cells. The cell membrane, made of a phospholipid bilayer, regulates these transport processes to maintain homeostasis.
Diffusion osmosis
Diffusion and osmosis are important transport processes in living cells. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower. When a red blood cell is placed in distilled water, osmosis causes water to enter the cell, making it swell and burst due to the higher water concentration outside. These processes allow cells to exchange gases, take in nutrients and water, and eliminate waste, which is essential for maintaining homeostasis.
Active and passive transport
The document discusses two types of transport across the plasma membrane: passive transport, which moves particles down a concentration gradient without requiring energy, and active transport, which moves particles against a concentration gradient and requires energy. Passive transport occurs through diffusion or facilitated diffusion, while active transport uses carrier proteins or endocytosis.
Passive Transport
1) Cells use three main methods of membrane transport - diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Diffusion and facilitated diffusion are passive and do not require energy, while active transport is an energy-requiring process.
2) Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins to transport molecules across membranes via concentration gradients, as some molecules are too large to pass through the phospholipid bilayer on their own.
3) Osmosis is the passive movement of water across membranes from low to high solute concentration areas, driven by water's tendency to diffuse evenly throughout solutions. Water moves through membrane pores, while solutes are too large to pass through.
Transport of substances across Cell membrane
This document discusses transport across cell membranes. It begins by describing the extracellular matrix (ECM), which provides structure and acts as a pathway for diffusion between blood and tissue cells. It then discusses different types of cell adhesion, including desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions. Desmosomes anchor adjacent cells together and provide tensile strength. Tight junctions seal cells together to prevent leaks, while gap junctions allow small molecules to pass between cells. The document then covers permeability and transport mechanisms across the plasma membrane like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. It provides examples of diffusion and defines osmosis as the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane down its concentration gradient.
Biology lecture 2
1. The document discusses cellular transport, including the structure of the cell membrane and different types of transport processes.
2. There are two main types of cellular transport - passive transport, which doesn't require energy, and active transport, which does. Passive transport includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
3. Active transport uses energy and can move molecules against a concentration gradient, using protein pumps, endocytosis, or exocytosis. The effects of osmosis on cells in hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions are also explained.
CHAPTER 3: MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
IT'S NOT MINE. JUST SHARE IT HERE FOR MY OWN REVISION AND OTHERS.
CREDIT TO : http://smksjtbiology.blogspot.my
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Osmosis and diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration without requiring energy. It can occur through cell membranes and within cells or fluids to evenly distribute molecules. Osmosis is a special type of diffusion where water moves through a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower water concentration, being drawn towards the solute.
Cell transport
This document summarizes different types of cell transport mechanisms. It describes passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis which move particles down concentration gradients without energy. Active transport mechanisms like the sodium-potassium pump use energy to move particles against concentration gradients. Endocytosis and exocytosis are described as mechanisms to move larger particles in and out of cells. The cell membrane, made of a phospholipid bilayer, regulates these transport processes to maintain homeostasis.
Diffusion osmosis
Diffusion and osmosis are important transport processes in living cells. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower. When a red blood cell is placed in distilled water, osmosis causes water to enter the cell, making it swell and burst due to the higher water concentration outside. These processes allow cells to exchange gases, take in nutrients and water, and eliminate waste, which is essential for maintaining homeostasis.
Active and passive transport
The document discusses two types of transport across the plasma membrane: passive transport, which moves particles down a concentration gradient without requiring energy, and active transport, which moves particles against a concentration gradient and requires energy. Passive transport occurs through diffusion or facilitated diffusion, while active transport uses carrier proteins or endocytosis.
Passive Transport
1) Cells use three main methods of membrane transport - diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Diffusion and facilitated diffusion are passive and do not require energy, while active transport is an energy-requiring process.
2) Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins to transport molecules across membranes via concentration gradients, as some molecules are too large to pass through the phospholipid bilayer on their own.
3) Osmosis is the passive movement of water across membranes from low to high solute concentration areas, driven by water's tendency to diffuse evenly throughout solutions. Water moves through membrane pores, while solutes are too large to pass through.
Transport of substances across Cell membrane
This document discusses transport across cell membranes. It begins by describing the extracellular matrix (ECM), which provides structure and acts as a pathway for diffusion between blood and tissue cells. It then discusses different types of cell adhesion, including desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions. Desmosomes anchor adjacent cells together and provide tensile strength. Tight junctions seal cells together to prevent leaks, while gap junctions allow small molecules to pass between cells. The document then covers permeability and transport mechanisms across the plasma membrane like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. It provides examples of diffusion and defines osmosis as the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane down its concentration gradient.
Biology lecture 2
1. The document discusses cellular transport, including the structure of the cell membrane and different types of transport processes.
2. There are two main types of cellular transport - passive transport, which doesn't require energy, and active transport, which does. Passive transport includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
3. Active transport uses energy and can move molecules against a concentration gradient, using protein pumps, endocytosis, or exocytosis. The effects of osmosis on cells in hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions are also explained.
CHAPTER 3: MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
IT'S NOT MINE. JUST SHARE IT HERE FOR MY OWN REVISION AND OTHERS.
CREDIT TO : http://smksjtbiology.blogspot.my
Types of movement across the cell membrane
There are three main types of movement across cell membranes: passive transport, which does not require energy and includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion; endocytosis and exocytosis, which allow materials to enter and exit cells through membrane vesicles; and active transport, which uses energy to transport molecules against their concentration gradient using carrier proteins. Whether water moves into or out of a cell depends on if the external solution is isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic relative to the cell.
Transport mechanism
This document discusses different types of transport mechanisms in cells. There are two main types: passive transport, which moves materials down their concentration gradient without cellular energy expenditure, and active transport, which moves materials against their concentration gradient using cellular energy. Passive transport includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Osmosis specifically refers to the diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane down its concentration gradient. Active transport requires ATP and includes endocytosis, exocytosis, and transport across membranes via carrier proteins.
Passive transport
Membranes allow selective transport of molecules across them. There are three main types of transport:
1) Diffusion is the passive movement of particles down a concentration gradient without needing energy. It occurs through the phospholipid bilayer or using carrier proteins.
2) Facilitated diffusion also moves molecules passively down a concentration gradient but uses carrier proteins to transport molecules that cannot diffuse through the bilayer.
3) Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules from low to high solute concentration areas since water can pass through membranes but solute particles cannot to equalize concentrations.
Osmosis & Dialysis
This document discusses osmosis and related concepts like semipermeable membranes, hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions. It explains that osmosis is the passive movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. The type of solution, whether hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic, determines whether red blood cells placed in the solution will burst, shrivel, or maintain their shape, respectively. The document also briefly mentions dialysis as the process by which the kidneys use semipermeable membranes to regulate solute concentrations.
Passive transport
Passive transport allows substances to cross the cell membrane without expending energy. There are three main types of passive transport: diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across the cell membrane and is dependent on solute concentrations inside and outside the cell. Facilitated diffusion uses carrier and channel proteins to transport molecules that cannot diffuse directly through the membrane down their concentration gradient.
Passive Diffusion
The document discusses passive diffusion through the cell membrane. It begins by describing the cell membrane as a flexible, semipermeable barrier that controls what enters and exits the cell while allowing communication. It then explains that passive diffusion is the spontaneous movement of molecules from an area of higher to lower concentration through the cell membrane without requiring energy. Specifically, oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse passively in this way.
Transportation across cell membrane
This document summarizes various methods of transporting substances across cell membranes, including:
1. Passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis that move substances down concentration gradients without energy expenditure.
2. Active transport processes like primary and secondary active transport that move substances against concentration gradients using energy, usually from ATP hydrolysis.
3. Vesicular transport mechanisms of endocytosis and exocytosis that move substances in or out of cells within vesicles formed from the cell membrane.
Extraction techniques(cell fraction filtration distellation soxhlet extraction )
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers
Filtration, diffusion, and osmosis
This document discusses several cellular transport processes including diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. It explains that diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration, and it is affected by factors like temperature, molecular weight, membrane permeability and surface area. Osmosis is the specific diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from higher to lower water concentration areas. Filtration uses hydrostatic pressure to force water and small solutes through a membrane. The document also defines tonicity, and explains how hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions impact cell volume.
Diffusion vs osmosis
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration, while osmosis is a type of diffusion where water moves through a selectively permeable membrane. There are three types of solutions where osmosis can occur: isotonic solutions where water levels are equal inside and outside the cell; hypertonic solutions where there is more water outside the cell, causing it to shrink; and hypotonic solutions where there is more water inside the cell, causing it to expand. A cell wall is a rigid membrane that can be affected by osmosis through changes in water levels inside and outside the cell.
PASSIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Passive Transport system.
Prepared by - Ruhid Hasan
from - University of development alternative
Dept. of Pharmacy [Health Scince]
Active and passive transport by M.Sohail Riaz Hashmi
This document provides an overview of active and passive transport mechanisms in cells. It defines active transport as movement against a concentration gradient requiring energy, and defines types of active transport including primary and secondary. It then discusses endocytosis and exocytosis, the processes by which cells take in and release substances. It also defines different types of passive transport including diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, and provides examples of each.
Osmosis n diffusion
The physical processes of diffusion and osmosis involve the movement of materials across cell membranes along concentration gradients without expending energy. Diffusion is the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration and can occur through gas, liquid, or semipermeable membranes. Osmosis specifically refers to the diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower concentration. Experiments can demonstrate osmosis using a potato or thistle funnel surrounded by solutions of different concentrations.
Passive Transport
There are two main types of cellular transport - passive and active. Passive transport does not require energy and includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient and requires energy from ATP. The sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport, moving sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane against their gradients. Large molecules are transported across membranes via endocytosis and exocytosis using vesicles.
Passive Transport
Passive transport across the plasma membrane can occur through simple diffusion of molecules like water, or through transport proteins. Transport proteins include channel proteins that form channels for molecules to pass through simultaneously without energy input, and carrier proteins that bind molecules and change shape to transport them one by one against the concentration gradient through facilitated diffusion, requiring no energy from the cell. All of these examples of passive transport rely on molecular movement down a concentration gradient without cellular energy input.
Pharmaceutical Engineering
Filtration is a process of separating solids from liquids by passing the mixture through a porous medium that retains the solids while allowing the liquid to pass through. Clarification refers to filtration when solids are present at a very low concentration, less than 1.0% by weight. The feed or slurry is the solid-liquid mixture to be filtered. The filter medium is the porous material used to retain solids, forming a filter cake. The clear liquid passing through is called the filtrate. Filtration objectives include eliminating contaminants to recover dispersing fluids or recovering solid particles by eliminating the dispersing fluid. Filtration has applications in producing sterile products, bulk drugs, liquid dosage forms, and treating eff
Cellular transport
The document discusses cellular transport and the cell membrane. It explains that the cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing small uncharged molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass freely through diffusion and osmosis. Larger molecules and ions require energy-requiring mechanisms like active transport or facilitated diffusion. The document contrasts passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis, which move molecules down concentration gradients without energy, with active transport which moves molecules against gradients by using cellular energy. It also briefly discusses endocytosis and exocytosis for transporting larger particles and molecules in and out of cells.
Membrane transport1
The cell membrane uses both passive and active transport to regulate what passes in and out of cells. Passive transport occurs down a concentration gradient and includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Active transport works against a concentration gradient and requires ATP. Transport proteins help move molecules across the membrane during both passive and active transport. The cell membrane is selectively permeable based on factors like lipid solubility, molecular size, polarity, and charge.
Cell membrane and Osmosis
The document discusses cell membrane transport and osmosis. It explains that cell membranes are semi-permeable and allow water and some gases to pass through via diffusion down their concentration gradients. Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower concentration. The document provides examples of how osmosis causes cells to swell or shrink depending if the solutions outside the cell are hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic.
Cell Transport and The Plasma Membrane
1. Cell membranes are phospholipid bilayers with embedded proteins that control what enters and exits the cell to maintain homeostasis.
2. There are two types of cellular transport - passive transport, which does not require energy, and active transport, which uses ATP. Passive transport includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient using protein pumps, endocytosis, or exocytosis.
3. The movement of water and solutes into and out of cells depends on the solution's tonicity - hypotonic solutions cause cells to swell via osmosis, hypertonic solutions cause shrinking, and isotonic solutions do not change cell volume. Organisms have various mechanisms
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The United States mobilized for World War I through conscription, increased weapons production, higher taxes, and liberty bond campaigns. Over 4.8 million troops were raised through the draft and volunteers. The Espionage and Sedition Acts restricted free speech and anti-war sentiments. Citizens were asked to conserve resources for the war effort through activities like growing victory gardens. American troops began arriving in France in June 1917 and played a key role in turning the tide of the war, including major victories at Saint-Mihiel and in the Argonne Forest in 1918 that helped force Germany to seek an armistice.
Statistics Homework
1) The document discusses questions related to various probability distributions including Bernoulli, binomial, geometric, Poisson, uniform, and exponential.
2) For example, it provides the solution to calculating the probability of getting a head in a single coin toss which follows a Bernoulli distribution.
3) It also addresses finding the probability that a customer spending time in a shop, which is exponentially distributed, will spend more than 20 minutes, given they have already spent 15 minutes in the shop.
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Types of movement across the cell membrane
There are three main types of movement across cell membranes: passive transport, which does not require energy and includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion; endocytosis and exocytosis, which allow materials to enter and exit cells through membrane vesicles; and active transport, which uses energy to transport molecules against their concentration gradient using carrier proteins. Whether water moves into or out of a cell depends on if the external solution is isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic relative to the cell.
Transport mechanism
This document discusses different types of transport mechanisms in cells. There are two main types: passive transport, which moves materials down their concentration gradient without cellular energy expenditure, and active transport, which moves materials against their concentration gradient using cellular energy. Passive transport includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Osmosis specifically refers to the diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane down its concentration gradient. Active transport requires ATP and includes endocytosis, exocytosis, and transport across membranes via carrier proteins.
Passive transport
Membranes allow selective transport of molecules across them. There are three main types of transport:
1) Diffusion is the passive movement of particles down a concentration gradient without needing energy. It occurs through the phospholipid bilayer or using carrier proteins.
2) Facilitated diffusion also moves molecules passively down a concentration gradient but uses carrier proteins to transport molecules that cannot diffuse through the bilayer.
3) Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules from low to high solute concentration areas since water can pass through membranes but solute particles cannot to equalize concentrations.
Osmosis & Dialysis
This document discusses osmosis and related concepts like semipermeable membranes, hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions. It explains that osmosis is the passive movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. The type of solution, whether hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic, determines whether red blood cells placed in the solution will burst, shrivel, or maintain their shape, respectively. The document also briefly mentions dialysis as the process by which the kidneys use semipermeable membranes to regulate solute concentrations.
Passive transport
Passive transport allows substances to cross the cell membrane without expending energy. There are three main types of passive transport: diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across the cell membrane and is dependent on solute concentrations inside and outside the cell. Facilitated diffusion uses carrier and channel proteins to transport molecules that cannot diffuse directly through the membrane down their concentration gradient.
Passive Diffusion
The document discusses passive diffusion through the cell membrane. It begins by describing the cell membrane as a flexible, semipermeable barrier that controls what enters and exits the cell while allowing communication. It then explains that passive diffusion is the spontaneous movement of molecules from an area of higher to lower concentration through the cell membrane without requiring energy. Specifically, oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse passively in this way.
Transportation across cell membrane
This document summarizes various methods of transporting substances across cell membranes, including:
1. Passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis that move substances down concentration gradients without energy expenditure.
2. Active transport processes like primary and secondary active transport that move substances against concentration gradients using energy, usually from ATP hydrolysis.
3. Vesicular transport mechanisms of endocytosis and exocytosis that move substances in or out of cells within vesicles formed from the cell membrane.
Extraction techniques(cell fraction filtration distellation soxhlet extraction )
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers
Filtration, diffusion, and osmosis
This document discusses several cellular transport processes including diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. It explains that diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration, and it is affected by factors like temperature, molecular weight, membrane permeability and surface area. Osmosis is the specific diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from higher to lower water concentration areas. Filtration uses hydrostatic pressure to force water and small solutes through a membrane. The document also defines tonicity, and explains how hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions impact cell volume.
Diffusion vs osmosis
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration, while osmosis is a type of diffusion where water moves through a selectively permeable membrane. There are three types of solutions where osmosis can occur: isotonic solutions where water levels are equal inside and outside the cell; hypertonic solutions where there is more water outside the cell, causing it to shrink; and hypotonic solutions where there is more water inside the cell, causing it to expand. A cell wall is a rigid membrane that can be affected by osmosis through changes in water levels inside and outside the cell.
PASSIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Passive Transport system.
Prepared by - Ruhid Hasan
from - University of development alternative
Dept. of Pharmacy [Health Scince]
Active and passive transport by M.Sohail Riaz Hashmi
This document provides an overview of active and passive transport mechanisms in cells. It defines active transport as movement against a concentration gradient requiring energy, and defines types of active transport including primary and secondary. It then discusses endocytosis and exocytosis, the processes by which cells take in and release substances. It also defines different types of passive transport including diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, and provides examples of each.
Osmosis n diffusion
The physical processes of diffusion and osmosis involve the movement of materials across cell membranes along concentration gradients without expending energy. Diffusion is the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration and can occur through gas, liquid, or semipermeable membranes. Osmosis specifically refers to the diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower concentration. Experiments can demonstrate osmosis using a potato or thistle funnel surrounded by solutions of different concentrations.
Passive Transport
There are two main types of cellular transport - passive and active. Passive transport does not require energy and includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient and requires energy from ATP. The sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport, moving sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane against their gradients. Large molecules are transported across membranes via endocytosis and exocytosis using vesicles.
Passive Transport
Passive transport across the plasma membrane can occur through simple diffusion of molecules like water, or through transport proteins. Transport proteins include channel proteins that form channels for molecules to pass through simultaneously without energy input, and carrier proteins that bind molecules and change shape to transport them one by one against the concentration gradient through facilitated diffusion, requiring no energy from the cell. All of these examples of passive transport rely on molecular movement down a concentration gradient without cellular energy input.
Pharmaceutical Engineering
Filtration is a process of separating solids from liquids by passing the mixture through a porous medium that retains the solids while allowing the liquid to pass through. Clarification refers to filtration when solids are present at a very low concentration, less than 1.0% by weight. The feed or slurry is the solid-liquid mixture to be filtered. The filter medium is the porous material used to retain solids, forming a filter cake. The clear liquid passing through is called the filtrate. Filtration objectives include eliminating contaminants to recover dispersing fluids or recovering solid particles by eliminating the dispersing fluid. Filtration has applications in producing sterile products, bulk drugs, liquid dosage forms, and treating eff
Cellular transport
The document discusses cellular transport and the cell membrane. It explains that the cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing small uncharged molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass freely through diffusion and osmosis. Larger molecules and ions require energy-requiring mechanisms like active transport or facilitated diffusion. The document contrasts passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis, which move molecules down concentration gradients without energy, with active transport which moves molecules against gradients by using cellular energy. It also briefly discusses endocytosis and exocytosis for transporting larger particles and molecules in and out of cells.
Membrane transport1
The cell membrane uses both passive and active transport to regulate what passes in and out of cells. Passive transport occurs down a concentration gradient and includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Active transport works against a concentration gradient and requires ATP. Transport proteins help move molecules across the membrane during both passive and active transport. The cell membrane is selectively permeable based on factors like lipid solubility, molecular size, polarity, and charge.
Cell membrane and Osmosis
The document discusses cell membrane transport and osmosis. It explains that cell membranes are semi-permeable and allow water and some gases to pass through via diffusion down their concentration gradients. Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower concentration. The document provides examples of how osmosis causes cells to swell or shrink depending if the solutions outside the cell are hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic.
Cell Transport and The Plasma Membrane
1. Cell membranes are phospholipid bilayers with embedded proteins that control what enters and exits the cell to maintain homeostasis.
2. There are two types of cellular transport - passive transport, which does not require energy, and active transport, which uses ATP. Passive transport includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient using protein pumps, endocytosis, or exocytosis.
3. The movement of water and solutes into and out of cells depends on the solution's tonicity - hypotonic solutions cause cells to swell via osmosis, hypertonic solutions cause shrinking, and isotonic solutions do not change cell volume. Organisms have various mechanisms
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Extraction techniques(cell fraction filtration distellation soxhlet extraction )
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This document discusses transport mechanisms across cell membranes. It begins by outlining the functions of cell membranes and then describes different transport mechanisms including:
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This document discusses transport mechanisms across cell membranes. It begins by outlining the functions of cell membranes and then describes different transport mechanisms including:
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2) Active transport mechanisms like primary active transport which uses ATP (e.g. sodium-potassium pump) and secondary active transport which uses ion gradients created by primary transport
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With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
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- 1. 33..44 DDiiffffuussiioonn aanndd OOssmmoossiiss KEY CONCEPT Materials move across membranes because of concentration differences.
- 2. 33..44 DDiiffffuussiioonn aanndd OOssmmoossiiss Passive transport does not require energy input from a cell. • Molecules can move across the cell membrane through passive transport. • There are two types of passive transport. • diffusion • osmosis
- 3. 33..44 DDiiffffuussiioonn aanndd OOssmmoossiiss Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport. • Molecules diffuse down a concentration gradient.
- 4. 33..44 DDiiffffuussiioonn aanndd OOssmmoossiiss Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport. • Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane.
- 5. 33..44 DDiiffffuussiioonn aanndd OOssmmoossiiss Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport. • There are three types of solutions. • isotonic • hypertonic • hypotonic
- 6. 33..44 DDiiffffuussiioonn aanndd OOssmmoossiiss Some molecules can only diffuse through transport proteins. • Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across the cell membrane. • Facilitated diffusion is diffusion through transport proteins.
- 7. 33..44 DDiiffffuussiioonn aanndd OOssmmoossiiss Some molecules can only diffuse through transport proteins. • Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across the cell membrane. • Facilitated diffusion is diffusion through transport proteins.