The document discusses beta oxidation of fatty acids and its regulation. It covers: 1. The four steps of beta oxidation which occur in the mitochondria, involving oxidation, hydration, dehydrogenation, and thiolytic cleavage. 2. The role of carnitine in transporting fatty acids into the mitochondria for beta oxidation since fatty acids cannot pass through the mitochondrial membrane on their own. 3. Diseases related to defects in fatty acid oxidation pathways like Refsum disease and Zellweger syndrome.

1. BETA OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS & ITS REGULATION
DR ROHINI C SANE

2. LECTURE 61 INTRODUCTION TO LIPID METABOLISM AND FATTY ACIDS OXIDATION
learning outcomes:
At the end of lecture, students should be able to:
1. Describe beta oxidation of Palmitic acid and along with its energetics.
2. Explain the role of Carnitine in transport of fatty acids into mitochondria.
LECTURE 62,63 OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS II
Learning outcomes:
At the end of lecture, students should be able to:
1. Discuss alpha & omega oxidation of fatty acids.
2. Describe the oxidation of odd chain fatty acids .
3. Describe REFSUME disease & Zellweger syndrome.

3. BETA OXIDATION PROPER (MITOCHONDRIAL)
STEPS ENZYMES PRODUCTS
1.OXIDATION FAD DEPENDENT ACYL Co A
DEHYDROGENASE ( ( FAD+ )
α ,β unsaturated acyl
CoA
2.HYDRATION ENOYL Co A HYDRATASE (H2 O) β HYDROXYL acyl CoA
3.OXIDATION β HYDROXYL acyl CoA
DEHYDROGENASE (NAD+ )
β KETO acyl CoA
4.SPLITTING THIOLASE (CoASH) acyl CoA( 2 CARBON
LESS THAN ORIGINAL )

4. 4
Fatty Acid Activation
Fatty acid activation:
• Enzymes for fatty acid oxidation are located in Mitochondria
• FFA can’t pass through mitochondrial membrane
• Activation allows the fatty acids in the cytosol to enter the mitochondria for
oxidation.
• a fatty acid combines with CoASH to yield fatty acyl CoA in presence of ATP.
Fatty acyl CoA combines with carnitine. Enzyme involved is acyl-CoA
synthetase

5. 5
Fatty Acid Activation
• Fatty acyl-Carnitine transports the fatty acid into the matrix.
• The fatty acid acyl group recombines with CoA for oxidation.

6. 6
Fatty Acid Activation
 Fatty acid activation is complex, but it regulates the degradation and
synthesis of fatty acids.

8. CARNITINE SHUTTLE SYSTEM
• INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE IMPERMEABLE TO FATTY ACID THEREFORE CARNITINE SHUTTLE REQUIRED FOR TRANSPORT
OF FATTY ACID TO MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX FOR BETA OXIDATION
 INHIBITOR ----MALONYL CoA (SUBSTATE FOR FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS)
INCREASE IN MALONYL CoA
DECREASE IN CARNITINE ACYL TRANSFERASE I
NO BETA OXIDATION
INCREASE FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS IN CYTOSOL

9. Fatty acid oxidation
• Four steps involved in Fatty acid oxidation
9

10. 10

11. 11
Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids
4 reactions involved in
Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids

12. 12
Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids
In reaction 1, oxidation:
• Dehydrogenation
• Removes H atoms from the  and 
carbons.
• Forms a trans C=C bond.
• Reduces FAD to FADH2.
• Enzyme- Acyl CoA dehydrogenase
 

13. 13
Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids
In reaction 2, hydration:
• Adds water across the trans C=C bond.
• Forms a hydroxyl group (—OH) on the
 carbon.
• Enzyme-Enoyl CoA hydratase
 

14. 14
Beta ()-Oxidation of Fatty Acids
In reaction 3, dehydrogenation :
• Forms a keto group on the  carbon.
• Reduces NAD to NADH2
• Enzyme- beta hydroxyl acyl CoA
dehydrogenase
 

15. 15
Beta ()-Oxidation of Fatty Acids
In Reaction 4, acetyl CoA is cleaved:
• By splitting the bond between the  and 
carbons.
• To form a shortened fatty acyl CoA that repeats
steps 1 - 4 of -oxidation.
• Enzyme-Acyl CoA acyl transferase-(Thiolase)

16. 16
Beta ()-Oxidation of Myristic (C14) Acid

17. 17
Beta ()-Oxidation of Myristic (C14) Acid (continued)
7 Acetyl
CoA
6 cycles

18. 18
Cycles of -Oxidation
The length of a fatty acid:
• Determines the number of oxidations and
• The total number of acetyl CoA groups.
Carbons in Acetyl CoA -Oxidation Cycles
Fatty Acid (C/2) (C/2 –1)
12 6 5
14 7 6
16 8 7
18 9 8

19. 19
-Oxidation and ATP synthesis
Activation of a fatty acid requires:1 ATP
One cycle of oxidation of a fatty acid produces:
1 NADH 2.5 ATP and
1 FADH2 1.5 ATP
Acetyl CoA entering the citric acid cycle produces:
1 Acetyl CoA 10 ATP

20. The energetic yield of β-oxidation of Palmitic acid
– to eight acetyl coenzymes A
Palmitoyl CoA + 7 FAD + 7 NAD+ + 7 H2O + 7 CoA---->8 acetyl CoA + 7 FADH2 + 7 NADH + 7 H+
14 ATP + 21 ATP – 2 ATP (activation of Palmitic acid )
– and eight acetyl CoA in the Citrate cycle
8 X 12 ATP = 96 ATP
Net yield of complete Palmitic acid oxidation to CO2
14 ATP + 21 ATP – 2 ATP + 96 ATP = 129 ATP
Standard free energy of Palmitic acid =2340 Cal
Energy yield by its oxidation 129 ATP = 7.3X 129 = 940Cal
NET YEILD = 940/2340 X100 = 40%
60% is used for HEAT GENERATION

21. 21
Oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids.
• Odd-carbon fatty acids are oxidized by the same pathway as even-carbon
acids until three-carbon Propionyl-CoA is formed.
• After that, three additional reactions are required involving three enzymes.
• Propionyl-CoA is carboxylated by propionyl-CoA carboxylase (with the
cofactor biotin) to form the D stereoisomer of methyl malonyl-CoA (The
formation of the carboxy biotin intermediate requires energy from ATP).
• D-methylmalonyl-CoA is changed into L-methylmalonyl-CoA by
methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase.
• L-methylmalonyl-CoA undergoes an intramolecular rearrangement to form
succinyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle. This rearrangement is
catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, which requires coenzyme B12,
derived from vitamin B12 (Cobalamin).
vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)deficiency & methylmalonyl-CoA mutase -
Methyl Malonic acidemia

22. 22
Oxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids.
• Oxidation of monounsaturated fatty acyl-CoA requires additional
reaction performed with the help of the enzyme isomerase.
• Double bonds in the unsaturated fatty acids are in the cis
configuration and cannot be acted upon by enoyl-CoA hydratase
(the enzyme catalyzing the addition of water to the trans double bond
generated during β-oxidation.
• Enoyl-CoA isomerase repositions the double bond, converting the
cis isomer to trans isomer, a normal intermediate in β-oxidation.
• Energy yield less than saturated fatty acids
• Presence of doble bond posses problem –overcome by epimerase
&isoenzymes

23. 23
Oxidation of Polyunsaturated fatty acids.
• Requires two additional reactions and a second enzyme, reductase, in addition
to isomerase.
• NADPH-dependent 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase converts trans-2, cis-4-dienoyl-
CoA intermediate into the trans-2-enoyl-CoA substrate necessary for β-
oxidation.

24. Alpha oxidation of fatty acids
• Alpha oxidation of fatty acids involved in removal of one unit at a time
• No binding of fatty acid to CoASH –NO ENERGY UTILIZATION
REFSUME DISEASE---NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE
DEFECT IN ALPHA OXIDATION OF PHYTANIC ACID-ACCUMULATION OF
PRODUCT THAT CANNOT BE DEGRADED BY BETA OXIDATION
AVOID DIETARY CONSUMPTION OF CHLOROPHYLL AND MILK CONTAIN
PHYTANIC ACID
(CHLOROPHYLLPHYTOLPHYTANIC ACIDALPHA OXIDATION BETA
OXIDATION )

25. OMEGA OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS
MINOR PATHWAY (LIVER)
CYTOCHROME P 450 dependent microsomal mono-oxygenase
• ω CH3-(CH2)n-COO-
α
• ω OH –H2C-(CH2)n-COO- α
• ω -OOC –H2C-(CH2)n-COO- α

26. BETA OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS IN PEROXISOMES
• FADH PRODUCED IN BETA OXIDATION DOESNOT ENTER ETC BUT COMBINES
WITH O2 DIRECTLY
• E-FADH2 + O2 E-FAD + H2O2
• H2O2+ CATALASE H2O+ ½ O2
• NO ATP INSTEAD HEAT LIBERATED
APPLICATIONS OF BETA OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS IN PEROXISOMES
PEROXISOMAL OXIDATION IS INDUCED BY HIGH FAT DIET & ANTI-
HYPERLIPEDEMIC DRUGS===CLOFIBRATE
INITIAL OXIDATION OF LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS
ZELLWEGER SYNDROME—ABSENCE OF PERI-OXISOMES OXIDATION OF
LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS ==ACCUMULATION CEREBROHEPATORENAL
SYNDROME

27. Jamacian Vomiting Sickness
Cause of Jamacian Vomiting Sickness Unripe jack fruit contains
amino acid HYPGLYCIN A –inhibits acyl CoA dehydrogenase beta
oxidation inhibited
Symptoms
• Hypoglycemia
• Vommiting
• Convulsions
• Coma
• Death

28. Sudden infant death syndrome –SIDS
• Cause of Sudden infant death syndrome –SIDS is Deficiency of
medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase (mutation )death
• Consequence of Sudden infant death syndrome –SIDS is Decrease in
beta oxidation of medium chain fatty acid hypoglycemia

29. 29
ATP production for Stearic acid (18 carbons):
HOME ASSIGNMENT

30. GOOGLE –IMAGES USED