1. Net energy yield is an important factor in evaluating energy resources, as it accounts for the energy needed to extract and produce the resource.
2. While fossil fuels like oil, natural gas, and coal are plentiful, they have high environmental impacts, especially coal which is a major contributor to air pollution and carbon emissions.
3. Nuclear power has low carbon emissions but produces long-lived radioactive waste and has high costs, low net energy yield, and safety concerns that have limited its expansion.
This document discusses various methods for improving energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewable energy sources. It begins by explaining how much energy is wasted through inefficient devices like incandescent light bulbs and internal combustion engines. It then outlines strategies for saving energy in industry, transportation, buildings, and individuals' daily lives. The document dedicates several sections to different renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydropower, biomass and biofuels. It discusses the advantages and challenges of each approach while providing examples of existing technologies and projects around the world. The overall message is that transitioning to more efficient use of energy and greater renewable sources can provide economic, environmental and national security benefits.
The document discusses Earth's energy sources. It states that all of Earth's energy originally comes from the Sun in the form of light, heat, and solar radiation. It further explains that non-renewable resources like coal, oil, and natural gas get their energy from the Sun and are found in limited supplies, unlike renewable resources such as solar, wind, water, and geothermal which are naturally replenished. The document also addresses topics like the carbon economy, smart energy grids, social aspects of alternative energy, and global energy programs.
Conventional energy and non conventional sources of energy in indiaswapoo371
Conventional energy and Non-Conventional Sources of Energy In India,
solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, bio energy,Conventional Sources of Energy,Coal,Oil and Natural Gas,Electricity.Thermal Power , Hydro-electric power ,Nuclear Power,Advantages of Non-Conventional Sources of Energy,disAdvantages Conventional Sources of Energy
The document discusses various energy resources and their use. It provides information on global and Indian energy consumption and installed capacity. It discusses different types of energy resources including fossil fuels, renewable resources like wind and solar energy, and emerging technologies like hydrogen fuel cells. It also covers topics like India's energy balance, installed wind capacity by Indian states, advantages and disadvantages of different energy sources, and problems due to overuse of non-renewable resources.
This document provides information about various energy resources, including their advantages and disadvantages. It discusses both non-renewable resources like coal, oil, and natural gas, as well as renewable resources such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, tidal, biomass, and geothermal. For each type of energy, it lists key pros and cons, such as coal being abundant but emitting greenhouse gases, and solar producing no waste but having high upfront costs. It also poses reflection questions to encourage deeper consideration of the topics.
This document summarizes a presentation made by Akram Khalid, CEO of Pakistan Prosperity Initiative, at a seminar on energy and the environment. The presentation covered topics such as the relationship between energy, development, and the environment; sources of energy in Pakistan and their advantages and disadvantages; and the civil society perspective on ensuring adequate, affordable energy while maintaining environmental sustainability. Key recommendations included improving energy availability through new sources like shale gas, increasing the share of renewable and nuclear energy, and promoting energy conservation. Civil society organizations were urged to create awareness on these issues and advocate for transparent, environmentally-friendly energy policies and governance.
This document provides an overview of chapters in an eBook about renewable energy's impact on hydrocarbon dominance. Chapter 1 discusses the current dominance of coal, crude oil, and natural gas globally. Chapter 2 examines renewable energy development and investment among G20 nations. Chapter 3 outlines various renewable technologies including wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, tidal, biomass and biofuels. Chapter 4 profiles 5 major companies influencing renewable energy: Google, NextEra Energy Resources, Siemens, GE Energy, and Waste Management. The conclusion notes projections that coal and oil use will increase significantly by 2020 despite rising renewable adoption.
This document provides information about renewable sources of energy. It defines renewable energy as energy from resources that regenerate naturally over human timescales, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat. It then discusses various renewable energy sources including solar energy, wind energy, and geothermal energy. For solar energy, it describes photovoltaic cells and how they work to convert sunlight into electricity. It also explains the use of flat plate collectors to capture solar radiation and convert it to heat. For wind energy, it discusses wind turbines and how their blades capture kinetic energy from the wind to power generators. Finally, it briefly introduces geothermal energy which is thermal energy generated and stored inside the Earth.
This document discusses various methods for improving energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewable energy sources. It begins by explaining how much energy is wasted through inefficient devices like incandescent light bulbs and internal combustion engines. It then outlines strategies for saving energy in industry, transportation, buildings, and individuals' daily lives. The document dedicates several sections to different renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydropower, biomass and biofuels. It discusses the advantages and challenges of each approach while providing examples of existing technologies and projects around the world. The overall message is that transitioning to more efficient use of energy and greater renewable sources can provide economic, environmental and national security benefits.
The document discusses Earth's energy sources. It states that all of Earth's energy originally comes from the Sun in the form of light, heat, and solar radiation. It further explains that non-renewable resources like coal, oil, and natural gas get their energy from the Sun and are found in limited supplies, unlike renewable resources such as solar, wind, water, and geothermal which are naturally replenished. The document also addresses topics like the carbon economy, smart energy grids, social aspects of alternative energy, and global energy programs.
Conventional energy and non conventional sources of energy in indiaswapoo371
Conventional energy and Non-Conventional Sources of Energy In India,
solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, bio energy,Conventional Sources of Energy,Coal,Oil and Natural Gas,Electricity.Thermal Power , Hydro-electric power ,Nuclear Power,Advantages of Non-Conventional Sources of Energy,disAdvantages Conventional Sources of Energy
The document discusses various energy resources and their use. It provides information on global and Indian energy consumption and installed capacity. It discusses different types of energy resources including fossil fuels, renewable resources like wind and solar energy, and emerging technologies like hydrogen fuel cells. It also covers topics like India's energy balance, installed wind capacity by Indian states, advantages and disadvantages of different energy sources, and problems due to overuse of non-renewable resources.
This document provides information about various energy resources, including their advantages and disadvantages. It discusses both non-renewable resources like coal, oil, and natural gas, as well as renewable resources such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, tidal, biomass, and geothermal. For each type of energy, it lists key pros and cons, such as coal being abundant but emitting greenhouse gases, and solar producing no waste but having high upfront costs. It also poses reflection questions to encourage deeper consideration of the topics.
This document summarizes a presentation made by Akram Khalid, CEO of Pakistan Prosperity Initiative, at a seminar on energy and the environment. The presentation covered topics such as the relationship between energy, development, and the environment; sources of energy in Pakistan and their advantages and disadvantages; and the civil society perspective on ensuring adequate, affordable energy while maintaining environmental sustainability. Key recommendations included improving energy availability through new sources like shale gas, increasing the share of renewable and nuclear energy, and promoting energy conservation. Civil society organizations were urged to create awareness on these issues and advocate for transparent, environmentally-friendly energy policies and governance.
This document provides an overview of chapters in an eBook about renewable energy's impact on hydrocarbon dominance. Chapter 1 discusses the current dominance of coal, crude oil, and natural gas globally. Chapter 2 examines renewable energy development and investment among G20 nations. Chapter 3 outlines various renewable technologies including wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, tidal, biomass and biofuels. Chapter 4 profiles 5 major companies influencing renewable energy: Google, NextEra Energy Resources, Siemens, GE Energy, and Waste Management. The conclusion notes projections that coal and oil use will increase significantly by 2020 despite rising renewable adoption.
This document provides information about renewable sources of energy. It defines renewable energy as energy from resources that regenerate naturally over human timescales, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat. It then discusses various renewable energy sources including solar energy, wind energy, and geothermal energy. For solar energy, it describes photovoltaic cells and how they work to convert sunlight into electricity. It also explains the use of flat plate collectors to capture solar radiation and convert it to heat. For wind energy, it discusses wind turbines and how their blades capture kinetic energy from the wind to power generators. Finally, it briefly introduces geothermal energy which is thermal energy generated and stored inside the Earth.
This document provides an introduction to non-conventional energy sources. It defines various types of energy sources such as primary and secondary, commercial and non-commercial, and renewable and non-renewable. India's energy scenario is discussed, noting its rapid economic growth places high demand on energy resources. Coal, petroleum and natural gas make up a large portion of India's energy production and consumption currently, though renewable sources such as solar, wind and biomass have significant untapped potential.
Developing renewable energy sources is the means to secure for safe future.sarbottam silwal
Renewable energy sources like sunlight, wind, and tides provide approximately 16% of the world's daily energy needs and have several key advantages over non-renewable sources. Renewable sources can be replenished continuously without depletion, and do not pollute the environment when used. They also promote economic growth through jobs in industries powered by renewable electricity and lower long-term maintenance costs compared to fossil fuels. Transitioning to greater use of renewable sources will help ensure a safer, healthier future by reducing harmful greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming.
This document summarizes information about renewable energy sources including wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass. It notes that renewable energy capacity and generation has been growing rapidly worldwide in recent decades and now accounts for around 16% of global energy consumption and 19% of electricity generation. The document discusses the major renewable technologies, their geographical distribution, factors driving further development, and projections that renewable energy could supply most or all of the world's electricity within the next 50 years.
Captive biomass energy plantations are proposed as a solution to issues with conventional biomass power plants in India. Planting fast-growing trees and grasses on wastelands could provide a low-cost, secure fuel source for biomass power plants. This would allow 24-hour renewable energy production and potentially replace thermal power plants. Large-scale biomass plantations could eliminate carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels by being carbon neutral, as well as reducing air pollution, creating jobs, and achieving energy security through domestic fuel sources. However, changing priorities would be needed to actualize this vision at a global scale.
This document provides information on energy conservation and efficiency. It discusses why conservation is important, actions individuals and communities can take to conserve energy, and programs to promote conservation. Key points covered include the benefits of conservation in reducing fossil fuel usage and greenhouse gas emissions, strategies cities are using to become more sustainable like green fleets and renewable energy, and specific steps homeowners can take to save energy.
The document outlines the IB syllabus for sections 3.3.1 through 3.3.3 which involve outlining energy resources available to societies, evaluating advantages and disadvantages of contrasting energy sources, and discussing factors affecting energy source choices. It then provides information on different types of energy resources including fossil fuels, nuclear, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and wind. Charts show current and projected global energy usage from different sources over time. Advantages and disadvantages of oil, coal, nuclear power, and solar power are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of energy sources, including renewable and non-renewable resources. It addresses issues like increasing energy usage due to population growth and economic development. Non-renewable fossil fuels are finite and cause pollution problems like acid rain and global warming. Solutions proposed include more efficient energy usage, renewable resources, and international agreements to reduce emissions.
The document discusses the future of energy in Bangladesh. It outlines various renewable and non-renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, biomass, municipal solid waste, coal, crude oil, and natural gas. For renewable sources, it provides brief descriptions of how each works. It also notes that scientists in Bangladesh have identified reserves of heavy minerals in sea sands. The document is authored by Shamil Arfan Tuhin and is intended to outline energy topics for Bangladesh.
The document discusses various sources of energy, including renewable and non-renewable sources. It provides information on different types of non-renewable resources like coal, natural gas, and nuclear power. It also discusses renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and geothermal energy. Additionally, it covers topics like acid rain, global warming, and ways to conserve resources and reduce pollution from energy production and usage.
This is the PowerPoint presentation I used to teach elementary and junior high students about renewable energy. I recommend at least 90 minutes for the presentation, in order to get the most participation and discussion out of the classroom.
This document discusses conventional energy sources such as fossil fuels including oil, natural gas, and coal. It provides details on:
- Where these energy sources come from and how they are formed over long periods of time
- The extraction and processing methods used to produce usable fuels from these resources
- How these conventional fuels are used today to power transportation, generate electricity, heat homes and more, but also have disadvantages like greenhouse gas emissions and finite supply.
This project enumerates ways to mitigate climate change through eight strategies. Each strategy, called as 'wedge', when implemented could reduce carbon emission by 1b ton by 2055. This project prioritizes these strategies based on cost of implementation and public opinion. Ranks are assigned from 1 to 8, with 1 for highly feasible [low cost and less criticism] and 8 for hardly feasible.
As seen from the presentation, adopting to biofuels is found to be least feasible (rank-8), followed by fuel switching for electricity (rank-7). In contrast, improving transport efficiency is found to be highly feasible (rank-1), followed by efficiency in electricity production (rank-2). Justifications (qualitative and quantitative) are provided for the ranking of each strategy.
In the concluding slides, stakeholder perspectives are provided for automobile industry and industrial/developing nations. The climate wedges concept was developed by Princeton University, Ford and BP to find solutions to greenhouse gas problem (see references).
Reference:
- Carbon Mitigation Initiative http://cmi.princeton.edu/wedges/
- Stabilization Wedges Game https://cmi.princeton.edu/wedges/pdfs/teachers_guide.pdf
This work is done as a part of graduate course titled Global Air Pollutants in Spring 2016. The author was pursuing MS in Environmental Engineering Sciences at University of Florida during the making of this project.
The document discusses renewable energy sources as alternatives to non-renewable energy sources that damage the environment. It summarizes various renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal, and fuel cells. India has potential to harness energy from these sources to meet its growing energy needs in a sustainable manner. However, it currently utilizes renewable sources like solar and wind at a very low capacity compared to its potential. More research and efforts are needed to promote the increased use of renewable energy.
Top 5 renewable energy sources of near futureVik Aggarwal
The document summarizes 5 renewable energy sources that are expected to be prominent in the near future:
1) Solar energy is predicted to provide nearly a quarter of the world's electricity by 2050 according to the IEA.
2) Wind energy is becoming more efficient and cost effective, with the largest US wind farm in Texas and UK leading in offshore wind.
3) Kinetic energy from motion can be captured at industrial levels with companies investing in research.
4) Hydroelectric power accounts for 19% of global electricity and abundant potential remains in developing regions.
5) Wave motion energy is still being developed but the Aguçadoura Wave Farm in Portugal was an early commercial project.
This document outlines a class on renewable energy sources. It includes the teacher's profile, learning outcomes, and content to be covered. The class will discuss different energy sources like fossil fuels, renewable energy, and their definitions. It will involve a group work activity where students identify ways to use renewable sources. These include solar panels, wind turbines, hydroelectricity, and biomass. The class will conclude with questions and answers to reinforce key concepts like the differences between non-renewable and renewable energy sources. Students are assigned homework to write a 100-word summary of the passage.
This document provides an overview of energy sources and conservation. It discusses key scientists in energy development like James Joule and the laws of thermodynamics. It also covers various energy sources like fossil fuels, nuclear power, solar energy, and biomass. Non-renewable energy sources are those that cannot be replaced quickly, like coal, petroleum and natural gas. Renewable sources include solar, wind and biomass. The document examines energy usage trends worldwide and in India. It analyzes challenges around meeting India's increasing energy demands in a sustainable manner.
This document discusses various renewable energy sources including solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass. It provides details on how each works, their advantages, and disadvantages. Hydroelectric energy is highlighted as being cheap to operate with low emissions, but can displace populations and negatively impact ecosystems. Wind energy is free and clean but intermittent. Biomass has potential to be carbon neutral but often has low energy yields and agricultural impacts. The hydrogen economy is also introduced as a hypothetical future system where hydrogen plays a central role, especially in transportation.
An activity in class that shows how natural selection works. Students create offspring with genetic diversity, and nature chooses the organism best adapted to survive and reproduce. Over thousands of generations (5-6 rotations) a new species develops.
Fossils form in several ways, including as molds or casts of organisms, as trace fossils showing animal activity, or through complete preservation of organisms over time. Some key types are amber fossils, which preserve whole insects in tree sap, and petrified fossils where minerals replace decaying wood. The class will learn about where fossils are commonly found and how some important fossil formation processes work.
This document provides an introduction to non-conventional energy sources. It defines various types of energy sources such as primary and secondary, commercial and non-commercial, and renewable and non-renewable. India's energy scenario is discussed, noting its rapid economic growth places high demand on energy resources. Coal, petroleum and natural gas make up a large portion of India's energy production and consumption currently, though renewable sources such as solar, wind and biomass have significant untapped potential.
Developing renewable energy sources is the means to secure for safe future.sarbottam silwal
Renewable energy sources like sunlight, wind, and tides provide approximately 16% of the world's daily energy needs and have several key advantages over non-renewable sources. Renewable sources can be replenished continuously without depletion, and do not pollute the environment when used. They also promote economic growth through jobs in industries powered by renewable electricity and lower long-term maintenance costs compared to fossil fuels. Transitioning to greater use of renewable sources will help ensure a safer, healthier future by reducing harmful greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming.
This document summarizes information about renewable energy sources including wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass. It notes that renewable energy capacity and generation has been growing rapidly worldwide in recent decades and now accounts for around 16% of global energy consumption and 19% of electricity generation. The document discusses the major renewable technologies, their geographical distribution, factors driving further development, and projections that renewable energy could supply most or all of the world's electricity within the next 50 years.
Captive biomass energy plantations are proposed as a solution to issues with conventional biomass power plants in India. Planting fast-growing trees and grasses on wastelands could provide a low-cost, secure fuel source for biomass power plants. This would allow 24-hour renewable energy production and potentially replace thermal power plants. Large-scale biomass plantations could eliminate carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels by being carbon neutral, as well as reducing air pollution, creating jobs, and achieving energy security through domestic fuel sources. However, changing priorities would be needed to actualize this vision at a global scale.
This document provides information on energy conservation and efficiency. It discusses why conservation is important, actions individuals and communities can take to conserve energy, and programs to promote conservation. Key points covered include the benefits of conservation in reducing fossil fuel usage and greenhouse gas emissions, strategies cities are using to become more sustainable like green fleets and renewable energy, and specific steps homeowners can take to save energy.
The document outlines the IB syllabus for sections 3.3.1 through 3.3.3 which involve outlining energy resources available to societies, evaluating advantages and disadvantages of contrasting energy sources, and discussing factors affecting energy source choices. It then provides information on different types of energy resources including fossil fuels, nuclear, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and wind. Charts show current and projected global energy usage from different sources over time. Advantages and disadvantages of oil, coal, nuclear power, and solar power are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of energy sources, including renewable and non-renewable resources. It addresses issues like increasing energy usage due to population growth and economic development. Non-renewable fossil fuels are finite and cause pollution problems like acid rain and global warming. Solutions proposed include more efficient energy usage, renewable resources, and international agreements to reduce emissions.
The document discusses the future of energy in Bangladesh. It outlines various renewable and non-renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, biomass, municipal solid waste, coal, crude oil, and natural gas. For renewable sources, it provides brief descriptions of how each works. It also notes that scientists in Bangladesh have identified reserves of heavy minerals in sea sands. The document is authored by Shamil Arfan Tuhin and is intended to outline energy topics for Bangladesh.
The document discusses various sources of energy, including renewable and non-renewable sources. It provides information on different types of non-renewable resources like coal, natural gas, and nuclear power. It also discusses renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and geothermal energy. Additionally, it covers topics like acid rain, global warming, and ways to conserve resources and reduce pollution from energy production and usage.
This is the PowerPoint presentation I used to teach elementary and junior high students about renewable energy. I recommend at least 90 minutes for the presentation, in order to get the most participation and discussion out of the classroom.
This document discusses conventional energy sources such as fossil fuels including oil, natural gas, and coal. It provides details on:
- Where these energy sources come from and how they are formed over long periods of time
- The extraction and processing methods used to produce usable fuels from these resources
- How these conventional fuels are used today to power transportation, generate electricity, heat homes and more, but also have disadvantages like greenhouse gas emissions and finite supply.
This project enumerates ways to mitigate climate change through eight strategies. Each strategy, called as 'wedge', when implemented could reduce carbon emission by 1b ton by 2055. This project prioritizes these strategies based on cost of implementation and public opinion. Ranks are assigned from 1 to 8, with 1 for highly feasible [low cost and less criticism] and 8 for hardly feasible.
As seen from the presentation, adopting to biofuels is found to be least feasible (rank-8), followed by fuel switching for electricity (rank-7). In contrast, improving transport efficiency is found to be highly feasible (rank-1), followed by efficiency in electricity production (rank-2). Justifications (qualitative and quantitative) are provided for the ranking of each strategy.
In the concluding slides, stakeholder perspectives are provided for automobile industry and industrial/developing nations. The climate wedges concept was developed by Princeton University, Ford and BP to find solutions to greenhouse gas problem (see references).
Reference:
- Carbon Mitigation Initiative http://cmi.princeton.edu/wedges/
- Stabilization Wedges Game https://cmi.princeton.edu/wedges/pdfs/teachers_guide.pdf
This work is done as a part of graduate course titled Global Air Pollutants in Spring 2016. The author was pursuing MS in Environmental Engineering Sciences at University of Florida during the making of this project.
The document discusses renewable energy sources as alternatives to non-renewable energy sources that damage the environment. It summarizes various renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal, and fuel cells. India has potential to harness energy from these sources to meet its growing energy needs in a sustainable manner. However, it currently utilizes renewable sources like solar and wind at a very low capacity compared to its potential. More research and efforts are needed to promote the increased use of renewable energy.
Top 5 renewable energy sources of near futureVik Aggarwal
The document summarizes 5 renewable energy sources that are expected to be prominent in the near future:
1) Solar energy is predicted to provide nearly a quarter of the world's electricity by 2050 according to the IEA.
2) Wind energy is becoming more efficient and cost effective, with the largest US wind farm in Texas and UK leading in offshore wind.
3) Kinetic energy from motion can be captured at industrial levels with companies investing in research.
4) Hydroelectric power accounts for 19% of global electricity and abundant potential remains in developing regions.
5) Wave motion energy is still being developed but the Aguçadoura Wave Farm in Portugal was an early commercial project.
This document outlines a class on renewable energy sources. It includes the teacher's profile, learning outcomes, and content to be covered. The class will discuss different energy sources like fossil fuels, renewable energy, and their definitions. It will involve a group work activity where students identify ways to use renewable sources. These include solar panels, wind turbines, hydroelectricity, and biomass. The class will conclude with questions and answers to reinforce key concepts like the differences between non-renewable and renewable energy sources. Students are assigned homework to write a 100-word summary of the passage.
This document provides an overview of energy sources and conservation. It discusses key scientists in energy development like James Joule and the laws of thermodynamics. It also covers various energy sources like fossil fuels, nuclear power, solar energy, and biomass. Non-renewable energy sources are those that cannot be replaced quickly, like coal, petroleum and natural gas. Renewable sources include solar, wind and biomass. The document examines energy usage trends worldwide and in India. It analyzes challenges around meeting India's increasing energy demands in a sustainable manner.
This document discusses various renewable energy sources including solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass. It provides details on how each works, their advantages, and disadvantages. Hydroelectric energy is highlighted as being cheap to operate with low emissions, but can displace populations and negatively impact ecosystems. Wind energy is free and clean but intermittent. Biomass has potential to be carbon neutral but often has low energy yields and agricultural impacts. The hydrogen economy is also introduced as a hypothetical future system where hydrogen plays a central role, especially in transportation.
An activity in class that shows how natural selection works. Students create offspring with genetic diversity, and nature chooses the organism best adapted to survive and reproduce. Over thousands of generations (5-6 rotations) a new species develops.
Fossils form in several ways, including as molds or casts of organisms, as trace fossils showing animal activity, or through complete preservation of organisms over time. Some key types are amber fossils, which preserve whole insects in tree sap, and petrified fossils where minerals replace decaying wood. The class will learn about where fossils are commonly found and how some important fossil formation processes work.
The document discusses how fossils form and how their ages are determined. Fossils form through a process called fossilization when organisms are rapidly buried and protected from decay. This allows their remains to be preserved over long periods of time. Conditions ideal for fossilization most often occur underwater, where sediments accumulate. Paleontologists can determine a fossil's approximate age either through relative dating, comparing rock layers above and below the fossil, or radiometric dating which measures radioactive decay since the fossil was buried.
El documento presenta las teorías evolucionistas de Lamarck, Darwin y Wallace. Lamarck propuso que los organismos se adaptan a su entorno a través del uso y desuso de órganos, y que estas características adquiridas se heredan. Darwin y Wallace independientemente propusieron que la evolución ocurre a través de la selección natural, donde variaciones casuales pueden dar una ventaja reproductiva. Explican cómo estas teorías podrían haber causado la evolución del largo cuello de las jirafas.
This glossary defines important terms related to patterns of evolution. It includes definitions for over 40 key concepts such as adaptive feature, adaptive radiation, allopatric speciation, convergent evolution, genetic drift, macroevolution, microevolution, natural selection, polyploidy, reproductive isolation, species, and stabilizing selection. The glossary provides concise explanations of these fundamental evolutionary concepts.
1. Artificial selection through experiments by biologists provides evidence of natural selection. The only difference is that humans rather than nature determine which individuals pass on their genes.
2. Direct observation of evolution over time has found directional selection leading to traits like darker pigmentation, larger brain size, faster enzymes, and more extensive root systems.
3. Patterns of adaptation like convergent and divergent evolution provide further evidence. Convergent evolution occurs when similar environments produce similar adaptations in different organisms, while divergent evolution produces different adaptations in closely related organisms facing different environments.
This document summarizes key aspects of evolution including:
1) It discusses early thinkers like Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace and how they developed the theory of natural selection by observing finches in the Galapagos Islands.
2) It then explains key evolutionary concepts like natural selection, variation, adaptation, and provides examples of evidence for evolution such as fossils, vestigial structures, and DNA evidence.
3) Finally, it summarizes primate evolution, describing traits of primates, their geographic distribution, the lineage leading to humans, and the ongoing debate about teaching evolution in schools.
The document discusses the geologic time scale, which provides information about changes to Earth over long periods of time. Scientists use evidence such as rock layers, fossils, and radioactive dating to construct the time scale. It divides Earth's history into eras, periods, and epochs. The oldest era is Precambrian, followed by Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and most recent Cenozoic era. Each era represents major shifts in life or environment according to the fossil record within rock layers.
The document discusses various mechanisms of evolution including genetic drift, stabilizing selection, directional selection, disruptive selection, speciation, geographic isolation, reproductive isolation, polyploidy, gradualism, and punctuated equilibrium. Examples are provided of convergent and divergent evolution as well as stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection. The document also reviews important evolutionary terms like gene pool, allelic frequency, and genetic equilibrium.
IB Biology markscheme, past exam papers, notes and 2012 IB Biology syllabus. IB Biology option D evolution markscheme. IB Biology option D evolution notes, IB Biology option D Evolution exam papers, IB Biology option E markscheme, IB Biology option E notes, IB Biology option E Neurobiology papers, IB Biology Option A Human Nutrition and Health syllabus 2012, Stimulus and response, Homologous structures, Pavlov experiments.
1) This document contains an activity guiding students through a simulation of island biogeography. It asks students to hypothesize which type of island (large and close, large but far, small but close, small and far) will receive the most immigrants.
2) Students are instructed to record immigration data to each island type over 5 years and calculate averages to determine which island received the highest percentage of total immigrants.
3) The document asks students to analyze whether their original hypothesis was correct based on the results and explain the outcomes of the simulation.
The document contains questions about geology and the geologic timescale. It includes questions about the major divisions of the geologic timescale, how it helps visualize Earth's history, whether fossils would be found from the Precambrian period, and how dinosaurs became extinct. The document also provides links to resources about the geologic timescale and Earth's history.
This document provides a review of key concepts in relative dating, absolute dating, and fossils. It discusses principles of original horizontality and superposition that allow geologists to relatively date rock layers. Absolute dating techniques like radiometric dating that measure radioactive decay are described, specifically carbon-14 and uranium-238 dating. Details are given about fossils, including trace fossils, casts, molds and index fossils used as evidence in dating the age of rocks and fossils.
Evolution refers to change over time, with MRSA and natural selection mentioned as examples. Darwin and Wallace's theory of natural selection proposes that variability within species leads to competition where adaptive traits allow some individuals to win out and pass those traits to offspring.
The document discusses geologic time and the geologic column. It is divided into major eons like the Precambrian and Phanerzoic eon. Each eon contains eras like the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras which are further divided into periods and epochs. Laws governing the geologic column are also described, such as the laws of superposition, original horizontality, and crosscutting relationships which are used to reconstruct geologic history and determine relative ages of rock layers.
The document summarizes key aspects of the geologic time scale including its structure from present to past and major divisions of Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. It notes that Precambrian time covers around 88% of Earth's history and ended 544 million years ago. The eras are further divided into periods ranging from tens to less than 2 million years, with the Cenozoic periods divided into epochs due to its more complete fossil record.
The geologic time scale divides Earth's history into units of time called eons, eras, periods, and epochs. Eons are the largest unit of time and are divided into shorter eras, which are further divided into periods and epochs to create smaller and more specific time spans. These divisions make up the geologic time scale and represent changes in life forms and rock formations over the planet's 4.56 billion year history.
The document discusses several key concepts related to microevolution and population genetics, including:
- Gene pools and allelic frequencies changing over time through mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, and non-random mating can cause microevolution.
- Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele frequencies remain stable in a population not experiencing these evolutionary forces.
- Types of natural selection include directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection.
- Speciation occurs when reproductive isolation leads to the splitting of one species into two or more distinct species over time. Mechanisms of isolation can be prezygotic or postzygotic.
Bio 163 patterns of evolution and genes lmk 2013lkocian
This document discusses key patterns and processes of evolution including:
1) Macroevolution occurs over long periods of time and involves changes across species, while microevolution is small-scale changes within a species.
2) Speciation requires reproductive isolation that separates gene pools into different species.
3) Extinction patterns include background extinction and mass extinctions caused by events like asteroids or climate change.
4) Evolutionary rates can be gradual or punctuated by long stable periods followed by rapid change.
This document outlines the major scientific movements and developments that led to the field of evolutionary psychology. It discusses early evolutionary thinkers before Darwin like Lamarck and Cuvier. It then covers Darwin's theory of natural selection and sexual selection. Later developments discussed include Mendel's work on genetics, the modern evolutionary synthesis, ethology, inclusive fitness theory, sociobiology, and milestones in human evolution and psychology.
The document discusses various nonrenewable energy resources including oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear power. It covers topics like net energy yields, reserves and consumption levels, extraction and refining processes, environmental impacts, and challenges associated with each resource. Key points addressed include heavy reliance on oil but declining reserves, abundant coal but high pollution, and low accident risk but high costs and waste issues for nuclear power. Experts disagree on the best path forward regarding these nonrenewable energy sources.
This document discusses different types of non-renewable energy sources including fossil fuels like oil, coal, and natural gas as well as nuclear power. It notes that fossil fuels will be depleted within 50-100 years at current consumption rates. It also discusses the environmental impacts of burning fossil fuels and extracting oil. The document provides an overview of how nuclear power plants work and some of the challenges facing the nuclear industry.
This document provides an overview of various energy topics including:
- The main commercial energy sources are fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas, as well as nuclear power. Renewable sources like solar, wind and hydropower are also discussed.
- Fossil fuels are non-renewable and their extraction and use causes environmental problems. Nuclear power presents issues with waste disposal. Renewables have potential but limited application currently.
- Conservation efforts and more efficient energy usage can help address these challenges. Alternative technologies like fuel cells may provide cleaner energy sources. Overall the best energy future would diversify sources and continue developing renewables.
This document discusses various energy resources including renewable and non-renewable sources. It notes that 16% of energy comes from renewable sources such as solar, wind, water, and biomass while 84% comes from non-renewable sources like oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear power. It provides details on the formation, extraction or production, uses, and trade-offs of different energy sources. These include discussions of oil and natural gas formation from dead marine organisms, coal formation over millions of years, nuclear fission reactions, and renewable options like solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal energy. The document emphasizes evaluating different energy sources based on factors like availability, yields, costs, environmental impacts, and sustainability
Energy resources and its uses its impact.pptSubhanAli78
The document discusses various energy resources and their uses. It notes that most developed countries rely on energy for industry, domestic use, and transportation. It evaluates different energy sources based on their renewability, availability, efficiency, environmental impacts, and other factors. It outlines that 16% of energy comes from renewable sources like geothermal, wind, water, solar, and biofuels, while 84% is from non-renewable sources like fossil fuels and nuclear power. The document stresses that improving energy efficiency and transitioning to more renewable resources are needed to address the growing energy demand in a sustainable way.
Lesson 7 Waste from Nuclear Power Plants | The Harnessed Atom (2016)ORAU
- Nuclear power plants produce radioactive waste from spent nuclear fuel and other materials that require special disposal methods.
- There are two main types of radioactive waste - low-level waste which is buried in disposal sites, and high-level waste like spent nuclear fuel which requires more long-term storage or isolation.
- Spent nuclear fuel is initially stored in cooling pools at the plant, then may be transferred to dry cask storage while a permanent disposal solution is sought. Underground geologic repositories have been proposed but none have been completed in the United States.
Global Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy Future
The document discusses the ongoing global transition away from fossil fuels toward renewable energy. It outlines the rise of solar, wind, and other renewable sources of energy as coal, oil, and nuclear power decline. Coal use is peaking in many countries as plants close due to regulations and competition from cheaper renewables and natural gas. Solar and wind power have experienced remarkable cost declines and are increasingly outcompeting fossil fuels in many places. The transition is being driven by falling prices, technological advances, concerns about pollution and climate change, and shrinking fossil fuel reserves that are harder and more expensive to access.
The document discusses renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. It describes how solar energy is captured through photovoltaic systems and thermal power plants. Wind power capacity reached 47,300 MW globally by the end of 2004. Hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water by using dams to store water in reservoirs and releasing it to spin turbines. Renewable sources have positive impacts like lack of emissions but also negatives like unreliability from varying natural conditions.
Non-renewable Resources slides by Kiersten LippmannKiersten Lippmann
Graphic heavy slides to engage students based on Essential Environment by Withgott and Laposota. Slides cover Chapter 15 on non-renewable Energy Sources
This document provides an introduction to non-conventional energy sources. It discusses the need to transition away from fossil fuels to renewable sources due to fears of fossil fuel exhaustion. It then defines different forms of energy and explains the law of conservation of energy. The document goes on to classify energy sources as primary, secondary, and supplementary. It provides examples and characteristics of various non-conventional energy sources including solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, tidal, and hydroelectric energy.
This document discusses energy security and the challenges of meeting global energy demand. It notes that while some countries have access to domestic fossil fuel reserves, many rely on imports along vulnerable international trade routes. Disruptions to energy supply could have significant economic and social impacts. The document also explores options for transitioning to renewable and sustainable energy sources to improve long-term energy security while reducing environmental impacts.
GEOG 102 discusses energy resources. It begins by defining energy and examining humanity's changing usage of different energy sources over time. Major sources include fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Coal formed from decayed plant matter and fueled the early Industrial Revolution. Petroleum is extracted from sedimentary basins and powers much of transportation. Natural gas is composed primarily of methane and other hydrocarbons. The document also addresses challenges around ensuring a stable energy supply and developing more environmentally friendly sources.
The document discusses various ways to improve energy efficiency and increase the use of renewable energy sources. It describes how energy can be wasted through inefficient devices like incandescent light bulbs and internal combustion engines. It then outlines numerous solutions to save energy, such as improving industrial processes, building design, transportation fuel efficiency, and developing renewable sources like solar, wind, hydropower, and biofuels. The document also notes challenges to transitioning to renewable energy including high costs, technical limitations, and reliance on fossil fuels in production.
Geo is very important information about geological life and environment so this PPT presentation is very crucial and give me information about geological survey
GEOG 102 discusses energy resources and covers three main topics: energy, conventional energy resources, and alternative energy resources. Under conventional energy resources, it summarizes coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower, and nuclear power. Coal formed from decayed plant matter and fueled the industrial revolution. Petroleum is formed from decayed plants and is a highly utilized resource, especially for transportation. Natural gas, hydropower, and nuclear power are also described as major conventional energy sources.
The document discusses and compares various renewable and non-renewable energy sources, outlining their advantages and disadvantages. It provides details on different renewable technologies like solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, tidal, and biomass power as well as non-renewable sources such as fossil fuels, coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear power. The document also discusses energy efficiency and conservation as important tools for transitioning to cleaner energy.
This document discusses various sources of energy, focusing on fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas. It describes how each fossil fuel is formed over long periods of time and must be extracted through hazardous mining or drilling processes. Burning these fossil fuels powers our society but also produces air and water pollution and greenhouse gases that contribute to issues like acid rain and global climate change which threaten agriculture. As fossil fuels are non-renewable, alternatives are needed to meet rising energy demand while reducing environmental impacts.
This document discusses different energy sources and their relation to agriculture. It begins by explaining how agriculture relies heavily on energy in various forms. It then discusses fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas in detail - how they are formed over long periods, extracted via mining and drilling, refined, and used widely. However, these non-renewable fossil fuels also have significant disadvantages like pollution, health impacts, depletion of supplies, and contribution to global warming. The document examines these issues and alternatives briefly to provide context on energy and agriculture.
This chapter discusses economics, the environment, and sustainability. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
Economic systems depend on natural, human, and manufactured capital. Markets fail to fully account for environmental costs, so governments intervene through various policies. Moving to a more sustainable economy will require shifting subsidies from polluting to green industries, taxing pollution over profits, and creating new green jobs in renewable energy and recycling.
This document discusses trends in urbanization and sustainability issues facing cities. It notes that half the world's population now lives in urban areas, with migration from rural to urban areas driven by factors like poverty and lack of opportunity. As urban populations grow, issues around sprawl, pollution, poverty, and transportation have emerged. The document examines strategies some cities are using to promote compact growth, reduce car dependence, preserve open space, and generally enhance sustainability.
This chapter outline discusses key topics in conservation biology including:
1) The goals of conservation biology are to conserve natural resources for current and future generations and support biodiversity by reducing species extinctions.
2) There is high biodiversity on Earth between 10-50 million species, but nearly 1,200 in the US and 40,000 worldwide are endangered.
3) Conserving genetic, ecosystem, and landscape diversity helps preserve species and ecosystems.
The document outlines different ecosystems of the biosphere, including how solar radiation, winds, and topography influence climate. It discusses various land ecosystems like tundra, forests, grasslands, deserts that exist in different regions due to climate factors. Freshwater ecosystems like streams and lakes are described along with coastal ecosystems. Finally, marine ecosystems are covered, including ocean zones and coral reefs.
This document is an outline for Chapter 38 of an ecology textbook. It covers several key topics:
1) Competition can lead to resource partitioning between species to decrease competition. Predator-prey interactions also affect population numbers of both species.
2) Antipredator defenses in prey include camouflage, warning coloration, and mimicry. Parasitism involves a parasite infecting a host, while commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other.
3) Mutualism benefits both participant species, like the relationship between plants and pollinators. Ecological succession is the replacement of species over time after a disturbance.
This document provides an outline of key topics from Chapter 36 on population ecology. It discusses how ecology can be studied at different levels from organisms to ecosystems. It also covers concepts such as population density and distribution, factors that influence population growth rates, survivorship curves, exponential and logistic growth models, and density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors. The chapter utilizes figures and diagrams to illustrate these ecological principles.
The document provides an outline of key topics in evolution of animals, including:
1) Animals have distinctive characteristics like being multicellular, heterotrophic, and often sexually reproducing. They have muscles, nerves, and various types of symmetry.
2) Early animal phyla include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, and molluscs which have features like radial or bilateral symmetry and the presence or absence of tissues and body cavities.
3) More complex animals include segmented worms, arthropods like insects and crustaceans, echinoderms, and chordates including vertebrates. These groups show increasing complexity in anatomy, tissues, and organ systems.
The document outlines the life cycle and reproductive processes in flowering plants. It describes the alternation of generations between diploid sporophytes and haploid gametophytes. The sporophyte produces spores via meiosis and the gametophyte generates gametes. Fertilization occurs when sperm fertilizes an egg, forming a zygote that develops into a seed containing an embryo. The ovary becomes a fruit, dispersing seeds that can germinate to form new sporophytes, completing the cycle. Flowers are adaptations that produce and protect gametophytes and attract pollinators like insects and birds to facilitate fertilization.
Plants transport water and nutrients throughout their systems using two transport tissues: xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals absorbed by the roots up to the leaves, relying on the cohesion-tension model. Transpiration through leaf stomata creates a pulling force that draws the water column through the xylem. Phloem transports sugars made in leaves to all parts of the plant using pressure flow, with a concentration gradient driving the movement of sugars from sources to sinks. Guard cells regulate stomatal openings to control water loss through transpiration. Plants require certain essential nutrients obtained from the soil to complete their life cycles.
This document discusses solid and hazardous waste. It notes that developed countries produce the majority of hazardous waste. Various methods for managing solid and hazardous waste are discussed, including reducing waste production, reuse, recycling, composting, burning, burying, and long-term storage. Integrated waste management is presented as using a variety of these strategies together. Citizen action and policy changes are needed to further encourage waste reduction and sustainable management.
This document provides an outline of Chapter 21 from a biology textbook. It discusses plant organization and homeostasis. It begins by describing the basic shoot and root systems of flowering plants, including stems, leaves, branches, and roots. It then explains how plants are categorized as monocots or eudicots based on structural differences. The document outlines the three main tissue types found in plants - epidermal, ground, and vascular tissue - and how they are arranged and function in leaves, stems, and roots. It concludes by describing primary growth and how it causes lengthening of the root and shoot systems through cell division in the meristems located at the tips.
This document provides an outline on the evolution of plants and fungi. It discusses how plants evolved from green algae around 500 million years ago, sharing characteristics like chlorophyll and starch storage. It then describes the alternation of generations life cycle, with multicellular sporophyte and gametophyte stages that alternate. Having a dominant sporophyte generation allowed plants to grow larger and adapt to dry land by developing vascular tissue for water transport. Seed plants further enhanced reproduction in dry conditions by protecting eggs in ovules.
The document discusses various sources and impacts of water pollution. It describes point sources like industrial facilities that pollute water at specific locations, and nonpoint sources like agricultural runoff that are diffuse and hard to regulate. Major causes of water pollution include agriculture, industry, and mining. Water pollutants can harm human health and aquatic ecosystems. Solutions discussed include better regulation, pollution prevention, water treatment and protecting watersheds.
This document discusses climate change and ozone depletion. It describes the difference between weather and climate, and how the climate has changed naturally over billions of years due to various factors. However, the climate is now changing faster due to human emissions of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels and deforestation. This is causing the atmosphere and oceans to warm, glaciers and ice sheets to melt, and sea levels to rise. Unless emissions are reduced, the consequences could be severe, including more extreme weather, worsening droughts and wildfires, flooded coastlines, and disrupted ecosystems. The document also discusses efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change through reducing emissions and preparing for impacts. Finally, it covers the issue of ozone depletion from
This document discusses air pollution, its sources, impacts, and solutions. It covers outdoor pollution from industrial activities and vehicles, as well as indoor pollution from burning biomass. Key points are that air pollution causes over 2 million premature deaths annually, with indoor pollution responsible for about two-thirds of deaths, primarily in developing countries. Solutions discussed include pollution prevention and regulations in developed countries, as well as cleaner cooking technologies in developing world contexts.
1. Humans face health risks from infectious diseases, chemicals that cause cancer and birth defects, and chemicals that disrupt human systems.
2. It is difficult to evaluate harm from chemical exposure, so some experts advocate pollution prevention.
3. Being informed, thinking critically about risks, and making careful choices can reduce major health risks.
This document provides an outline of Chapter 16 from a textbook on microbial life and evolution. It discusses the basic structure and classification of viruses. It describes how some viruses reproduce inside bacteria through lytic and lysogenic cycles. Examples of plant diseases caused by viruses are given. Emergent viral diseases in humans are discussed, including influenza, SARS, Ebola, and avian influenza. The life cycle of an animal DNA virus is outlined, from attachment to a host cell through biosynthesis, maturation and release of new viral particles.
This document provides an outline of key topics in the evolution of protists. It discusses how protists are a diverse group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes that are not animals, fungi, or plants. They range in size and have various modes of nutrition and reproduction. Examples are provided of different protist groups like flagellates, amoebas, ciliates, and apicomplexans. Aquatic algae examples like diatoms, dinoflagellates, red algae, brown algae, and green algae are also outlined. Diagrams illustrate cellular features and life cycles of select protist species.
This document is a lecture outline on Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution. It covers Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle where he made observations of animals in different parts of the world. It discusses how Darwin was influenced by earlier scientists like Cuvier and Lamarck and how he developed the theory of natural selection based on his observations of variations between individuals and how certain traits could provide advantages for survival and reproduction. The document outlines Darwin's key ideas of natural selection and variation within populations. It also notes that Alfred Wallace independently developed a similar theory of natural selection.
This chapter discusses speciation and evolution. It defines speciation as the splitting of one species into two or more new species over time. Speciation occurs through both allopatric speciation, where a geographic barrier causes populations to evolve separately, and sympatric speciation, where speciation occurs without a geographic barrier. The chapter outlines models of gradualistic versus punctuated equilibrium for the pace of speciation and evolution. It also discusses how regulatory genes can bring about changes in body shapes during speciation and that evolution is not goal-oriented.
3. Basic Science: Net Energy Is the Only
Energy That Really Counts (1)
• First law of thermodynamics:
• It takes high-quality energy to get high-quality energy
• Pumping oil from ground, refining it, transporting it
• Second law of thermodynamics
• Some high-quality energy is wasted at every step
4. Basic Science: Net Energy Is the Only
Energy That Really Counts (2)
• Net energy
• Total amount of useful energy available from a
resource minus the energy needed to make the
energy available to consumers
• Net energy ratio: ratio of energy produced to energy
used to produce it
• Conventional oil: high net energy ratio
7. Energy Resources With Low/Negative Net
Energy Yields Need Marketplace Help
• Cannot compete in open markets with alternatives
that have higher net energy yields
• Need subsidies from taxpayers
• Nuclear power as an example
8. Reducing Energy Waste Improves Net
Energy Yields and Can Save Money
• 84% of all commercial energy used in the U.S. is
wasted
• 43% after accounting for second law of
thermodynamics
• Drive efficient cars, not gas guzzlers
• Make buildings energy efficient
9. We Depend Heavily on Oil (1)
• Petroleum, or crude oil: conventional, or light oil
• Fossil fuels: crude oil and natural gas
• Peak production: time after which production from a well
declines
10. We Depend Heavily on Oil (2)
• Oil extraction and refining
• By boiling point temperature
• Petrochemicals:
• Products of oil distillation
• Raw materials for industrial organic chemicals
• Pesticides
• Paints
• Plastics
12. How Long Might Supplies of Conventional
Crude Oil Last? (1)
• Rapid increase since 1950
• Largest consumers in 2009
• United States, 23%
• China, 8%
• Japan, 6%
13. How Long Might Supplies of Conventional
Crude Oil Last? (2)
• Proven oil reserves
• Identified deposits that can be extracted profitably
with current technology
• Unproven reserves
• Probable reserves: 50% chance of recovery
• Possible reserves: 10-40% chance of recovery
• Proven and unproven reserves will be 80% depleted
sometime between 2050 and 2100
15. Crude Oil in the Arctic National Wildlife
Refuge
Fig. 15-5, p. 376
16. The United States Uses Much More Oil
Than It Produces
• Produces 9% of the world’s oil and uses 23% of
world’s oil
• 1.5% of world’s proven oil reserves
• Imports 52% of its oil
• Should we look for more oil reserves?
• Extremely difficult
• Expensive and financially risky
20. Bird Covered with Oil from an Oil Spill
in Brazilian Waters
Fig. 15-7, p. 377
21. Case Study: Heavy Oil from Tar Sand
• Oil sand, tar sand contains bitumen
• Canada and Venezuela: oil sands have more oil than
in Saudi Arabia
• Extraction
• Serious environmental impact before strip-mining
• Low net energy yield: Is it cost effective?
23. Will Heavy Oil from Oil Shales Be a Useful
Resource?
• Oil shales contain kerogen
• After distillation: shale oil
• 72% of the world’s reserve is in arid areas of western
United States
• Locked up in rock
• Lack of water needed for extraction and processing
• Low net energy yield
24. Oil Shale Rock and the Shale Oil Extracted
from It
Fig. 15-9, p. 379
25. Natural Gas Is a Useful and Clean-Burning
Fossil Fuel
• Natural gas: mixture of gases
• 50-90% is methane -- CH4
• Conventional natural gas
• Sits above oil
27. Is Unconventional Natural Gas the Answer?
• Coal bed methane gas
• In coal beds near the earth’s surface
• In shale beds
• High environmental impacts or extraction
• Methane hydrate
• Trapped in icy water
• In permafrost environments
• On ocean floor
• Costs of extraction currently too high
30. Coal Is a Plentiful but Dirty Fuel (1)
• Coal: solid fossil fuel
• Burned in power plants; generates 42% of the
world’s electricity
• Inefficient
• Three largest coal-burning countries
• China
• United States
• Canada
31. Coal Is a Plentiful but Dirty Fuel (2)
• World’s most abundant fossil fuel
• U.S. has 28% of proven reserves
• Environmental costs of burning coal
• Severe air pollution
• Sulfur released as SO2
• Large amount of soot
• CO2
• Trace amounts of Hg and radioactive materials
32. Air Pollution from a Coal-Burning Industrial
Plant in India
Fig. 15-16, p. 383
33. CO2 Emissions Per Unit of Electrical Energy
Produced for Energy Sources
Fig. 15-17, p. 383
34. World Coal and Natural Gas Consumption,
1950-2009
Figure 7, Supplement 9
35. Coal Consumption in China and the United
States, 1980-2008
Figure 8, Supplement 9
38. The Clean Coal and Anti-Coal Campaigns
• Coal companies and energy companies fought
• Classifying carbon dioxide as a pollutant
• Classifying coal ash as hazardous waste
• Air pollution standards for emissions
• 2008 clean coal campaign
• But no such thing as clean coal
39. How Does a Nuclear Fission
Reactor Work? (1)
• Controlled nuclear fission reaction in a reactor
• Very inefficient
• Fueled by uranium ore and packed as pellets in fuel
rods and fuel assemblies
• Control rods absorb neutrons
40. How Does a Nuclear Fission
Reactor Work? (2)
• Water is the usual coolant
• Containment shell around the core for protection
• Water-filled pools or dry casks for storage of
radioactive spent fuel rod assemblies
42. What Happened to Nuclear Power?
• Slowest-growing energy source and expected to
decline more
• Why?
• Economics
• Poor management
• Low net yield of energy of the nuclear fuel cycle
• Safety concerns
• Need for greater government subsidies
• Concerns of transporting uranium
45. Case Study: Chernobyl: The World’s Worst
Nuclear Power Plant Accident
• Chernobyl
• April 26, 1986
• In Chernobyl, Ukraine
• Series of explosions caused the roof of a reactor
building to blow off
• Partial meltdown and fire for 10 days
• Huge radioactive cloud spread over many countries
and eventually the world
• 350,000 people left their homes
• Effects on human health, water supply, and
agriculture
47. Storing Spent Radioactive Fuel Rods
Presents Risks
• Rods must be replaced every 3-4 years
• Cooled in water-filled pools
• Placed in dry casks
• Must be stored for thousands of years
• Vulnerable to terrorist attack
49. Dealing with Radioactive Wastes Produced by
Nuclear Power Is a Difficult Problem
• High-level radioactive wastes
• Must be stored safely for 10,000–240,000 years
• Where to store it
• Deep burial: safest and cheapest option
• Would any method of burial last long enough?
• There is still no facility
• Shooting it into space is too dangerous
50. What Do We Do with Worn-Out Nuclear
Power Plants?
• Decommission or retire the power plant
• Some options
1. Dismantle the plant and safely store the radioactive materials
2. Enclose the plant behind a physical barrier with full-time
security until a storage facility has been built
3. Enclose the plant in a tomb
• Monitor this for thousands of years
51. Can Nuclear Power Lessen Dependence on
Imported Oil & Reduce Global Warming?
• Nuclear power plants: no CO2 emission
• Nuclear fuel cycle: emits CO2
• Need high rate of building new plants, plus a storage
facility for radioactive wastes
52. Will Nuclear Fusion Save Us?
• “Nuclear fusion
• Fuse lighter elements into heavier elements
• No risk of meltdown or large radioactivity release
• Still in the laboratory phase after 50 years of
research and $34 billion dollars
• 2006: U.S., China, Russia, Japan, South Korea, and
European Union
• Will build a large-scale experimental nuclear fusion
reactor by 2018
54. Experts Disagree about the Future of
Nuclear Power
• Proponents of nuclear power
• Fund more research and development
• Pilot-plant testing of potentially cheaper and safer reactors
• Opponents of nuclear power
• Fund rapid development of energy efficient and renewable
energy resources
55. Three Big Ideas
1. A key factor to consider in evaluating the usefulness of
any energy resource is its net energy yield.
2. Conventional oil, natural gas, and coal are plentiful and
have moderate to high net energy yields, but using any
fossil fuel, especially coal, has a high environmental
impact.
3. Nuclear power has a low environmental impact and a very
low accident risk, but high costs, a low net energy yield,
long-lived radioactive wastes, and the potential for
spreading nuclear weapons technology have limited its
use.
Editor's Notes
Figure 15.1: We get most of our energy by burning carbon-containing fossil fuels (see Figure 2-14, p. 46). This figure shows energy use by source throughout the world (left) and in the United States (right) in 2008. Note that oil is the most widely use form of commercial energy and that about 79% of the energy used in the world (85% of the energy used the United States) comes from burning nonrenewable fossil fuels. (These figures also include rough estimates of energy from biomass that is collected and used by individuals without being sold in the marketplace.) Question: Why do you think the world as a whole relies more on renewable energy than the United States does? (Data from U.S. Department of Energy, British Petroleum, Worldwatch Institute, and International Energy Agency )
Figure 15.2: We can pump oil up from underground reservoirs on land (left) and under the sea bottom (right). Today, high-tech equipment can tap into an oil deposit on land and at sea to a depth of almost 11 kilometers (7 miles). But this requires a huge amount of high-quality energy and can cost billions of dollars per well. For example, the well that tapped into BP’s Thunder Horse oil field in the Gulf of Mexico at water depths of up to 1.8 kilometers (1.1 miles) took almost 20 years to complete and cost more than $5 billion. And as we saw in 2010 with the explosion of a BP deep-sea oil-drilling rig such as that shown here, there is a lot of room for improvement in deep-sea drilling technology.
Figure 15.3: S cience. Net energy ratios for various energy systems over their estimated lifetimes differ widely: the higher the net energy ratio, the greater the net energy available ( Concept 15-1 ). Question: Based on these data, which two resources in each category should we be using? (Data from U.S. Department of Energy; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Colorado Energy Research Institute, Net Energy Analysis , 1976; and Howard T. Odum and Elisabeth C. Odum, Energy Basis for Man and Nature , 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 198 1)
Figure 15.4: S cience. When crude oil is refined, many of its components are removed at various levels, depending on their boiling points, of a giant distillation column (left) that can be as tall as a nine-story building. The most volatile components with the lowest boiling points are removed at the top of the column. The photo above shows an oil refinery in the U.S. state of Texas .
Figure 15.5: The amount of crude oil that might be found in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (right), if developed and extracted over 50 years, is only a tiny fraction of projected U.S. oil consumption. In 2008, the DOE projected that developing this oil supply would take 10–20 years and would lower gasoline prices at the pump by 6 cents per gallon at most. (Data from U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Geological Survey, and Natural Resources Defense Counc il)
Figure 15.6: Using crude oil as an energy resource has advantages and disadvantages ( Concept 15-2a ). Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why?
Figure 15.7: This bird was covered with oil from an oil spill in Brazilian waters. If volunteers had not removed the oil, it would have destroyed this bird’s natural buoyancy and heat insulation, causing it to drown or die from exposure because of a loss of body heat.
Figure 15.8: Producing heavy oil from Canada’s Alberta tar sands project involves strip-mining areas large enough to be seen from outer space, draining wetlands, and diverting rivers. It also produces huge amounts of air and water pollution and has been called the world’s most environmentally destructive project. For oil from the sands to be profitable, oil must sell for $70–90 a barrel.
Figure 15.9: Shale oil (right) can be extracted from oil shale rock (left). However, producing shale oil requires large amounts of water and has a low net energy yield and a very high environmental impact.
Figure 15.11: Natural gas found above a deep sea oil well deposit or in a remote land area is usually burned off (flared) because no pipeline is available to collect and transmit the gas to users. This practice wastes this energy resource and adds climate-changing CO 2 , soot, and other air pollutants to the atmosphere. Question: Can you think of an alternative to burning off this gas?
Figure 15.12: Using conventional natural gas as an energy resource has advantages and disadvantages ( Concept 15-3 ). Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Do you think that the advantages of using conventional natural gas outweigh its disadvantages?
Figure 15.13: Gas hydrates are crystalline solids that can be burned as shown here. They form naturally from the reaction of various gases (commonly methane) with water at low temperatures and under high pressures. Natural gas hydrates form extensively in permafrost and in sediments just under the sea floors around all of the world’s continents. Methane hydrates, shown here, are a potentially good fuel.
Figure 15.16: This coal-burning industrial plant in India produces large amounts of air pollution because i t has inadequate air pollution controls.
Figure 15.17: CO 2 emissions, expressed as percentages of emissions released by burning coal directly, vary with different energy resources. Question: Which produces more CO 2 emissions per kilogram, burning coal to heat a house or heating with electricity generated by coal? (Data from U.S. Department of Energy )
Figure 15.18: Using coal as an energy resource has advantages and disadvantages ( Concept 15-4a ). Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Do you think that the advantages of using coal as an energy resource outweigh its disadvantages?
Figure 2.9: There are three types of nuclear changes: natural radioactive decay (top), nuclear fission (middle), and nuclear fusion (bottom).
Figure 15.22: Using the nuclear power fuel cycle (Figure 15-21) to produce electricity has advantages and disadvantages ( Concept 15-5 ). Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Do you think that the advantages of using the conventional nuclear power fuel cycle to produce electricity outweigh its disadvantages? Explain.
Figure 15.24: S cience. After 3 or 4 years in a reactor, spent fuel rods are removed and stored in a deep pool of water contained in a steel-lined concrete basin (left) for cooling. After about 5 years of cooling, the fuel rods can be stored upright on concrete pads (right) in sealed dry-storage casks made of heat-resistant metal alloys and concrete. Questions: Would you be willing to live within a block or two of these casks or have them transported through the area where you live in the event that they were transferred to a long-term storage site? Explain. What are the alternatives?
Figure 2.9: There are three types of nuclear changes: natural radioactive decay (top), nuclear fission (middle), and nuclear fusion (bottom).