The document discusses various energy resources and their uses. It notes that most developed countries rely on energy for industry, domestic use, and transportation. It evaluates different energy sources based on their renewability, availability, efficiency, environmental impacts, and other factors. It outlines that 16% of energy comes from renewable sources like geothermal, wind, water, solar, and biofuels, while 84% is from non-renewable sources like fossil fuels and nuclear power. The document stresses that improving energy efficiency and transitioning to more renewable resources are needed to address the growing energy demand in a sustainable way.

1. Energy Resources
Chapter 10

2. Energy Uses
• There are 3 main ways we use energy
in developed countries:
–industrial
–domestic
–transportation

3. Energy Uses

4. Evaluating Energy Resources
1. Renewable
2. Future availability
3. Net energy yield (efficiency)
-It takes energy to get energy
4. Habitat degradation
5. Cost (initial and ongoing)
6. Community disruption
7. Political or international issues
8. Suitability in different locations
9. Pollution (air, water, noise, visual)

5. Energy Resources
• Renewable (16%)
– EARTH
• Geothermal (wet and dry)
– WIND
– WATER
• Tides
• Waves
• Ocean Thermal Energy
Conversion
• Hydroelectric
– SUN
• Solar Thermal Power
Systems
• Photovoltaic Conversion
– LIFE
• Biofuels/Biomass
• Non-renewable (84%)
– Oil/Petroleum
– Natural gas
– Coal
– Nuclear power
• Fusion
• Fission

6. Energy Resources

7. Non-Renewable Energy
Fossil Fuels
• Coal, Oil and Gas are called "fossil fuels“
because they have been formed from the
fossilized remains of prehistoric plants and
animals.
• They provide around 66% of the world's electrical
power, and 95% of the world's total energy
demands

8. North American Fossil Fuels Energy Resources
Average American uses in one day what a person in the poorest countries use
in one year!
US has only
2.4% of world’s
oil reserves

9. Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

10. OIL and NATURAL GAS
• Accumulations of dead marine organisms on
the ocean floor were covered by sediments.
• Muddy rock gradually formed rock (shale)
containing dispersed oil.
• Sandstone formed on top of shale, thus oil
pools began to form.
• Natural gas often forms on top of oil.
• Primary component of natural gas is methane

12. Oil
• Petroleum (crude oil)
• Costs:
• Recovery
• Refining
• Transporting
• Environmental
• Highest risks are in
transportation
• Refining yields many
products
• Asphalt
• Heating oil
• Diesel
• Petrochemicals
• Gasoline

13. Conventional Oil
Advantages
• Relatively low cost
• High net energy
yield
• Efficient
distribution
system
Disadvantages
• Running out
•42-93 years
• Low prices
encourage waste
• Air pollution and
greenhouse gases
• Water pollution

14. Oil Shale and Tar Sands
• Tar Sand: Mixture of
clay, sand, water
and bitumen - a
thick and sticky
heavy oil.
• Extracted by large
electric shovels,
mixed with hot
water and steam to
extract the bitumen.
• Bitumen heated to
convert to synthetic
crude oil.
• Oil Shale: Oily
rocks that
contain a solid
mix of hydro-
carbons.
• Global supplies
~240 times
conventional
oil supplies.

15. Natural Gas
• 50-90% methane
• Cleanest of fossil
fuels
• Approximate 200
year supply
• Advantages and
disadvantages

16. Coal – What is it?
• Solid fossil fuel formed in several stages
• Land plants that lived 300-400 million years
ago
• Subjected to intense heat and pressure
over many millions of years
• Mostly carbon, small amounts of sulfur

17. Coal Formation and Types

18. Coal – what do we use it for?
• Stages of coal formation
• 300 million year old forests
• peat > lignite > bituminous > anthracite
• Primarily strip-mined
• Used mostly for generating electricity
• Used to generate 62% of the world’s electricity
• Used to generate 52% of the U.S. electricity
• Enough coal for about 200-1000 years
• U.S. has 25% of world’s reserves
• High environmental impact
• Coal gasification and liquefaction

19. Coal: Trade-offs
• World’s most abundant
fossil fuel
• Mining and burning coal
has a severe
environmental impact
• Accounts for over 1/3 of
the world’s CO2 emissions

20. Non-Renewable Energy
Nuclear Energy
• A nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass
numbers are split apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons.
– Nuclei – center of an atom, making up0 most of the atom’s mass
– Isotopes – two or more forms of a chemical element that have the
same number of protons but different mass numbers because
they have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.
– Neutron – elementary particle in all atoms.
– Radioactivity – Unstable nuclei of atoms shoot out “chunks” of
mass and energy.

21. Nuclear Energy
• Fission reactors
• Uranium-235
• Fission
• Resulting heat used
to produce steam
that spins turbines to
generate electricity
• Produces radioactive
fission fragments
Light water generator
– used in all U.S. and
85% world wide.
Great danger of
losing coolant!

22. Locations of U.S. Nuclear Power Plants

23. Conventional Nuclear
Power: Trade-offs
• No new plants in U.S. since 1978.
• All 120 plants ordered in 1973 have
been cancelled.
• Cost over-runs
• High operating costs
• Three Mile Island
• Chernobyl

24. Dealing with Nuclear Waste
• High- and low-level wastes
• Terrorist threats – storage casks hold 5-10 X more
ling-lived radioactivity than the nuclear power plant
• Disposal proposals
• Underground burial
• Disposal in space (illegal under international law)
• Burial in ice sheets (“ “)
• Dumping into subduction zones (“ “)
• Burial in ocean mud (“ “)
• Conversion into harmless materials (no way to do this with
current technology)

25. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
• 84% of energy is wasted in the United States
– 41% degradation (2nd law of Thermodynamics)
– 43% unnecessary
• Fuel wasting vehicles
• Furnaces
• Poorly insulated buildings
• U.S. unnecessarily wastes 2/3 of the energy that
the rest of the world’s population consumes!

26. World Total Energy Consumption 1990 -2020
(Quadrillion Btu)
Region/Country 1990 1997 2020
United States 84.0 94.2 120.9
Western Europe 59.9 64.0 78.4
Japan 18.1 21.3 25.4
China 27.0 36.7 97.3
Former Soviet Union 61.0 40.8 57.3
Total World 346.7 379.9 607.7

27. Energy Efficiency
• Efficiency is getting out what you put in.
• Four primary energy wasters:
– Incandescent light bulb 95%
– Nuclear Power – 86%
– Cars – 75-80%
– Coal – 66%
• We either need to make more efficient
products or change our energy sources

28. Energy Efficiencies – do more with less!

29. HOW DO WE SOLVE THE PROBLEM!!!
Renewable energy sources
– EARTH
• Geothermal (wet and dry)
– WIND
– WATER
• Tides
• Waves
• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
• Hydroelectric
– SUN
• Solar Thermal Power Systems
• Photovoltaic Conversion
– LIFE
• Biofuels/Biomass

30. Geothermal Energy
• Geothermal heat pumps
• Geothermal exchange
• Dry and wet steam
• Hot water
• Molten rock (magma)
• Hot dry-rock zones

31. Producing Electricity from Wind

32. Producing Electricity
from Moving Water
• Large-scale hydropower
• Small-scale hydropower
• Tidal power plant
• Wave power plant

33. Using Solar Energy to Provide High-
Temperature Heat and Electricity
• Solar thermal systems
• Photovoltaic (PV) cells

34. Producing Energy from Biomass
• Biomass and biofuels
• Biomass plantations
• Crop residues
• Animal manure
• Biogas
• Ethanol
• Methanol

35. Entering the Age of Decentralized Micropower
Decentralized power systems and Micropower systems