The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that surrounds cells and controls what enters and leaves. It is made up of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Transport across the membrane can occur passively via diffusion or facilitated diffusion, or actively via protein transporters that require energy. Passive transport moves molecules down their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, while active transport moves molecules against their gradient by using ATP. Endocytosis and exocytosis involve vesicles budding inward or outward to transport larger cargo. The membrane plays key roles in homeostasis, signaling, anchoring, and compartmentalization within cells.
This is a PowerPoint presentation for Topic 1 in the Edexcel Biology B A Level course that starts in 2015.
This is a free sample, the full PowerPoint presentation is available to purchase here: https://sellfy.com/MrExham
biological molecules .
CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS.
includes how large molecules are made from smaller ones, their functions, etc.
made in a very interactive way so that students can understand and clear all their concepts
This is a PowerPoint presentation for Topic 1 in the Edexcel Biology B A Level course that starts in 2015.
This is a free sample, the full PowerPoint presentation is available to purchase here: https://sellfy.com/MrExham
biological molecules .
CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS.
includes how large molecules are made from smaller ones, their functions, etc.
made in a very interactive way so that students can understand and clear all their concepts
Transportation of substances in and out of cells can be regulated by the single most underrated and under appreciated organelle in the cell - the phospholipid bilayer membrane.
Cellular respiration ppt, describes generalities about energy and ATP, and the three stages of cellular respiration: Gylolisis, Krebs Cylce and Electron transport chain.
Transportation of substances in and out of cells can be regulated by the single most underrated and under appreciated organelle in the cell - the phospholipid bilayer membrane.
Cellular respiration ppt, describes generalities about energy and ATP, and the three stages of cellular respiration: Gylolisis, Krebs Cylce and Electron transport chain.
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
4. Homeostasis
• Balanced internal condition of
cells
• Also called equilibrium
• Maintained by plasma (or cell)
membrane controlling what
enters & leaves the cell
4
5. Functions of Plasma
Membrane
Protective fence
Controls transport in & out of cell
(selectively permeable)
Allow cells recognize “friend or Foe”
Provide anchoring sites the
cytoskeleton support framework
5
6. Functions of Plasma
Membrane
Provide a tie on site for enzymes
Place for cells to bind together
Contains the cytoplasm (fluid in cell)
6
7. Structure of the Cell Membrane
Peripheral
protein
Lipid Bilayer
Integral
Protein
7
8. Phospholipids-3 models
Make up the cell
membrane
Contains 2 fatty
acid chains that
are nonpolar
Head is polar &
contains a –PO4
group
8
9. FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
Fluid mosaic model
FLUID- because individual phospholipids and
proteins can move around freely within the
layer, like it’s a liquid.
MOSAIC-little pieces put together in a pattern
9
11. Cell Membrane
Polar heads are hydrophilic “water loving”
Nonpolar tails are hydrophobic “water fearing”
Makes membrane “Selective” in what crosses11
12. Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is made
of 2 layers of Hydrophobic molecules
phospholipids called the pass easily; hydrophillic
lipid bilayer DO NOT
12
14. Selectively Permeable
Membrane
Small molecules like water move across
easily, most larger molecules need help-
and need energy to be added so they can
cross. 14
16. 1. Passive Transport
Movement of substances across the
cell membrane without any input of
energy on the part of the cell.
16
17. 2. Simple Diffusion
• Requires NO
energy
• Molecules move
from area of
HIGH to LOW
concentration or
down the
concentration
gradient.
17
18. Simple Diffusion continued
• Concentration Gradient is the
difference ( change) in the
concentration of a substance from
one location to another.
18
19. DIFFUSION
Diffusion is a
PASSIVE process
which means no
energy is used to
make the
molecules move,
they have a
natural KINETIC
ENERGY
19
21. Diffusion through a
Membrane
Cell membrane
Solute moves DOWN concentration gradient (HIGH to
LOW) until equilibrium is reached
21
22. Osmosis
Diffusion across a membrane
• Diffusion of water
across a
membrane
• Moves from HIGH
Semipermeable
water potential membrane
(low solute) to
LOW water
potential (high
solute)
22
23. A Hypertonic solution has a higher
concentration of dissolved particles
than the cell.
A Hypotonic solution has a lower
concentration of dissolved particles
than the cell.
An Isotonic solution has the same
concentration of dissolved particles
as the cell.
23
24. Diffusion of H2O Across A
Membrane
High H2O potential Low H2O potential
Low solute concentration High solute concentration
24
25. Cell in Isotonic Solution
10% NaCL ENVIRONMENT
90% H2O
CELL
NO NET
10% NaCL MOVEMENT
90% H2O
What is the direction of water movement?
equilibrium
The cell is at _______________. 25
26. Cell in Hypotonic Solution
10% NaCL
90% H2O
CELL
20% NaCL
80% H2O
What is the direction of water movement?
26
27. Cell in Hypertonic Solution
15% NaCL ENVIRONMENT
85% H2O
CELL
5% NaCL
95% H2O
What is the direction of water movement?
27
34. Passive Transport
Simple Diffusion
Doesn’t require energy
Moves high to low
concentration
Example: Oxygen or
water diffusing into a
cell and carbon dioxide
diffusing out. 34
35. Facilitated diffusion
Doesn’t require energy
Uses transport
proteins to move high to
low concentration
Examples: Glucose or
amino acids moving from
blood into a cell.
35
37. Types of Transport Proteins
• Channel proteins are embedded
in the cell membrane & have a
pore for materials to cross
• Carrier proteins can change
shape to move material from
one side of the membrane to
the other
37
39. Facilitated Diffusion
• Some Carrier
proteins do not
extend through
the membrane.
• They bond and
drag molecules
through the lipid
bilayer and
release them on
the opposite side. 39
40. Carrier Proteins
• Other carrier
proteins
change shape
to move
materials
across the cell
membrane
40
48. Endocytosis
• Endocytosis is the process of taking
liquids or larger molecules into a cell
by engulfing them in a membrane.
• This is done when the cell membrane
makes a pocket around the substance
that breaks off inside the cell.
• This pocket is called a vesicle.
48
49. Moving the “Big Stuff”
Large molecules move materials into the cell by
one of three forms of endocytosis.
49
53. Endocytosis – Phagocytosis
•Endocytosis that involves taking
in large particles such as
food, bacteria, etc. into vesicles
•Called “Cell Eating”
53
56. Exocytosis
• moving things out
• essentially the opposite of endocytosis
• Molecules are moved out of the cell by
vesicles that fuse with the plasma
membrane.
• This is how many hormones are secreted
and how nerve cells communicate with
one another
56
58. Exocytosis
Exocytic
vesicle
immediately
after fusion
with plasma
membrane.
58
59. Exocytosis
The opposite of endocytosis is exocytosis. Large
molecules that are manufactured in the cell are
released through the cell membrane.
Inside Cell Cell environment 59
60. Pumps
• Pumps are similar to
facilitated diffusion in
that they use transport
proteins.
• Pumps use proteins to
move materials against
the concentration
gradient.
60
61. Three Types of Pumps
• Sodium-Potassium Pump (3 Na out,
2 K in)
• Proton Pump
• Contractile Vacuole (pumps excess
water out of single-cell organisms)
61
62. Sodium-Potassium Pump
3 Na+ pumped out for every 2 K+
pumped in; creates a membrane potential
62