The document discusses various ways to improve energy efficiency and increase the use of renewable energy sources. It describes how energy can be wasted through inefficient devices like incandescent light bulbs and internal combustion engines. It then outlines numerous solutions to save energy, such as improving industrial processes, building design, transportation fuel efficiency, and developing renewable sources like solar, wind, hydropower, and biofuels. The document also notes challenges to transitioning to renewable energy including high costs, technical limitations, and reliance on fossil fuels in production.
This document discusses various renewable energy sources including solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, and geothermal energy. For solar power, it describes how solar energy can be used actively through solar panels or passively through convection in buildings. Wind power is generated through wind turbines converting kinetic energy to electrical energy. Hydropower involves building dams to harness the kinetic energy of moving water. Biomass energy utilizes organic matter as fuel and can be produced from waste or energy crops. Geothermal energy makes use of the Earth's internal heat to generate electricity. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each renewable source.
The document discusses various sustainable energy sources and strategies including:
1. Conservation methods like green buildings, compact fluorescent lights, and increased appliance efficiencies.
2. Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass. Specific technologies discussed include photovoltaics, fuel cells, algae biofuels, and cellulosic ethanol.
3. Transportation efficiency like electric vehicles, hybrids, and increased fuel economy standards.
The most vital way to take care of our lives is to take the responsibility of our own energy foot print.
Renewable energy plays an important role in the supply of energy. When renewable energy sources are used, the demand for fossil fuels is reduced. Unlike fossil fuels, non-biomass renewable sources of energy (photovoltaics, wind, hydropower, and geothermal) do not directly emit greenhouse gases.
Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources such as : sunlight, wind, tides, and geothermal heat which are renewable (naturally replenished).
The use of renewable energy is not new. More than 150 years ago wood, which is one form of biomass, supplied up to 90 percent of the energy needs. e.
Now over half of renewable energy goes to producing electricity.
Beautiful, graphic rich slides to engage students based on Essential Environment by Withgott and Laposota. Slides cover Chapter 16 Renewable energy resources
This lecture discusses various renewable energy sources including solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, and hydrogen fuel cells. It notes that Iceland aims to convert completely to renewable energy using geothermal and hydropower. It also summarizes the different types of solar, wind, geothermal, ocean, and hydrogen technologies. Key benefits of renewable energy include reducing emissions and diversifying energy supplies. However, location and costs remain challenges for widespread adoption.
Greenway self park building is a green building.
Greenway Self Park building is an 11-storey building for parking with charging stations for vehicles and sharing vehicles with the use of wind energy in form of VAWT i.e. Helix wind turbines with a green roof top and also a rainwater harvesting system .
The document discusses energy conservation and climate change. It defines energy conservation as any behavior that results in less energy usage, such as turning off lights. It states that climate change poses a serious threat and that global temperatures are rising at an unprecedented rate due to human activity like carbon dioxide emissions. The document advocates for addressing this issue through improving energy efficiency in technology and changing energy-consuming behaviors to use less energy and reduce waste.
[Metropolia Student Project Seminar 24.5.] Zero Energy Buildings, Group AGBC Finland
This document discusses zero energy buildings and efforts around the world to promote their development and adoption. It provides background on zero energy buildings and their definition, which can vary by country but generally means a building where total annual energy output equals total energy consumption using renewable sources. The document then summarizes policies and initiatives in several countries to establish targets and standards for low energy buildings. Specific case studies of zero energy projects in South Korea, Japan, and Finland are also presented.
This document discusses various renewable energy sources including solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, and geothermal energy. For solar power, it describes how solar energy can be used actively through solar panels or passively through convection in buildings. Wind power is generated through wind turbines converting kinetic energy to electrical energy. Hydropower involves building dams to harness the kinetic energy of moving water. Biomass energy utilizes organic matter as fuel and can be produced from waste or energy crops. Geothermal energy makes use of the Earth's internal heat to generate electricity. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each renewable source.
The document discusses various sustainable energy sources and strategies including:
1. Conservation methods like green buildings, compact fluorescent lights, and increased appliance efficiencies.
2. Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass. Specific technologies discussed include photovoltaics, fuel cells, algae biofuels, and cellulosic ethanol.
3. Transportation efficiency like electric vehicles, hybrids, and increased fuel economy standards.
The most vital way to take care of our lives is to take the responsibility of our own energy foot print.
Renewable energy plays an important role in the supply of energy. When renewable energy sources are used, the demand for fossil fuels is reduced. Unlike fossil fuels, non-biomass renewable sources of energy (photovoltaics, wind, hydropower, and geothermal) do not directly emit greenhouse gases.
Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources such as : sunlight, wind, tides, and geothermal heat which are renewable (naturally replenished).
The use of renewable energy is not new. More than 150 years ago wood, which is one form of biomass, supplied up to 90 percent of the energy needs. e.
Now over half of renewable energy goes to producing electricity.
Beautiful, graphic rich slides to engage students based on Essential Environment by Withgott and Laposota. Slides cover Chapter 16 Renewable energy resources
This lecture discusses various renewable energy sources including solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, and hydrogen fuel cells. It notes that Iceland aims to convert completely to renewable energy using geothermal and hydropower. It also summarizes the different types of solar, wind, geothermal, ocean, and hydrogen technologies. Key benefits of renewable energy include reducing emissions and diversifying energy supplies. However, location and costs remain challenges for widespread adoption.
Greenway self park building is a green building.
Greenway Self Park building is an 11-storey building for parking with charging stations for vehicles and sharing vehicles with the use of wind energy in form of VAWT i.e. Helix wind turbines with a green roof top and also a rainwater harvesting system .
The document discusses energy conservation and climate change. It defines energy conservation as any behavior that results in less energy usage, such as turning off lights. It states that climate change poses a serious threat and that global temperatures are rising at an unprecedented rate due to human activity like carbon dioxide emissions. The document advocates for addressing this issue through improving energy efficiency in technology and changing energy-consuming behaviors to use less energy and reduce waste.
[Metropolia Student Project Seminar 24.5.] Zero Energy Buildings, Group AGBC Finland
This document discusses zero energy buildings and efforts around the world to promote their development and adoption. It provides background on zero energy buildings and their definition, which can vary by country but generally means a building where total annual energy output equals total energy consumption using renewable sources. The document then summarizes policies and initiatives in several countries to establish targets and standards for low energy buildings. Specific case studies of zero energy projects in South Korea, Japan, and Finland are also presented.
Renewable energy comes from resources that naturally replenish, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. It can generate electricity, provide hot water and space heating, serve as motor fuels, and power off-grid energy services. The main renewable sources are solar, biomass, wind, hydro, and geothermal energy. Hydro energy is renewable, has low operating costs, and yields lower energy costs than other methods but can displace human populations and impact ecosystems. Wind energy has high net yields but requires storage or grid connection due to intermittency. Biomass energy utilizes biological material and is theoretically carbon neutral, though land use changes can release carbon and harm biodiversity.
Sustainable energy is the form of energy obtained from non-exhaustible resources, such that the provision of this form of energy serves the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
Types of sustainable energy include the Wind energy,
Solar energy ,Hydro power, Tidal power ,Geothermal energy ,Energy from bio mass.These energies have been used successfully in the agriculture in various applications.
Therefore the sustainable energy usage in agriculture is a good alternative for the high demand of energy requirements.
This document discusses several alternative energy sources including wind energy, hydroelectricity, biofuels, geothermal energy, and solar energy. Wind energy is generated by converting the kinetic energy of wind using wind turbines. Hydroelectricity is generated by storing water in reservoirs and releasing it through turbines. Biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel can replace conventional fuels and are made from biological materials. Geothermal energy uses heat from inside the earth to generate electricity. Solar energy uses photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electricity, with solar power becoming more common for household and small-scale use.
The document discusses various methods for harnessing solar energy, including passive and active solar heating systems for water and living spaces, as well as solar thermal and photovoltaic electricity generation. It describes technologies like power towers, parabolic dishes and troughs, and solar panels. While solar energy has benefits like being renewable and pollution-free, its intermittent nature and higher costs compared to fossil fuels have posed challenges to widespread adoption.
This document discusses the concept of net positive energy nanogrid structures and community microgrid development. It describes how nanogrid structures can generate more energy than required through renewable systems, store excess energy on-site, and manage energy systems. A microgrid community can incorporate multiple renewable assets, net positive buildings, energy storage, and smart grid management. Benefits include social, environmental and financial impacts like carbon reduction, energy resilience, and lower costs. An example net positive energy nanogrid called Sol-Lux Alpha is presented, utilizing efficient design, solar panels, battery storage, and electric vehicle integration. Partnerships and a development model are discussed to realize these concepts.
The document summarizes a Zero Energy Building (ZEB) in Singapore that was retrofitted from an existing building. The ZEB produces enough renewable energy, through solar panels and other green technologies, to power its own operations and reduce its energy costs to zero. It serves as a test bed for green building technologies and aims to educate practitioners and students on energy efficiency and sustainability. Some features of the ZEB mentioned include natural ventilation, daylighting systems, electrochromic glass, solar panels, and vertical greenery walls.
AP Environmental Science Ch. 16, Energy Conservation Miller LITEStephanie Beck
1) 84% of commercial energy in the US is wasted due to inefficiency. Common sources of waste include outdated light bulbs, cars, power plants, and lack of insulation.
2) The document outlines many ways to conserve energy, such as installing more efficient appliances, vehicles, lighting and improving building insulation. It also advocates transitioning to renewable sources like solar, wind and geothermal.
3) Widespread adoption of energy efficient technologies and renewable energy could significantly reduce US dependence on foreign oil while cutting pollution and creating new jobs. However, entrenched fossil fuel interests present barriers to transitioning away from wasteful practices.
The presentation discusses alternative energy sources including nuclear energy, natural gas, solar power, wind power, and biomass. It outlines some key advantages and disadvantages of each source. Nuclear energy provides low-carbon power but poses safety risks from accidents. Natural gas is a fossil fuel that produces greenhouse gases. Solar and wind power are renewable sources but their availability depends on sunlight and wind. Biomass can reduce landfills but requires fuel and land. The presentation suggests that wind power is among the cleanest options as it does not contribute to global warming.
This document outlines a course on renewable energy technologies taught by Prof. Ghada Amer. The course consists of 7 chapters that cover various renewable energy sources and storage technologies. Chapter 1 provides an overview of today's energy use, fossil fuels and their environmental impacts, and renewable energy sources and devices. It introduces the basics of energy, different forms of energy, units of measurement, and energy consumption calculations. The chapter establishes that while fossil fuels are nonrenewable and cause environmental problems, renewable sources provide alternatives to address these issues.
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES AND FUTURE PROSPECTSAkansha Ganguly
This document discusses various alternative energy sources and their potential in India. It provides an overview of solar, biomass and wind energy - their applications, potential and progress in India. For solar energy, it describes uses in power generation, heating, lighting and vehicles. Biomass energy comes from organic sources and is being used in gasifiers and plants. Wind energy farms have been growing in India, which now has the 5th largest installed wind capacity. However, alternative sources still only meet a small part of India's energy needs and more development is required.
The document discusses various energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. It covers improving energy efficiency, types of solar, water, wind, and biomass energy. Geothermal energy and hydrogen fuel are also examined. Decentralized micropower systems are presented as an emerging trend that utilizes various renewable energy sources at a local level. The importance of a sustainable energy strategy and transitioning to renewable sources is emphasized.
This document discusses zero-energy buildings (ZEBs). It defines ZEBs as buildings that consume zero net energy on an annual basis by producing as much renewable energy as they use. The document reviews literature on ZEB definitions and focuses on topics like energy sources, supply systems, and renewable energy options. It also discusses concepts like net zero site energy and net zero emissions. The document outlines strategies for achieving zero energy and provides examples of current ZEB projects. It concludes that ZEBs are the future but require understanding and contribution from all to reduce energy consumption.
The document examines the changing importance of alternative energy sources. It discusses various renewable energy sources including biogas, biomass, wind, tidal, wave, geothermal, hydroelectric, and solar energy. It provides information on the global patterns and potential of these different energy sources. For example, it notes that areas above 23.5 degrees north generally have higher wind speeds making them suitable locations for wind farms. It also gives statistics on Spain's use of wind power, noting that currently 15% of the country's power is from wind energy.
Energy Conservation, Energy in Afghanistan, Ways to Save energy, Sources Of Energy In Afghanistan
Engr.Ahmad Sameer Nawab
Kardan University Kabul, Afghanistan
Renewable energy Sources, Efficiency, Uses and latest Research Zohaib HUSSAIN
1. Introduction
In today's world of climbing fuel prices, approaching the peak oil supply limit, and discussions of global warming, renewable energy is gaining more public attention and receiving more financial and legislative support. We need to learn more about the different types of renewable energy so that you can help educate your family, friends, and policymakers about ways to help our country move towards energy independence and environmental sustainability. According to a USAID report, Pakistan has the potential of producing 150,000 megawatts of wind energy, of which only the Sindh corridor can produce 40,000 megawatts.
2. Definition
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.
3. Types of Renewable Energy
Most Countries currently relies heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas for its energy. Fossil fuels are non-renewable, that is, they draw on finite resources that will eventually dwindle, becoming too expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve. In contrast, renewable energy resources such as wind and solar energy are constantly replenished and will never run out.
Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight, or solar energy, can be used directly for heating and lighting homes and other buildings, for generating electricity, and for hot water heating, solar cooling, and a variety of commercial and industrial uses.
The sun's heat also drives the winds, whose energy, is captured with wind turbines. Then, the winds and the sun's heat cause water to evaporate. When this water vapor turns into rain or snow and flows downhill into rivers or streams, its energy can be captured using hydroelectric power. Along with the rain and snow, sunlight causes plants to grow. The organic matter that makes up those plants is known as biomass. Biomass can be used to produce electricity, transportation fuels, or chemicals. The use of biomass for any of these purposes is called bioenergy.
Hydrogen also can be found in many organic compounds, as well as water. It's the most abundant element on the Earth. But it doesn't occur naturally as a gas. It's always combined with other elements, such as with oxygen to make water. Once separated from another element, hydrogen can be burned as a fuel or converted into electricity.
Not all renewable energy resources come from the sun. Geothermal energy taps the Earth's internal heat for a variety of uses, including electric power production, and the heating and cooling of buildings. And the energy of the ocean's tides come from the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun upon the Earth.
In fact, ocean energy comes from a number of sources. In add
This document discusses renewable and non-renewable energy sources, focusing on solar energy. It defines renewable energy as coming from naturally replenished resources like sunlight, wind, and tides. Solar energy harnesses radiant light and heat from the sun using technologies like solar heating and photovoltaics. While solar energy is sustainable and has environmental benefits by not producing pollution, manufacturing solar panels requires energy and produces waste, and solar technology is currently inefficient and expensive compared to fossil fuels. The document also discusses the economic, social, and potential impacts of solar energy.
The document summarizes a feasibility study conducted by the US Army Corps of Engineers to develop renewable energy at a military training complex in Afghanistan. It assessed various renewable technologies including wind turbines, solar PV, solar hot water, and lighting retrofits. Due to logistical and maintenance challenges, larger wind turbines and solar arrays were deemed too difficult and smaller, distributed systems were recommended instead. Contractors in Kabul could install and maintain the proposed smaller systems. The study also considered energy efficiency upgrades and conducted site assessments to identify the best locations for wind turbines.
Group 1 presented on various renewable energy sources. Their presentation included:
- Zeeshan Sajid discussed wind energy, how wind turbines work to generate electricity from kinetic energy of wind, and Pakistan's potential for wind power.
- Shakeel Ahmad explained factors that determine wind power capacity such as wind speed and turbine design. He also provided statistics on wind power worldwide and in Pakistan.
- Muhammad Bilal described geothermal energy, how heat from the Earth's core is used to generate electricity via geothermal power plants. He showed maps of global geothermal energy use.
- Touseef Ahmad explained solar energy, the two methods to harvest it (concentrating solar and photovol
Three renewable energy systems - solar water heating, solar space heating, and solar photovoltaity - are described that can be used in multi-residential buildings like condominiums. Solar water heating uses solar collectors to pre-heat water and reduce energy costs. Solar space heating uses solar panels to pre-heat air entering a building. Solar photovoltaics generate electricity from sunlight that can be used or sold back to the electric grid. These renewable systems can provide significant savings on utility bills for condo buildings while reducing environmental impacts.
Bloom Energy server as a whole the individual aspects of the technical ,economical , and social implications together. Additionally it needs to be compared to other equivalent renewable technologies.
This document discusses various methods for improving energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewable energy sources. It begins by explaining how much energy is wasted through inefficient devices like incandescent light bulbs and internal combustion engines. It then outlines strategies for saving energy in industry, transportation, buildings, and individuals' daily lives. The document dedicates several sections to different renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydropower, biomass and biofuels. It discusses the advantages and challenges of each approach while providing examples of existing technologies and projects around the world. The overall message is that transitioning to more efficient use of energy and greater renewable sources can provide economic, environmental and national security benefits.
This document provides an overview of various renewable energy sources, including their benefits and drawbacks. It discusses solar energy from both passive and active collection, as well as technologies like photovoltaics. Wind energy from modern turbines is explained. Geothermal energy from the Earth's heat and hydrogeothermal heat pumps are covered. The document also discusses hydrogen as a potential renewable energy carrier and fuel cells that can produce electricity from hydrogen.
Renewable energy comes from resources that naturally replenish, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. It can generate electricity, provide hot water and space heating, serve as motor fuels, and power off-grid energy services. The main renewable sources are solar, biomass, wind, hydro, and geothermal energy. Hydro energy is renewable, has low operating costs, and yields lower energy costs than other methods but can displace human populations and impact ecosystems. Wind energy has high net yields but requires storage or grid connection due to intermittency. Biomass energy utilizes biological material and is theoretically carbon neutral, though land use changes can release carbon and harm biodiversity.
Sustainable energy is the form of energy obtained from non-exhaustible resources, such that the provision of this form of energy serves the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
Types of sustainable energy include the Wind energy,
Solar energy ,Hydro power, Tidal power ,Geothermal energy ,Energy from bio mass.These energies have been used successfully in the agriculture in various applications.
Therefore the sustainable energy usage in agriculture is a good alternative for the high demand of energy requirements.
This document discusses several alternative energy sources including wind energy, hydroelectricity, biofuels, geothermal energy, and solar energy. Wind energy is generated by converting the kinetic energy of wind using wind turbines. Hydroelectricity is generated by storing water in reservoirs and releasing it through turbines. Biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel can replace conventional fuels and are made from biological materials. Geothermal energy uses heat from inside the earth to generate electricity. Solar energy uses photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electricity, with solar power becoming more common for household and small-scale use.
The document discusses various methods for harnessing solar energy, including passive and active solar heating systems for water and living spaces, as well as solar thermal and photovoltaic electricity generation. It describes technologies like power towers, parabolic dishes and troughs, and solar panels. While solar energy has benefits like being renewable and pollution-free, its intermittent nature and higher costs compared to fossil fuels have posed challenges to widespread adoption.
This document discusses the concept of net positive energy nanogrid structures and community microgrid development. It describes how nanogrid structures can generate more energy than required through renewable systems, store excess energy on-site, and manage energy systems. A microgrid community can incorporate multiple renewable assets, net positive buildings, energy storage, and smart grid management. Benefits include social, environmental and financial impacts like carbon reduction, energy resilience, and lower costs. An example net positive energy nanogrid called Sol-Lux Alpha is presented, utilizing efficient design, solar panels, battery storage, and electric vehicle integration. Partnerships and a development model are discussed to realize these concepts.
The document summarizes a Zero Energy Building (ZEB) in Singapore that was retrofitted from an existing building. The ZEB produces enough renewable energy, through solar panels and other green technologies, to power its own operations and reduce its energy costs to zero. It serves as a test bed for green building technologies and aims to educate practitioners and students on energy efficiency and sustainability. Some features of the ZEB mentioned include natural ventilation, daylighting systems, electrochromic glass, solar panels, and vertical greenery walls.
AP Environmental Science Ch. 16, Energy Conservation Miller LITEStephanie Beck
1) 84% of commercial energy in the US is wasted due to inefficiency. Common sources of waste include outdated light bulbs, cars, power plants, and lack of insulation.
2) The document outlines many ways to conserve energy, such as installing more efficient appliances, vehicles, lighting and improving building insulation. It also advocates transitioning to renewable sources like solar, wind and geothermal.
3) Widespread adoption of energy efficient technologies and renewable energy could significantly reduce US dependence on foreign oil while cutting pollution and creating new jobs. However, entrenched fossil fuel interests present barriers to transitioning away from wasteful practices.
The presentation discusses alternative energy sources including nuclear energy, natural gas, solar power, wind power, and biomass. It outlines some key advantages and disadvantages of each source. Nuclear energy provides low-carbon power but poses safety risks from accidents. Natural gas is a fossil fuel that produces greenhouse gases. Solar and wind power are renewable sources but their availability depends on sunlight and wind. Biomass can reduce landfills but requires fuel and land. The presentation suggests that wind power is among the cleanest options as it does not contribute to global warming.
This document outlines a course on renewable energy technologies taught by Prof. Ghada Amer. The course consists of 7 chapters that cover various renewable energy sources and storage technologies. Chapter 1 provides an overview of today's energy use, fossil fuels and their environmental impacts, and renewable energy sources and devices. It introduces the basics of energy, different forms of energy, units of measurement, and energy consumption calculations. The chapter establishes that while fossil fuels are nonrenewable and cause environmental problems, renewable sources provide alternatives to address these issues.
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES AND FUTURE PROSPECTSAkansha Ganguly
This document discusses various alternative energy sources and their potential in India. It provides an overview of solar, biomass and wind energy - their applications, potential and progress in India. For solar energy, it describes uses in power generation, heating, lighting and vehicles. Biomass energy comes from organic sources and is being used in gasifiers and plants. Wind energy farms have been growing in India, which now has the 5th largest installed wind capacity. However, alternative sources still only meet a small part of India's energy needs and more development is required.
The document discusses various energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. It covers improving energy efficiency, types of solar, water, wind, and biomass energy. Geothermal energy and hydrogen fuel are also examined. Decentralized micropower systems are presented as an emerging trend that utilizes various renewable energy sources at a local level. The importance of a sustainable energy strategy and transitioning to renewable sources is emphasized.
This document discusses zero-energy buildings (ZEBs). It defines ZEBs as buildings that consume zero net energy on an annual basis by producing as much renewable energy as they use. The document reviews literature on ZEB definitions and focuses on topics like energy sources, supply systems, and renewable energy options. It also discusses concepts like net zero site energy and net zero emissions. The document outlines strategies for achieving zero energy and provides examples of current ZEB projects. It concludes that ZEBs are the future but require understanding and contribution from all to reduce energy consumption.
The document examines the changing importance of alternative energy sources. It discusses various renewable energy sources including biogas, biomass, wind, tidal, wave, geothermal, hydroelectric, and solar energy. It provides information on the global patterns and potential of these different energy sources. For example, it notes that areas above 23.5 degrees north generally have higher wind speeds making them suitable locations for wind farms. It also gives statistics on Spain's use of wind power, noting that currently 15% of the country's power is from wind energy.
Energy Conservation, Energy in Afghanistan, Ways to Save energy, Sources Of Energy In Afghanistan
Engr.Ahmad Sameer Nawab
Kardan University Kabul, Afghanistan
Renewable energy Sources, Efficiency, Uses and latest Research Zohaib HUSSAIN
1. Introduction
In today's world of climbing fuel prices, approaching the peak oil supply limit, and discussions of global warming, renewable energy is gaining more public attention and receiving more financial and legislative support. We need to learn more about the different types of renewable energy so that you can help educate your family, friends, and policymakers about ways to help our country move towards energy independence and environmental sustainability. According to a USAID report, Pakistan has the potential of producing 150,000 megawatts of wind energy, of which only the Sindh corridor can produce 40,000 megawatts.
2. Definition
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.
3. Types of Renewable Energy
Most Countries currently relies heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas for its energy. Fossil fuels are non-renewable, that is, they draw on finite resources that will eventually dwindle, becoming too expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve. In contrast, renewable energy resources such as wind and solar energy are constantly replenished and will never run out.
Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight, or solar energy, can be used directly for heating and lighting homes and other buildings, for generating electricity, and for hot water heating, solar cooling, and a variety of commercial and industrial uses.
The sun's heat also drives the winds, whose energy, is captured with wind turbines. Then, the winds and the sun's heat cause water to evaporate. When this water vapor turns into rain or snow and flows downhill into rivers or streams, its energy can be captured using hydroelectric power. Along with the rain and snow, sunlight causes plants to grow. The organic matter that makes up those plants is known as biomass. Biomass can be used to produce electricity, transportation fuels, or chemicals. The use of biomass for any of these purposes is called bioenergy.
Hydrogen also can be found in many organic compounds, as well as water. It's the most abundant element on the Earth. But it doesn't occur naturally as a gas. It's always combined with other elements, such as with oxygen to make water. Once separated from another element, hydrogen can be burned as a fuel or converted into electricity.
Not all renewable energy resources come from the sun. Geothermal energy taps the Earth's internal heat for a variety of uses, including electric power production, and the heating and cooling of buildings. And the energy of the ocean's tides come from the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun upon the Earth.
In fact, ocean energy comes from a number of sources. In add
This document discusses renewable and non-renewable energy sources, focusing on solar energy. It defines renewable energy as coming from naturally replenished resources like sunlight, wind, and tides. Solar energy harnesses radiant light and heat from the sun using technologies like solar heating and photovoltaics. While solar energy is sustainable and has environmental benefits by not producing pollution, manufacturing solar panels requires energy and produces waste, and solar technology is currently inefficient and expensive compared to fossil fuels. The document also discusses the economic, social, and potential impacts of solar energy.
The document summarizes a feasibility study conducted by the US Army Corps of Engineers to develop renewable energy at a military training complex in Afghanistan. It assessed various renewable technologies including wind turbines, solar PV, solar hot water, and lighting retrofits. Due to logistical and maintenance challenges, larger wind turbines and solar arrays were deemed too difficult and smaller, distributed systems were recommended instead. Contractors in Kabul could install and maintain the proposed smaller systems. The study also considered energy efficiency upgrades and conducted site assessments to identify the best locations for wind turbines.
Group 1 presented on various renewable energy sources. Their presentation included:
- Zeeshan Sajid discussed wind energy, how wind turbines work to generate electricity from kinetic energy of wind, and Pakistan's potential for wind power.
- Shakeel Ahmad explained factors that determine wind power capacity such as wind speed and turbine design. He also provided statistics on wind power worldwide and in Pakistan.
- Muhammad Bilal described geothermal energy, how heat from the Earth's core is used to generate electricity via geothermal power plants. He showed maps of global geothermal energy use.
- Touseef Ahmad explained solar energy, the two methods to harvest it (concentrating solar and photovol
Three renewable energy systems - solar water heating, solar space heating, and solar photovoltaity - are described that can be used in multi-residential buildings like condominiums. Solar water heating uses solar collectors to pre-heat water and reduce energy costs. Solar space heating uses solar panels to pre-heat air entering a building. Solar photovoltaics generate electricity from sunlight that can be used or sold back to the electric grid. These renewable systems can provide significant savings on utility bills for condo buildings while reducing environmental impacts.
Bloom Energy server as a whole the individual aspects of the technical ,economical , and social implications together. Additionally it needs to be compared to other equivalent renewable technologies.
This document discusses various methods for improving energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewable energy sources. It begins by explaining how much energy is wasted through inefficient devices like incandescent light bulbs and internal combustion engines. It then outlines strategies for saving energy in industry, transportation, buildings, and individuals' daily lives. The document dedicates several sections to different renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydropower, biomass and biofuels. It discusses the advantages and challenges of each approach while providing examples of existing technologies and projects around the world. The overall message is that transitioning to more efficient use of energy and greater renewable sources can provide economic, environmental and national security benefits.
This document provides an overview of various renewable energy sources, including their benefits and drawbacks. It discusses solar energy from both passive and active collection, as well as technologies like photovoltaics. Wind energy from modern turbines is explained. Geothermal energy from the Earth's heat and hydrogeothermal heat pumps are covered. The document also discusses hydrogen as a potential renewable energy carrier and fuel cells that can produce electricity from hydrogen.
Adventure in energy (history, present, future)Little Daisy
This document summarizes the history of energy and discusses energy issues and solutions. It begins with a brief history of energy sources including coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower and nuclear power. It then discusses current issues like fossil fuel depletion, pollution and climate change. The document concludes by advocating reducing energy waste, improving efficiency, and increasing the use of renewable resources like solar, wind, hydro and geothermal power. It presents examples of sustainable energy projects and technologies that could power the future.
The document provides information about an environmental science class discussing energy sources. The class was held on June 5, 2019 from 700-830 pm in room Maggha Manup, taught by lecturer Leng Chea, and covered chapter 9 on energy sources. It then lists the students in attendance and provides an outline of topics to be discussed, including renewable and non-renewable energy sources, fossil fuel formation, and issues related to fossil fuel use.
This document provides an overview of renewable energy sources and energy storage technologies. It discusses various renewable energy sources including solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass. For each source, it outlines the basic principles and current usage. It also discusses the pros and cons. The document then covers different energy storage technologies like batteries, flywheels, and electrochemical capacitors. It explains their applications and provides comparisons to help identify the best technology based on needed power levels and duration of storage.
5.2 Global outlook of ENERGY SOURCES renewables an non renewables.pptxRaulBarradasPretelin1
The document discusses various renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It notes that population and energy consumption are rising globally, while oil reserves will only last 10 more years. Solar and wind power prices have decreased significantly in recent years as technologies advance. Hydropower is storable but has high environmental and social impacts. Tidal energy harnesses the rising and falling tides to generate power. Overall, renewable sources like solar, wind, hydro and tidal are increasing to meet energy demands while reducing emissions, but also have disadvantages to consider regarding costs, land use and impacts.
The document discusses various types of renewable energy sources including solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and biomass. For each energy source, the document outlines what it is, how it works, current usage levels in India, pros and cons. Overall, the document provides an overview of different renewable resources that can generate energy in an environmentally friendly way and describes each source in 1-2 paragraphs.
This document summarizes key points about various renewable energy sources including wind, solar, geothermal, and hydroelectric power. It discusses what each energy source is, provides some history and examples of implementations. Wind energy is captured from turbines converting wind's kinetic energy. Solar energy uses photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electricity. Geothermal energy harnesses heat from within the earth. Hydroelectric power uses the force of moving water to turn turbines and generate electricity. The document highlights examples of each type of renewable energy being utilized both globally and within states like Idaho.
Renewable energy comes from resources that are naturally replenished such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. It is used in four areas: electricity generation, heating, motor fuels, and rural energy services. Solar thermal systems collect and concentrate sunlight to produce high temperature heat for generating electricity. They use solar collectors like parabolic troughs and central towers to absorb sunlight and transfer the heat to a working fluid. The heated fluid is then used to power steam turbines or for other applications like solar water and space heating. While solar thermal is a clean renewable source, it also has limitations such as intermittency, high initial costs, and land use requirements.
This document provides a summary of various sustainable energy sources and technologies, organized into the following sections: conservation, green buildings, transportation, cogeneration, solar energy (passive, active, photovoltaics), fuel cells, biomass energy, energy from earth's forces (hydropower, wind, geothermal, tidal, wave), and energy storage methods. Specific technologies discussed include compact fluorescent lights, electric vehicles, solar thermal plants, photovoltaic cells, fuel cells, biodiesel, ethanol, algae as a biofuel, wind turbines, hydroelectric dams, and ocean thermal energy conversion.
This document discusses renewable energy and climate change. It notes that global energy consumption has increased rapidly with technology and that we rely heavily on fossil fuels. To address climate change from greenhouse gas emissions, there is a need to transition to renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal. The document provides examples of successful renewable energy projects in India, Norway, Germany, and elsewhere. It concludes that renewable energy can meet global energy demand sustainably if we raise awareness and demand political support to transition away from fossil fuels.
Renewable energy comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat that are naturally replenished. There are many types of renewable energy technologies including solar power, wind power, hydropower, biomass, and geothermal energy. While renewable energy has benefits like being clean and sustainable, drawbacks include high initial costs and dependence on weather or location conditions. As renewable energy sources become more prevalent, electricity infrastructure will need to be transformed to distribute and manage renewable power.
The presentation discusses the history and future potential of fuel cells and hydrogen as alternatives to oil. It notes that fuel cells were first developed in 1839 and used in the 1960s by NASA for the Apollo missions. The Bush Administration has committed to developing hydrogen technologies to reduce oil demand and carbon emissions by 2040. Fuel cells work by using hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity through chemical reactions, with water and heat as byproducts. Challenges include cost, storage, and infrastructure, but applications include transportation, stationary power sources, and more. The presentation highlights examples of fuel cell use in vehicles, rural electrification projects, and more to argue that hydrogen technologies represent a promising clean energy future.
The document discusses and compares various renewable and non-renewable energy sources, outlining their advantages and disadvantages. It provides details on different renewable technologies like solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, tidal, and biomass power as well as non-renewable sources such as fossil fuels, coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear power. The document also discusses energy efficiency and conservation as important tools for transitioning to cleaner energy.
This document discusses various alternative energy sources that could help reduce reliance on oil including solar, wind, hydro, nuclear, and geothermal energy. It provides details on how each option works, examples of current usage, pros and cons. It concludes that the best solution is to utilize a combination of these alternative energy sources to maximize their strengths and eliminate the need for oil.
Renewable energy, also known as green or sustainable energy, refers to the energy obtained from natural resources that can be replenished or renewed naturally. These resources are abundant and widely available, and their use does not deplete or harm the environment, making them a sustainable and eco-friendly option for meeting our energy needs. Here's a description of renewable energy:
Renewable energy is a form of clean energy that is derived from sources that are naturally replenished, such as sunlight, wind, water, geothermal heat, and bioenergy. One of the most well-known forms of renewable energy is solar power, which is generated by harnessing the energy from sunlight through solar panels or photovoltaic cells. Solar power is a clean, abundant, and reliable source of energy that can be used to generate electricity, heat water, or power various devices and appliances.
This document discusses clean energy technology and provides examples. It defines clean energy technology as technologies that can reduce carbon emissions and pollution while maximizing energy production. It explains that fossil fuels contribute to global warming so clean energy is needed. Examples of clean energy technologies given include solar panels, wind turbines, solar ovens, hydro power, solar water heating, solar air conditioning, and power walls. The benefits of clean energy for the economy are also summarized such as energy security, economic development, and price stability.
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This document discusses suffixes and terminology used in medicine. It begins by listing common combining forms used to build medical terms and their meanings. It then defines several noun, adjective, and shorter suffixes and provides their meanings. Examples are given of medical terms built using combining forms and suffixes. The document also examines specific medical concepts in more depth, such as hernias, blood cells, acromegaly, splenomegaly, and laparoscopy.
The document is a chapter from a medical textbook that discusses anatomical terminology pertaining to the body as a whole. It defines the structural organization of the body from cells to tissues to organs to systems. It also describes the body cavities and identifies the major organs contained within each cavity, as well as anatomical divisions of the abdomen and back.
This document is from a textbook on medical terminology. It discusses the basic structure of medical words and how they are built from prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms. Some key points:
- Medical terms are made up of elements including roots, suffixes, prefixes, and combining vowels. Understanding these elements is important for analyzing terms.
- Common prefixes include hypo-, epi-, and cis-. Common suffixes include -itis, -algia, and -ectomy.
- Dozens of combining forms are provided, such as gastro- meaning stomach, cardi- meaning heart, and aden- meaning gland.
- Rules are provided for analyzing terms, such as reading from the suffix backward and dropping combining vowels before suffixes starting with vowels
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 25 on Cancer from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was authored by a team that includes Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 24 on Immunology from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
Nerve cells, also known as neurons, are highly specialized cells that process and transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. This chapter discusses the structure and function of neurons, how they communicate with each other via synapses, and how signals are propagated along neurons through changes in their membrane potentials. Neurons play a vital role in the nervous system by allowing organisms to process information and coordinate their responses.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 22 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "The Molecular Cell Biology of Development" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 21 from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Cell Birth, Lineage, and Death" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 20 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Regulating the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 19 from the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Integrating Cells into Tissues" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses microtubules and intermediate filaments, which are types of cytoskeletal filaments that help organize and move cellular components. Microtubules are involved in processes like cell division and intracellular transport, while intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and help integrate the nucleus with the cytoplasm. Together, these filaments play important structural and functional roles in eukaryotic cells.
This chapter discusses microfilaments, which are one of the three main types of cytoskeletal filaments found in eukaryotic cells. Microfilaments are composed of actin filaments and play important roles in cell motility, structure, and intracellular transport. They allow cells to change shape and to move by contracting or extending parts of the cell surface.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 16 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Signaling Pathways that Control Gene Activity" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 15 of the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira. It provides the chapter title "Cell Signaling I: Signal Transduction and Short-Term Cellular Responses" and notes the copyright is held by W. H. Freeman and Company in 2008.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 14 from the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Vesicular Traffic, Secretion, and Endocytosis" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses how proteins are transported into membranes and organelles within cells. Proteins destined for membranes or organelles have targeting signals that are recognized by transport systems. The transport systems then direct the proteins to their proper destinations, such as inserting membrane proteins into membranes or delivering soluble proteins into organelles.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 12 from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Cellular Energetics" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses the transmembrane transport of ions and small molecules across cell membranes. It covers topics such as passive transport through membrane channels and pumps, as well as active transport using ATP. The chapter is from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology and is copyrighted by W. H. Freeman and Company in 2008.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 10, titled "Biomembrane Structure", from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was written by a team of authors including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 9 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Visualizing, Fractionating, and Culturing Cells" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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2. We Waste Huge Amounts of Energy (1)
• Energy efficiency
• Advantages of reducing energy waste:
• Quick and clean
• Usually the cheapest to provide more energy
• Reduce pollution and degradation
• Slow global warming
• Increase economic and national security
3. We Waste Huge Amounts of Energy (2)
• Four widely used devices that waste energy
1. Incandescent light bulb
2. Motor vehicle with internal combustion engine
3. Nuclear power plant
4. Coal-fired power plant
5. We Can Save Energy and Money
in Industry and Utilities (1)
• Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP)
• Two forms of energy from same fuel source
• Replace energy-wasting electric motors
• Recycling materials
• Switch from low-efficiency incandescent lighting to
higher-efficiency fluorescent and LED lighting
7. We Can Save Energy and Money
in Industry and Utilities (2)
• Electrical grid system: outdated and wasteful
• Utility companies switching from promote use of
energy to promoting energy efficiency
• Spurred by state utility commissions
8. We Can Save Energy and Money
in Transportation
• Corporate average fuel standards (CAFE) standards
• Fuel economy standards lower in the U.S. countries
• Fuel-efficient cars are on the market
• 2016 - 39 miles per gallon for cars and 30 mpg for
trucks
• Hidden prices in gasoline: $12/gallon
• Car manufacturers and oil companies lobby to
prevent laws to raise fuel taxes
9. Average Fuel Economy of New Vehicles Sold in
the U.S. and Other Countries
Fig. 16-5, p. 402
10. More Energy-Efficient Vehicles Are
on the Way
• Superefficient and ultralight cars
• Gasoline-electric hybrid car
• Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
• Energy-efficient diesel car
• Electric vehicle with a fuel cell
13. We Can Design Buildings That Save Energy
and Money
• Green architecture
• Living or green roofs
• Superinsulation
• U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design (LEED)
14. A Green Roof in Chicago-City Hall
Fig. 16-8, p. 405
15. We Can Save Money and Energy in Existing
Buildings (1)
• Conduct an energy survey
• Insulate and plug leaks
• Use energy-efficient windows
• Stop other heating and cooling losses
• Heat houses more efficiently
16. We Can Save Money and Energy in Existing
Buildings (2)
• Heat water more efficiently
• Use energy-efficient appliances
• Use energy-efficient lighting
19. Why Are We Still Wasting So
Much Energy?
• Energy remains artificially cheap
• Government subsidies
• Tax breaks
• Prices don’t include true cost
• Few large and long-lasting incentives
• Tax breaks
• Rebates
• Low-interest loans
20. We Can Use Renewable Energy to Provide
Heat and Electricity
• Renewable energy
• Solar energy: direct or indirect
• Geothermal energy
• Benefits of shifting toward renewable energy
• Renewable energy cheaper if we eliminate
• Inequitable subsidies
• Inaccurate prices
• Artificially low pricing of nonrenewable energy
21. We Can Heat Buildings and Water with
Solar Energy
• Passive solar heating system
• Active solar heating system
26. We Can Cool Buildings Naturally
• Technologies available
• Open windows when cooler outside
• Use fans
• Superinsulation and high-efficiency windows
• Overhangs or awnings on windows
• Light-colored roof
• Geothermal pumps
27. We Can Use Sunlight to Produce High-
Temperature Heat and Electricity
• Solar thermal systems
• Central receiver system
• Collect sunlight to boil water, generate electricity
• 1% of world deserts could supply all the world’s electricity
• Require large amounts of water – could limit
• Wet cooling
• Dry cooling
• Low net energy yields
32. We Can Use Sunlight to Produce Electricity
(2)
• Key problems
• High cost of producing electricity
• Need to be located in sunny desert areas
• Fossil fuels used in production
• Solar cells contain toxic materials
• Will the cost drop with
• Mass production
• New designs
• Government subsidies and tax breaks
34. We Can Produce Electricity from Falling
and Flowing Water
• Hydropower
• Uses kinetic energy of moving water
• Indirect form of solar energy
• World’s leading renewable energy source used to
produce electricity
• Advantages and disadvantages
• Micro-hydropower generators
36. Tides and Waves Can Be Used to Produce
Electricity
• Produce electricity from flowing water
• Ocean tides and waves
• So far, power systems are limited
• Disadvantages
• Few suitable sites
• High costs
• Equipment damaged by storms and corrosion
37. Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an
Important Step toward Sustainability (1)
• Wind: indirect form of solar energy
• Captured by turbines
• Converted into electrical energy
• Second fastest-growing source of energy
• What is the global potential for wind energy?
• Wind farms: on land and offshore
41. Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an
Important Step toward Sustainability (2)
• Countries with the highest total installed wind power
capacity
• Germany
• United States
• Spain
• India
• Denmark
• Installation is increasing in several other countries
42. Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an
Important Step toward Sustainability (3)
• Advantages of wind energy
• Drawbacks
• Windy areas may be sparsely populated – need to
develop grid system to transfer electricity
• Winds die down; need back-up energy
• Storage of wind energy
• Kills migratory birds
• “Not in my backyard”
43. Case Study: The Astounding Potential of
Wind Power in the United States
• “Saudi Arabia of wind power”
• North Dakota
• South Dakota
• Kansas
• Texas
• How much electricity is possible with wind farms in
those states?
• Could create up to 500,000 jobs
45. We Can Get Energy by Burning Solid
Biomass
• Biomass
• Plant materials and animal waste we can burn or turn
into biofuels
• Production of solid mass fuel
• Plant fast-growing trees
• Biomass plantations
• Collect crop residues and animal manure
• Advantages and disadvantages
46. We Can Convert Plants and Plant Wastes
to Liquid Biofuels (1)
• Liquid biofuels
• Biodiesel
• Ethanol
• Biggest producers of biofuel
• The United States
• Brazil
• The European Union
• China
47. We Can Convert Plants and Plant Wastes
to Liquid Biofuels (2)
• Major advantages over gasoline and diesel fuel
produced from oil
1. Biofuel crops can be grown almost anywhere
2. No net increase in CO2 emissions if managed
properly
3. Available now
48. We Can Convert Plants and Plant Wastes
to Liquid Biofuels (3)
• Studies warn of problems:
• Decrease biodiversity
• Increase soil degrading, erosion, and nutrient leaching
• Push farmers off their land
• Raise food prices
• Reduce water supplies, especially for corn and soy
51. Case Study: Getting Gasoline and Diesel
Fuel from Algae and Bacteria (1)
• Algae remove CO2 and convert it to oil
• Not compete for cropland = not affect food prices
• Wastewater/sewage treatment plants
• Could transfer CO2 from power plants
• Algae challenges
1.Need to lower costs
2.Open ponds vs. bioreactors
3.Affordable ways of extracting oil
4.Scaling to large production
52. Getting Energy from the Earth’s
Internal Heat (1)
• Geothermal energy: heat stored in
• Soil
• Underground rocks
• Fluids in the earth’s mantle
• Geothermal heat pump system
• Energy efficient and reliable
• Environmentally clean
• Cost effective to heat or cool a space
53. Natural Capital: A Geothermal Heat Pump
System Can Heat or Cool a House
Fig. 16-31, p. 425
54. Getting Energy from the Earth’s
Internal Heat (2)
• Hydrothermal reservoirs
• U.S. is the world’s largest producer
• Hot, dry rock
• Geothermal energy problems
• High cost of tapping hydrothermal reservoirs
• Dry- or wet-steam geothermal reservoirs could be
depleted
• Could create earthquakes
Figure 16.2: This diagram shows how commercial energy flows through the U.S. economy. Only 16% of all commercial energy used in the United States ends up performing useful tasks; the rest of the energy is unavoidably wasted because of the second law of thermodynamics (41%) or is wasted unnecessarily (43%). Question: What are two examples of unnecessary energy waste? (Data from U.S. Department of Energy)
Figure 16.4: These small, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) come in different colors (left) and contain no toxic elements. They are being used for industrial and household lighting, and also in Christmas tree lights, traffic lights (right), street lights, and hotel conference and dining room lighting. LEDs last so long (about 100,000 hours) that users can install them and forget about them. LED bulbs are expensive but prices are projected to drop because of newer designs and mass production. Shifting to energy-efficient fluorescent lighting in homes, office buildings, stores, and factories and to LEDs in all traffic lights would save enough energy to close more than 700 of the world’s coal-burning electric power plants.
Figure 16.5: This diagram shows changes in the average fuel economy of new vehicles sold in the United States, 1975–2008 (left) and the fuel economy standards in other countries, 2002–2008 (right). (Data from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and International Council on Clean Transportation)
Figure 16.6: Solutions.
A conventional gasoline–electric hybrid vehicle (left) has a small internal combustion engine and a battery. A plug-in hybrid vehicle (right) has a smaller internal combustion engine with a second and more powerful battery that can be plugged into a 110-volt or 220-volt outlet and recharged. This allows it to run farther on electricity alone.
Figure 16.7: The body on this concept car, made of carbon-fiber composite, is much safer and stronger than a traditional car body and the car gets better mileage because of its greatly reduced weight. Such car bodies are expensive but further research and mass production could bring their prices down.
Figure 16.8: City Hall in Chicago, Illinois (USA), has a green or living roof—an important part of the city’s efforts to become a more sustainable green city. Such a roof can save energy used to heat and cool the building. It absorbs heat from the summer sun, which would otherwise go into the building, and it helps to insulate the structure and retain heat in the winter. In addition, it absorbs precipitation, which would normally become part of the city’s storm water runoff and add to pollution of its waterways.
Figure 16.9: This thermogram, or infrared photo, shows heat losses (red, white, and orange) around the windows, doors, roofs, and foundations of houses and stores in Plymouth, Michigan (USA). Many homes and buildings in the United States and other countries are so full of leaks that their heat loss in cold weather and heat gain in hot weather are equivalent to what would be lost through a large, window-sized hole in a wall of the house. Question: How do you think the place where you live would compare to these buildings in terms of heat loss and the resulting waste of money spent on heating and cooling bills?
Figure 16.10: Individuals matter.
You can save energy where you live. Question: Which of these things do you do?
Figure 16.12: This passive solar home (left) in Golden, Colorado (USA), collects and stores incoming solar energy which provides much of its heat in a climate with cold winters. Such homes also have the best available insulation in their walls and ceilings, and energy-efficient windows to slow the loss of stored solar energy. Notice the solar hot water heating panels in the yard. Some passive solar houses like this one (see photo on right) in Dublin, New Hampshire (USA), have attached sunrooms that collect incoming solar energy.
Figure 16.13: Rooftop solar hot water heaters, such as those shown here on apartment buildings in the Chinese city of Kunming in the province of Yunnan, are now required on all new buildings in China, and their use is growing rapidly in urban and rural areas.
Figure 16.15: Solar thermal power: In this desert solar power plant (left) near Kramer Junction, California (USA), curved (parabolic) solar collectors concentrate solar energy and use it to produce electricity. The concentrated solar energy heats a fluid-filled pipe that runs through the center of each trough. The concentrated heat in the fluid is used to produce steam that powers a turbine that generates electricity. Such plants also exist in desert areas of southern Spain, Australia, and Israel. In another approach (right), an array of computer-controlled mirrors tracks the sun and focuses reflected sunlight on a central receiver, sometimes called a power tower. This tower near Daggett, California (USA), can collect enough heat to boil water and produce steam for generating electricity. Excess heat in both systems can be released to the atmosphere by cooling towers. The heat can also be used to melt a certain kind of salt stored in a large insulated container. The heat stored in this molten salt system can then be released as needed to produce electricity at night. Such plants also exist in desert areas of southern Spain and North Africa. Because a power tower heats water to higher temperatures, it can have a higher net energy ratio than a parabolic trough system has.
Figure 16.17: Solutions.
This woman in India is using a solar cooker to prepare a meal for her family.
Figure 16.19: Solutions.
This system of solar cells provides electricity for a remote village in Niger, Africa. Question: Do you think your government should provide aid to help poor countries obtain solar-cell systems? Explain.
Figure 16.20: This solar-cell power plant in the U.S. state of Arizona near the city of Springerville has been in operation since 2000 and is the world’s largest solar-cell power plant. Analysis shows that the plant, which is connected to the area’s electrical grid, paid back the energy needed to build it in less than 3 years.
Figure 13.13: Trade-offs.
Large dams and reservoirs have advantages (green) and disadvantages (orange) (Concept 13-3). The world’s 45,000 large dams (15 meters (49 feet) or higher) capture and store about 14% of the world’s surface runoff, provide water for almost half of all irrigated cropland, and supply more than half the electricity used in 65 countries. The United States has more than 70,000 large and small dams, capable of capturing and storing half of the country’s entire river flow. Question: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important?
Figure 16.23: Solutions.
A single wind turbine (left) can produce electricity. Increasingly, they are interconnected in arrays of tens to hundreds of turbines. These wind farms or wind parks can be located on land (middle) or offshore (right). The land beneath these turbines can still be used to grow crops or to raise cattle. Questions: Would you object to having a wind farm located near where you live? Why or why not?
Figure 16.24: Maintenance workers get a long-distance view from atop a wind turbine, somewhere in North America, built by Suzlon Energy, a company established in India in 1995.
Figure 16.28: Bagasse is a sugarcane residue that can be used to make ethanol.
Figure 16.29: Natural capital.
The cellulose in this rapidly growing switchgrass can be converted into ethanol, but further research is needed to develop affordable production methods. This perennial plant can also help to slow projected climate change by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it as organic compounds in the soil.
Figure 16.31: Natural capital.
A geothermal heat pump system can heat or cool a house almost anywhere. It heats the house in winter by transferring heat from the ground into the house (shown here). In the summer, it cools the house by transferring heat from the house to the ground.
Figure 16.32: This geothermal power plant in Iceland produces electricity and heats a nearby spa called the Blue Lagoon.