The document provides an outline of key topics in evolution of animals, including:
1) Animals have distinctive characteristics like being multicellular, heterotrophic, and often sexually reproducing. They have muscles, nerves, and various types of symmetry.
2) Early animal phyla include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, and molluscs which have features like radial or bilateral symmetry and the presence or absence of tissues and body cavities.
3) More complex animals include segmented worms, arthropods like insects and crustaceans, echinoderms, and chordates including vertebrates. These groups show increasing complexity in anatomy, tissues, and organ systems.
Animal are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that exhibit several key characteristics. They are heterotrophs, undergo sexual reproduction with diploid dominance, are multicellular eukaryotes that lack cell walls, and possess unique tissues like nervous and muscle. Their bodies are made of cells grouped into tissues that carry out specialized functions. Early development involves cleavage of the zygote followed by formation of a blastula and then gastrulation to form germ layers.
This document discusses several species of amphibians including the cane toad, golden toad, bullfrog, and leopard frog. It provides details on their physical characteristics, habitat, diet, and conservation status. The cane toad is an invasive species in Australia that has flourished without natural predators. The golden toad was one of the first casualties of global amphibian declines due to factors like habitat loss, pollution, diseases and climate change. Bullfrogs are large predatory frogs found across North America that will eat a variety of prey. Northern leopard frogs are named for their spotted backs and eat insects, worms and smaller animals.
Invertebrates are animals that lack backbones and make up the majority of animal species. They exhibit a wide range of characteristics depending on the phylum. Key characteristics of early invertebrate phyla include radial symmetry (Cnidaria), a gastrovascular cavity (Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes), and lack of true tissues (Porifera). More complex bilaterian invertebrates show bilateral symmetry, complete digestive systems, nervous systems, and some have segmented bodies (Annelida) or shells (Mollusca). Invertebrates transition from simple single or few celled organisms to more complex forms with organ systems and tissues.
1. Algae are a diverse group of primitive chlorophyll-containing plants that can be unicellular or multicellular and range in size from microscopic to large seaweeds.
2. They are defined as simple photoautotrophic organisms that primarily inhabit aquatic environments and have plant bodies that lack differentiation into tissues.
3. Algae show a variety of thallus organizations from single-celled to coenocytic to filamentous to parenchymatous and can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Protostomes and deuterostomes are the two major groups into which all animals are divided based on embryonic development. Protostomes include primitive invertebrates and undergo spiral cleavage, forming a trochophore larva. Deuterostomes include chordates and echinoderms and form the archenteron during gastrulation rather than the blastocoel, and may form a dipleurula larva. The document provides details on the differences in early embryonic development between protostomes and deuterostomes.
This document summarizes key points about the evolution of animals. It discusses that animals evolved from protistan ancestors and developed characteristics like multicellularity, digestion, and development through life stages. The traditional evolutionary tree is based on innovations like body cavities, but molecular data suggests a new tree. Major animal groups discussed include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, and echinoderms.
This document discusses several phyla of acoelomate bilateral animals including flatworms, mesozoans, and ribbon worms. Key points include: flatworms are acoelomates with an incomplete digestive system and protonephridia; mesozoans are microscopic parasites considered a link between protozoa and metazoa; ribbon worms use a proboscis to capture prey and have a complete digestive system and closed blood vessels. These phyla are generally considered part of the superphylum Lophotrochozoa.
Animal are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that exhibit several key characteristics. They are heterotrophs, undergo sexual reproduction with diploid dominance, are multicellular eukaryotes that lack cell walls, and possess unique tissues like nervous and muscle. Their bodies are made of cells grouped into tissues that carry out specialized functions. Early development involves cleavage of the zygote followed by formation of a blastula and then gastrulation to form germ layers.
This document discusses several species of amphibians including the cane toad, golden toad, bullfrog, and leopard frog. It provides details on their physical characteristics, habitat, diet, and conservation status. The cane toad is an invasive species in Australia that has flourished without natural predators. The golden toad was one of the first casualties of global amphibian declines due to factors like habitat loss, pollution, diseases and climate change. Bullfrogs are large predatory frogs found across North America that will eat a variety of prey. Northern leopard frogs are named for their spotted backs and eat insects, worms and smaller animals.
Invertebrates are animals that lack backbones and make up the majority of animal species. They exhibit a wide range of characteristics depending on the phylum. Key characteristics of early invertebrate phyla include radial symmetry (Cnidaria), a gastrovascular cavity (Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes), and lack of true tissues (Porifera). More complex bilaterian invertebrates show bilateral symmetry, complete digestive systems, nervous systems, and some have segmented bodies (Annelida) or shells (Mollusca). Invertebrates transition from simple single or few celled organisms to more complex forms with organ systems and tissues.
1. Algae are a diverse group of primitive chlorophyll-containing plants that can be unicellular or multicellular and range in size from microscopic to large seaweeds.
2. They are defined as simple photoautotrophic organisms that primarily inhabit aquatic environments and have plant bodies that lack differentiation into tissues.
3. Algae show a variety of thallus organizations from single-celled to coenocytic to filamentous to parenchymatous and can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Protostomes and deuterostomes are the two major groups into which all animals are divided based on embryonic development. Protostomes include primitive invertebrates and undergo spiral cleavage, forming a trochophore larva. Deuterostomes include chordates and echinoderms and form the archenteron during gastrulation rather than the blastocoel, and may form a dipleurula larva. The document provides details on the differences in early embryonic development between protostomes and deuterostomes.
This document summarizes key points about the evolution of animals. It discusses that animals evolved from protistan ancestors and developed characteristics like multicellularity, digestion, and development through life stages. The traditional evolutionary tree is based on innovations like body cavities, but molecular data suggests a new tree. Major animal groups discussed include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, and echinoderms.
This document discusses several phyla of acoelomate bilateral animals including flatworms, mesozoans, and ribbon worms. Key points include: flatworms are acoelomates with an incomplete digestive system and protonephridia; mesozoans are microscopic parasites considered a link between protozoa and metazoa; ribbon worms use a proboscis to capture prey and have a complete digestive system and closed blood vessels. These phyla are generally considered part of the superphylum Lophotrochozoa.
Animals have distinctive characteristics including being multicellular, heterotrophic, and usually sexually reproducing. There are three main types of symmetry in animals - asymmetry, radial, and bilateral. The document then discusses characteristics and examples of key animal phyla including sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, molluscs, annelids, roundworms, arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates. Key evolutionary innovations in these phyla include tissues, body cavities, segmentation, exoskeletons, and the development of organs and organ systems.
This document provides an outline and overview of the invertebrates chapter of a biology textbook. It discusses the key characteristics of animals and introduces the major animal classifications including Parazoa, Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia. Examples of phyla from each group are described, focusing on their defining anatomical features and life cycles.
This document provides information on the classification of animals. It discusses the different levels of organization in animals from the cellular level to the organ system level. It describes key characteristics used in classification including symmetry, presence of coelom, and segmentation. The major animal phyla are introduced, including key distinguishing features and examples. Classification aims to systematically organize the over one million described animal species based on their fundamental biological characteristics.
Invertebrates lack backbones and account for 95% of animal species. They exhibit diverse morphologies. Sponges are the simplest animals, lacking true tissues. Cnidarians have a simple body plan of a sac with a central cavity and tentacles armed with stinging cells. Lophotrochozoans are a large clade of bilaterians including flatworms, rotifers, mollusks, and annelids. They exhibit a range of body forms and some have feeding structures like lophophores or pass through a trochophore larval stage.
This document provides an outline of key topics in the evolution of protists. It discusses how protists are a diverse group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes that are not animals, fungi, or plants. They range in size and have various modes of nutrition and reproduction. Examples are provided of different protist groups like flagellates, amoebas, ciliates, and apicomplexans. Aquatic algae examples like diatoms, dinoflagellates, red algae, brown algae, and green algae are also outlined. Diagrams illustrate cellular features and life cycles of select protist species.
The document discusses the classification and characteristics of animals in the kingdom Animalia. It describes 11 animal phyla and the key characteristics used to classify them, including their level of organization, symmetry, germ layers, coelom, and digestive/circulatory systems. Examples are provided of representative species from major phyla like porifera, cnidaria, mollusca, arthropoda, and chordata.
This document provides an overview of animal classification. It describes the six invertebrate phyla - Cnidaria, Flatworms, Nemates, Annelids, Molluscs, and Arthropods. It also describes the five vertebrate classes - Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals. Key distinguishing characteristics are provided for each group, including their physical features, life cycles, and habitats. The document also discusses endothermy and exothermy in animals.
This document discusses the comparative anatomy of the integument and its derivatives in vertebrates. It describes the general structure of skin, which consists of an outer epidermis and inner dermis layers. The epidermis is stratified squamous epithelium that provides protection, while the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and sensory structures. Major derivatives of the integument discussed include epidermal glands, scales, claws/nails/hooves, horns, feathers, and hair. The integument and its derivatives have evolved to suit the environment and provide functions like protection, thermoregulation, sensation, and identification.
The document summarizes plasmodial slime molds. It describes their life cycles which involve spores, myxamoebae, plasmodia, and sporophores. Phylogenetic analyses place them as unrelated eukaryote lineages. They are classified in the kingdom Myxomycota and characterized by a plasmodial stage where the organism engulfs bacteria and organic matter. The life cycle involves spores, myxamoebae, plasmodia, sporophores, and sclerotia. Several orders are described based on spore and sporophore characteristics. Protostelids are also discussed as the simplest known slime molds.
This document provides images and information about invertebrate specimens that will be used for an upcoming lab exam in BIOL 1407. It includes images and descriptions of sponges, cnidarians like jellyfish, flatworms, and parasitic worms. Any information from the text, lab atlas, or slides is considered fair test material.
Arthropods are invertebrates with segmented bodies and jointed appendages that include insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others. They have an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and bilateral symmetry. Arthropods have well-developed senses including compound eyes, taste and smell receptors. They undergo molting to grow, have open circulatory systems, and many reproduce sexually with internal or external fertilization. The largest class is Insecta, which undergo complete or incomplete metamorphosis from egg to adult.
Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll and include molds, yeasts, and mushrooms. They obtain nutrients by absorbing organic compounds from dead or living organisms. Fungi have cell walls containing chitin, reproduce sexually via spores or asexually through budding or fragmentation, and can be unicellular or filamentous. Major fungal divisions are classified based on their sexual reproductive structures. Fungi can cause superficial, cutaneous, or systemic infections in humans, and antifungal drugs target ergosterol synthesis or cell wall glucan to treat mycoses.
Birds are a class of vertebrates that evolved from dinosaurs. They have bilateral symmetry and hollow bones, allowing for flight. Unique characteristics include feathers, wings, and lack of teeth. Birds reproduce sexually, with males defending territories and providing care during incubation and fledgling stages. Common activities in their life cycle include breeding migration, territory formation, nest building, incubation, and seasonal migration.
The document summarizes the classification systems used for the Plant and Animal Kingdoms. It outlines the major divisions within each kingdom in a hierarchical classification structure. For plants, it describes the two main subkingdoms of Cryptogamae and Phanerogamae, and the divisions within each including algae, fungi, bryophyta, pteridophyta, gymnosperms and angiosperms. For animals, it provides an overview of the main phyla from Porifera to Vertebrata, noting key characteristics of groups like arthropoda, mollusca, annelida and chordata.
1. The passage discusses the anatomy and characteristics of various invertebrate phyla, including Arthropods, Nematodes, and Myriapods.
2. It describes the adaptations of spiders, including their ability to produce silk from specialized abdominal glands to construct webs and lines.
3. The passage also discusses parasitic nematodes that infect humans, including the life cycle of the Trichinella spiralis worm which can be contracted by eating undercooked pork.
This study guide covers topics in animal diversity, invertebrates, vertebrates, and fungi. For animal diversity, it defines characteristics that distinguish animals, types of symmetry, and coelomic conditions. It describes the four classes of Cnidaria and characteristics of Nemertea. It also covers advantages and disadvantages of exoskeletons. For invertebrates, it defines lophophores and lists lophophorate phyla. For vertebrates, it defines key terms like craniates and describes adaptations of reptiles and birds. Finally, for fungi, it covers characteristics, modes of nutrition, dispersal without motility, body structures, and sexual/asexual reproduction among major ph
This document compares and contrasts the characteristics of sponges and cnidarians. Sponges and cnidarians are both aquatic invertebrate phyla that reproduce both sexually and asexually. However, sponges lack tissues, organs and organ systems like the nervous, digestive and circulatory systems that cnidarians possess. Cnidarians also have a radial symmetry and can reproduce through both polyp and medusa life stages using external fertilization.
This document compares and contrasts the key characteristics of sponges and cnidarians. Sponges and cnidarians are both aquatic invertebrate phyla that reproduce both sexually and asexually. However, sponges lack tissues, organs and organ systems like the nervous, digestive and circulatory systems that cnidarians possess. While sponges filter feed, cnidarians capture prey using stinging cells called nematocysts along their tentacles.
10 6 all handouts animal diversity 2010 jewett edit compress2MrJewett
1. Mammals are defined as having hair, mammary glands to feed their young milk, internal temperature regulation, and four-limbed bodies.
2. They evolved from reptiles and include monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals. Unique mammalian characteristics include hair, three bones in the middle ear, and a diaphragm.
3. Mammals reproduce sexually, have distinct life stages of infant, young, and adult, and have a well-developed digestive tract. Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat meat, and omnivores eat both. Chimpanzees are African omnivorous apes that live in social groups.
The document discusses various terms used to describe the phenotypic structure of fungi. It defines key terms like mycelium, hyphae, septa, and modifications of mycelium. It describes different types of fungal thalli like holocarpic, eucarpic, ectophytic, endophytic. It also discusses specialized somatic structures produced by fungi for nutrition, survival, and reproduction, including rhizomorphs, sclerotia, stroma, haustoria, and asexual fruiting bodies.
This chapter discusses economics, the environment, and sustainability. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
Economic systems depend on natural, human, and manufactured capital. Markets fail to fully account for environmental costs, so governments intervene through various policies. Moving to a more sustainable economy will require shifting subsidies from polluting to green industries, taxing pollution over profits, and creating new green jobs in renewable energy and recycling.
This document discusses trends in urbanization and sustainability issues facing cities. It notes that half the world's population now lives in urban areas, with migration from rural to urban areas driven by factors like poverty and lack of opportunity. As urban populations grow, issues around sprawl, pollution, poverty, and transportation have emerged. The document examines strategies some cities are using to promote compact growth, reduce car dependence, preserve open space, and generally enhance sustainability.
Animals have distinctive characteristics including being multicellular, heterotrophic, and usually sexually reproducing. There are three main types of symmetry in animals - asymmetry, radial, and bilateral. The document then discusses characteristics and examples of key animal phyla including sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, molluscs, annelids, roundworms, arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates. Key evolutionary innovations in these phyla include tissues, body cavities, segmentation, exoskeletons, and the development of organs and organ systems.
This document provides an outline and overview of the invertebrates chapter of a biology textbook. It discusses the key characteristics of animals and introduces the major animal classifications including Parazoa, Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia. Examples of phyla from each group are described, focusing on their defining anatomical features and life cycles.
This document provides information on the classification of animals. It discusses the different levels of organization in animals from the cellular level to the organ system level. It describes key characteristics used in classification including symmetry, presence of coelom, and segmentation. The major animal phyla are introduced, including key distinguishing features and examples. Classification aims to systematically organize the over one million described animal species based on their fundamental biological characteristics.
Invertebrates lack backbones and account for 95% of animal species. They exhibit diverse morphologies. Sponges are the simplest animals, lacking true tissues. Cnidarians have a simple body plan of a sac with a central cavity and tentacles armed with stinging cells. Lophotrochozoans are a large clade of bilaterians including flatworms, rotifers, mollusks, and annelids. They exhibit a range of body forms and some have feeding structures like lophophores or pass through a trochophore larval stage.
This document provides an outline of key topics in the evolution of protists. It discusses how protists are a diverse group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes that are not animals, fungi, or plants. They range in size and have various modes of nutrition and reproduction. Examples are provided of different protist groups like flagellates, amoebas, ciliates, and apicomplexans. Aquatic algae examples like diatoms, dinoflagellates, red algae, brown algae, and green algae are also outlined. Diagrams illustrate cellular features and life cycles of select protist species.
The document discusses the classification and characteristics of animals in the kingdom Animalia. It describes 11 animal phyla and the key characteristics used to classify them, including their level of organization, symmetry, germ layers, coelom, and digestive/circulatory systems. Examples are provided of representative species from major phyla like porifera, cnidaria, mollusca, arthropoda, and chordata.
This document provides an overview of animal classification. It describes the six invertebrate phyla - Cnidaria, Flatworms, Nemates, Annelids, Molluscs, and Arthropods. It also describes the five vertebrate classes - Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals. Key distinguishing characteristics are provided for each group, including their physical features, life cycles, and habitats. The document also discusses endothermy and exothermy in animals.
This document discusses the comparative anatomy of the integument and its derivatives in vertebrates. It describes the general structure of skin, which consists of an outer epidermis and inner dermis layers. The epidermis is stratified squamous epithelium that provides protection, while the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and sensory structures. Major derivatives of the integument discussed include epidermal glands, scales, claws/nails/hooves, horns, feathers, and hair. The integument and its derivatives have evolved to suit the environment and provide functions like protection, thermoregulation, sensation, and identification.
The document summarizes plasmodial slime molds. It describes their life cycles which involve spores, myxamoebae, plasmodia, and sporophores. Phylogenetic analyses place them as unrelated eukaryote lineages. They are classified in the kingdom Myxomycota and characterized by a plasmodial stage where the organism engulfs bacteria and organic matter. The life cycle involves spores, myxamoebae, plasmodia, sporophores, and sclerotia. Several orders are described based on spore and sporophore characteristics. Protostelids are also discussed as the simplest known slime molds.
This document provides images and information about invertebrate specimens that will be used for an upcoming lab exam in BIOL 1407. It includes images and descriptions of sponges, cnidarians like jellyfish, flatworms, and parasitic worms. Any information from the text, lab atlas, or slides is considered fair test material.
Arthropods are invertebrates with segmented bodies and jointed appendages that include insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others. They have an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and bilateral symmetry. Arthropods have well-developed senses including compound eyes, taste and smell receptors. They undergo molting to grow, have open circulatory systems, and many reproduce sexually with internal or external fertilization. The largest class is Insecta, which undergo complete or incomplete metamorphosis from egg to adult.
Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll and include molds, yeasts, and mushrooms. They obtain nutrients by absorbing organic compounds from dead or living organisms. Fungi have cell walls containing chitin, reproduce sexually via spores or asexually through budding or fragmentation, and can be unicellular or filamentous. Major fungal divisions are classified based on their sexual reproductive structures. Fungi can cause superficial, cutaneous, or systemic infections in humans, and antifungal drugs target ergosterol synthesis or cell wall glucan to treat mycoses.
Birds are a class of vertebrates that evolved from dinosaurs. They have bilateral symmetry and hollow bones, allowing for flight. Unique characteristics include feathers, wings, and lack of teeth. Birds reproduce sexually, with males defending territories and providing care during incubation and fledgling stages. Common activities in their life cycle include breeding migration, territory formation, nest building, incubation, and seasonal migration.
The document summarizes the classification systems used for the Plant and Animal Kingdoms. It outlines the major divisions within each kingdom in a hierarchical classification structure. For plants, it describes the two main subkingdoms of Cryptogamae and Phanerogamae, and the divisions within each including algae, fungi, bryophyta, pteridophyta, gymnosperms and angiosperms. For animals, it provides an overview of the main phyla from Porifera to Vertebrata, noting key characteristics of groups like arthropoda, mollusca, annelida and chordata.
1. The passage discusses the anatomy and characteristics of various invertebrate phyla, including Arthropods, Nematodes, and Myriapods.
2. It describes the adaptations of spiders, including their ability to produce silk from specialized abdominal glands to construct webs and lines.
3. The passage also discusses parasitic nematodes that infect humans, including the life cycle of the Trichinella spiralis worm which can be contracted by eating undercooked pork.
This study guide covers topics in animal diversity, invertebrates, vertebrates, and fungi. For animal diversity, it defines characteristics that distinguish animals, types of symmetry, and coelomic conditions. It describes the four classes of Cnidaria and characteristics of Nemertea. It also covers advantages and disadvantages of exoskeletons. For invertebrates, it defines lophophores and lists lophophorate phyla. For vertebrates, it defines key terms like craniates and describes adaptations of reptiles and birds. Finally, for fungi, it covers characteristics, modes of nutrition, dispersal without motility, body structures, and sexual/asexual reproduction among major ph
This document compares and contrasts the characteristics of sponges and cnidarians. Sponges and cnidarians are both aquatic invertebrate phyla that reproduce both sexually and asexually. However, sponges lack tissues, organs and organ systems like the nervous, digestive and circulatory systems that cnidarians possess. Cnidarians also have a radial symmetry and can reproduce through both polyp and medusa life stages using external fertilization.
This document compares and contrasts the key characteristics of sponges and cnidarians. Sponges and cnidarians are both aquatic invertebrate phyla that reproduce both sexually and asexually. However, sponges lack tissues, organs and organ systems like the nervous, digestive and circulatory systems that cnidarians possess. While sponges filter feed, cnidarians capture prey using stinging cells called nematocysts along their tentacles.
10 6 all handouts animal diversity 2010 jewett edit compress2MrJewett
1. Mammals are defined as having hair, mammary glands to feed their young milk, internal temperature regulation, and four-limbed bodies.
2. They evolved from reptiles and include monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals. Unique mammalian characteristics include hair, three bones in the middle ear, and a diaphragm.
3. Mammals reproduce sexually, have distinct life stages of infant, young, and adult, and have a well-developed digestive tract. Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat meat, and omnivores eat both. Chimpanzees are African omnivorous apes that live in social groups.
The document discusses various terms used to describe the phenotypic structure of fungi. It defines key terms like mycelium, hyphae, septa, and modifications of mycelium. It describes different types of fungal thalli like holocarpic, eucarpic, ectophytic, endophytic. It also discusses specialized somatic structures produced by fungi for nutrition, survival, and reproduction, including rhizomorphs, sclerotia, stroma, haustoria, and asexual fruiting bodies.
This chapter discusses economics, the environment, and sustainability. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
Economic systems depend on natural, human, and manufactured capital. Markets fail to fully account for environmental costs, so governments intervene through various policies. Moving to a more sustainable economy will require shifting subsidies from polluting to green industries, taxing pollution over profits, and creating new green jobs in renewable energy and recycling.
This document discusses trends in urbanization and sustainability issues facing cities. It notes that half the world's population now lives in urban areas, with migration from rural to urban areas driven by factors like poverty and lack of opportunity. As urban populations grow, issues around sprawl, pollution, poverty, and transportation have emerged. The document examines strategies some cities are using to promote compact growth, reduce car dependence, preserve open space, and generally enhance sustainability.
This chapter outline discusses key topics in conservation biology including:
1) The goals of conservation biology are to conserve natural resources for current and future generations and support biodiversity by reducing species extinctions.
2) There is high biodiversity on Earth between 10-50 million species, but nearly 1,200 in the US and 40,000 worldwide are endangered.
3) Conserving genetic, ecosystem, and landscape diversity helps preserve species and ecosystems.
The document outlines different ecosystems of the biosphere, including how solar radiation, winds, and topography influence climate. It discusses various land ecosystems like tundra, forests, grasslands, deserts that exist in different regions due to climate factors. Freshwater ecosystems like streams and lakes are described along with coastal ecosystems. Finally, marine ecosystems are covered, including ocean zones and coral reefs.
This document is an outline for Chapter 38 of an ecology textbook. It covers several key topics:
1) Competition can lead to resource partitioning between species to decrease competition. Predator-prey interactions also affect population numbers of both species.
2) Antipredator defenses in prey include camouflage, warning coloration, and mimicry. Parasitism involves a parasite infecting a host, while commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other.
3) Mutualism benefits both participant species, like the relationship between plants and pollinators. Ecological succession is the replacement of species over time after a disturbance.
This document provides an outline of key topics from Chapter 36 on population ecology. It discusses how ecology can be studied at different levels from organisms to ecosystems. It also covers concepts such as population density and distribution, factors that influence population growth rates, survivorship curves, exponential and logistic growth models, and density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors. The chapter utilizes figures and diagrams to illustrate these ecological principles.
The document outlines the life cycle and reproductive processes in flowering plants. It describes the alternation of generations between diploid sporophytes and haploid gametophytes. The sporophyte produces spores via meiosis and the gametophyte generates gametes. Fertilization occurs when sperm fertilizes an egg, forming a zygote that develops into a seed containing an embryo. The ovary becomes a fruit, dispersing seeds that can germinate to form new sporophytes, completing the cycle. Flowers are adaptations that produce and protect gametophytes and attract pollinators like insects and birds to facilitate fertilization.
Plants transport water and nutrients throughout their systems using two transport tissues: xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals absorbed by the roots up to the leaves, relying on the cohesion-tension model. Transpiration through leaf stomata creates a pulling force that draws the water column through the xylem. Phloem transports sugars made in leaves to all parts of the plant using pressure flow, with a concentration gradient driving the movement of sugars from sources to sinks. Guard cells regulate stomatal openings to control water loss through transpiration. Plants require certain essential nutrients obtained from the soil to complete their life cycles.
This document discusses solid and hazardous waste. It notes that developed countries produce the majority of hazardous waste. Various methods for managing solid and hazardous waste are discussed, including reducing waste production, reuse, recycling, composting, burning, burying, and long-term storage. Integrated waste management is presented as using a variety of these strategies together. Citizen action and policy changes are needed to further encourage waste reduction and sustainable management.
This document provides an outline of Chapter 21 from a biology textbook. It discusses plant organization and homeostasis. It begins by describing the basic shoot and root systems of flowering plants, including stems, leaves, branches, and roots. It then explains how plants are categorized as monocots or eudicots based on structural differences. The document outlines the three main tissue types found in plants - epidermal, ground, and vascular tissue - and how they are arranged and function in leaves, stems, and roots. It concludes by describing primary growth and how it causes lengthening of the root and shoot systems through cell division in the meristems located at the tips.
This document provides an outline on the evolution of plants and fungi. It discusses how plants evolved from green algae around 500 million years ago, sharing characteristics like chlorophyll and starch storage. It then describes the alternation of generations life cycle, with multicellular sporophyte and gametophyte stages that alternate. Having a dominant sporophyte generation allowed plants to grow larger and adapt to dry land by developing vascular tissue for water transport. Seed plants further enhanced reproduction in dry conditions by protecting eggs in ovules.
The document discusses various sources and impacts of water pollution. It describes point sources like industrial facilities that pollute water at specific locations, and nonpoint sources like agricultural runoff that are diffuse and hard to regulate. Major causes of water pollution include agriculture, industry, and mining. Water pollutants can harm human health and aquatic ecosystems. Solutions discussed include better regulation, pollution prevention, water treatment and protecting watersheds.
This document discusses climate change and ozone depletion. It describes the difference between weather and climate, and how the climate has changed naturally over billions of years due to various factors. However, the climate is now changing faster due to human emissions of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels and deforestation. This is causing the atmosphere and oceans to warm, glaciers and ice sheets to melt, and sea levels to rise. Unless emissions are reduced, the consequences could be severe, including more extreme weather, worsening droughts and wildfires, flooded coastlines, and disrupted ecosystems. The document also discusses efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change through reducing emissions and preparing for impacts. Finally, it covers the issue of ozone depletion from
This document discusses air pollution, its sources, impacts, and solutions. It covers outdoor pollution from industrial activities and vehicles, as well as indoor pollution from burning biomass. Key points are that air pollution causes over 2 million premature deaths annually, with indoor pollution responsible for about two-thirds of deaths, primarily in developing countries. Solutions discussed include pollution prevention and regulations in developed countries, as well as cleaner cooking technologies in developing world contexts.
1. Humans face health risks from infectious diseases, chemicals that cause cancer and birth defects, and chemicals that disrupt human systems.
2. It is difficult to evaluate harm from chemical exposure, so some experts advocate pollution prevention.
3. Being informed, thinking critically about risks, and making careful choices can reduce major health risks.
This document discusses various methods for improving energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewable energy sources. It begins by explaining how much energy is wasted through inefficient devices like incandescent light bulbs and internal combustion engines. It then outlines strategies for saving energy in industry, transportation, buildings, and individuals' daily lives. The document dedicates several sections to different renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydropower, biomass and biofuels. It discusses the advantages and challenges of each approach while providing examples of existing technologies and projects around the world. The overall message is that transitioning to more efficient use of energy and greater renewable sources can provide economic, environmental and national security benefits.
1. Net energy yield is an important factor in evaluating energy resources, as it accounts for the energy needed to extract and produce the resource.
2. While fossil fuels like oil, natural gas, and coal are plentiful, they have high environmental impacts, especially coal which is a major contributor to air pollution and carbon emissions.
3. Nuclear power has low carbon emissions but produces long-lived radioactive waste and has high costs, low net energy yield, and safety concerns that have limited its expansion.
This document provides an outline of Chapter 16 from a textbook on microbial life and evolution. It discusses the basic structure and classification of viruses. It describes how some viruses reproduce inside bacteria through lytic and lysogenic cycles. Examples of plant diseases caused by viruses are given. Emergent viral diseases in humans are discussed, including influenza, SARS, Ebola, and avian influenza. The life cycle of an animal DNA virus is outlined, from attachment to a host cell through biosynthesis, maturation and release of new viral particles.
This document is a lecture outline on Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution. It covers Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle where he made observations of animals in different parts of the world. It discusses how Darwin was influenced by earlier scientists like Cuvier and Lamarck and how he developed the theory of natural selection based on his observations of variations between individuals and how certain traits could provide advantages for survival and reproduction. The document outlines Darwin's key ideas of natural selection and variation within populations. It also notes that Alfred Wallace independently developed a similar theory of natural selection.
This chapter discusses speciation and evolution. It defines speciation as the splitting of one species into two or more new species over time. Speciation occurs through both allopatric speciation, where a geographic barrier causes populations to evolve separately, and sympatric speciation, where speciation occurs without a geographic barrier. The chapter outlines models of gradualistic versus punctuated equilibrium for the pace of speciation and evolution. It also discusses how regulatory genes can bring about changes in body shapes during speciation and that evolution is not goal-oriented.
2. Animals have distinctive characteristics
Animals are multicellular eukaryotes
Heterotrophs – must acquire nutrients from an
external source
Usually reproduce sexually
Many animals have Muscles & Nerves
Search actively for food
Seek mates, shelter, suitable climate
19-2
3. 3 Types of Symmetry in Animals
3 Types of symmetry
Asymmetry – no particular body shape
Sometimes sessile – attached to substrate
Exs: sponges
Radial – organized circularly
Exs: jellyfish, starfish
Bilateral – right and left halves
Cephalization – head region (brain)
Exs: mammals, insects
19-3
4. Symmetry & Anatomical Terms
l posterior
dorsa
anterior l
tra
ven
radial symmetry bilateral symmetry
19-4
5. 19.4 Phylum Porifera: Sponges
Sponges
Only Animals without true tissues
Asymmetrical body plan
Body is perforated by pores
Filter feeder
19-5
7. 19.5 Phylum Cnidaria
Phylum Cnidaria – most in the sea
Radial symmetry. Polyp (mouth pointed up) & Medusa
(mouth pointed down) body forms
Capture their prey with a ring of tentacles that have
specialized stinging cells, cnidocytes
Incomplete digestive tract (one opening)
Exs: jellyfish, sea anemone
19-7
9. Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Phylum Platyhelminthes = Flatworms
Bilateral symmetry
Have 3 germ layers
Ectoderm from which body wall develops
Endoderm from which digestive cavity develops
Mesoderm which contributes to organ formation
19-9
10. Flatworm Ex.: Planarians
Digestive System – incomplete (only 1 opening),
undigested food exits through pharynx (mouth is in
middle of body)
Reproductive System – Hermaphrodites (both male
and female sex organs) and perform cross-fertilization
(when two flatworm mate, each is fertilized and
fertilizes the other)
19-10
12. 19.7 Some flatworms are parasitic
Tapeworms
Endoparasites (internal parasites) of various vertebrates
Scolex (head region) bears hooks and suckers for attachment to
the intestinal wall of the host
Flukes
Endoparasites of various vertebrates
Anterior end of the animal has an oral sucker and at least one
other sucker used for attachment to the host
19-12
14. 19.8 Body Cavity = Coelom
One defining characteristic in animals is the
presence or absence of a body cavity or coelom
Flatworms do not have any body cavity
Roundworms have a pseudocoelom
Body cavity incompletely lined by mesoderm
Mesoderm lines only the body wall
Molluscs, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms and
chordates have a true coelom
Body cavity completely lined by mesoderm
Mesoderm lines both the body wall and the digestive tract
19-14
16. 19.9 Phylum Mollusca
All Molluscs have a body composed of
Foot – strong, muscular portion used for locomotion
Visceral Mass – soft-bodied portion that contains
internal organs
Mantle – covering that envelops the visceral mass
May secrete an exoskeleton called a shell
Rasping, tonguelike radula
Bears many rows of teeth and is used to obtain food
3 common groups
Gastropods, cephalopods, and bivalves
19-16
20. 19.10 Phylum Annelida: Segmented worms
Segmentation can be seen externally by the rings that
encircle the body
Complete digestive tract
Exs: Earthworms & Leeches
19-20
25. Phylum: Arthropoda
Extremely diverse – more than 1 million species
Six characteristics
1.Jointed appendages
2.Exoskeleton
3.Segmentation
4.Well-developed nervous system
5.Adaptation of respiratory organs
6.Reduced competition through metamorphosis
19-25
28. 19.13 Arthropods are diverse
Crustaceans
Largely marine arthropods that include crabs,
barnacles, shrimps, and crayfish
Head usually bears a pair of compound eyes and five
pairs of appendages
Centipedes and millipedes
Centipedes – pair of appendages on every segment
Millipedes – 2 pairs of appendages on most segments
19-28
31. 19.13 Arthropods are diverse
Arachnids include spiders, scorpions, ticks,
mites, and harvestmen
Spiders have four pairs of legs
Scorpions are the oldest terrestrial arthropods
Ticks and mites are parasites
19-31
35. 19.15 Phylum Echinodermata
Radial symmetry as adults
Move using a water vascular system (take in
water through sieve plate and pumping into tube
feet, when foot touches surface, center withdraws
and causes suction-alternate this to move)
Ex: Sea stars, Sea Urchins & Sand Dollars
19-35
42. 19.18 Jaws, a bony skeleton, and lungs
evolved among the fishes
Jawless Fishes (Class Agnatha)
Smooth, scaleless skin, no jaws or paired fins
Cartilaginous Fishes (Class Chondrichthyes) sharks &
rays
Skeletons of cartilage instead of bone
Bony Fishes (Class Osteichthyes)
Ray-finned fishes
19-42
46. 19.19 Amphibians
Class Amphibia
Means living on both land and in the water
Represented by frogs, toads, newts, and
salamanders
Characteristics
Adults have small lungs – air enters the mouth by way of
nostrils
Respiration is supplemented by gas exchange through the
smooth, moist, skin
Most members lead an amphibious life
Larval stage lives in water, and adult stage is on land
19-46
48. 19.20 Reptiles
Class Reptilia
Exs: Alligators, crocodiles, turtles, snakes, & lizards
Body is covered with hard scales for protection
Fertilization is internal, and the female lays leathery,
flexible, shelled eggs
Ectotherms: “cold-blooded”
19-48
51. 19.20 Class Aves = Birds
Birds
Characterized by the presence of feathers
Birds are adapted to fly
Forelimbs are modified as wings
Hollow, light bones
Horny beak has replaced jaws with teeth
4 chambered heart
Endotherms – generate internal heat
19-51
55. 19.21 Mammals have hair
and mammary glands
Monotremes
Egg – laying mammals
Exs: platypus
Marsupials
Begin their development inside the female’s body, but
they are born in a very immature condition
Newborns crawl up into a pouch on their mother’s
abdomen
Exs: koala
19-55
60. Connecting the Concepts:
Chapter 19
Animals differ in complexity.
Animals acquire food in diverse ways
Progression from the multicellular level of
organization to the tissue level, to the organ
level, and finally to the organ system level
19-60