Beta-Oxidation may be defined as the oxidation of fatty acids on the beta-carbon atom.
This results in the sequential removal of a two carbon fragment, acetyl CoA.
This document discusses how much ATP is generated from the oxidation of fatty acids. It explains that the number of ATP generated equals the number from the citric acid cycle plus those from reduced coenzymes during fatty acid oxidation. Each acetyl-SCoA that enters the citric acid cycle generates 10 ATP, and there are as many acetyl-SCoA molecules as half the number of carbon atoms in the fatty acid. An example of a 12-carbon fatty acid generating 78 ATP is provided to illustrate the calculations.
1. Beta-oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA molecules.
2. It occurs in four steps: activation of fatty acids in the cytosol, transport into the mitochondria via carnitine shuttle, and three steps of beta-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix involving dehydrogenation, hydration, and thiolytic cleavage.
3. This process is repeated, producing acetyl-CoA with each turn, until the fatty acid is completely broken down, yielding large amounts of ATP through the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Biosynthesis of fatty acids --Sir Khalid (Biochem)Soft-Learners
Fatty acid synthesis involves a two-step reaction where acetyl-CoA is carboxylated by biotin to form malonyl-CoA using ATP as an energy source. Malonyl-CoA then condenses with acetyl-CoA through a decarboxylation reaction to elongate the fatty acid chain. This cycle of condensation and decarboxylation is repeated until a 16-carbon fatty acid is produced, at which point a thioesterase domain catalyzes its release as palmitate. NADPH produced by the pentose phosphate pathway provides electrons to reduce substrates during chain elongation. Certain polyunsaturated fatty acids must be obtained through diet as mammals cannot introduce double bonds at specific
Beta oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA. This involves four steps - dehydrogenation, hydration, oxidation, and cleavage - that occur on the beta carbon of fatty acyl-CoA molecules. Each cycle shortens the fatty acyl-CoA by two carbons and generates acetyl-CoA, FADH2, and NADH. This process is repeated until the fatty acid is completely broken down. Unsaturated fatty acids require additional enzymes for isomerization and reduction to allow all steps of beta oxidation to occur. Overall, beta oxidation generates energy in the form of ATP.
1. Beta-oxidation is the major pathway for fatty acid oxidation that occurs in the mitochondria. It involves activation of fatty acids to acyl-CoA derivatives, transport into the mitochondria, and four steps of beta-oxidation to sequentially cleave two-carbon acetyl-CoA units, producing ATP.
2. Minor pathways include alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid in peroxisomes, omega-oxidation of fatty acids in the ER, and peroxisomal beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids.
3. Defects in these pathways can cause diseases like Refsum's disease and Zellweger syndrome. Medium chain acyl-CoA
Beta oxidation and two component system sobhy salama
β-oxidation is a catabolic reaction that takes place in the mitochondria where fatty acids are broken down. The fatty acid enters the pathway when it binds to coenzyme A to form an acyl CoA. The acyl CoA then enters the mitochondrial matrix through the carnitine shuttle system. The acyl CoA undergoes a series of reactions involving dehydrogenases and hydratases that ultimately form acetyl CoA and reduce the fatty acid by two carbons.
1. Fatty acids in the body undergo beta-oxidation, where they are sequentially broken down into two-carbon acetyl-CoA units through four reactions: oxidation, hydration, oxidation, and cleavage.
2. Beta-oxidation involves three stages: activation of fatty acids into acyl-CoA in the cytosol, transport of acyl-CoA into the mitochondria via the carnitine shuttle system, and beta-oxidation proper within the mitochondrial matrix.
3. Each round of beta-oxidation liberates one acetyl-CoA molecule through a cycle of oxidation, hydration, further oxidation, and thiolytic cleavage of the acyl-CoA.
This document discusses how much ATP is generated from the oxidation of fatty acids. It explains that the number of ATP generated equals the number from the citric acid cycle plus those from reduced coenzymes during fatty acid oxidation. Each acetyl-SCoA that enters the citric acid cycle generates 10 ATP, and there are as many acetyl-SCoA molecules as half the number of carbon atoms in the fatty acid. An example of a 12-carbon fatty acid generating 78 ATP is provided to illustrate the calculations.
1. Beta-oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA molecules.
2. It occurs in four steps: activation of fatty acids in the cytosol, transport into the mitochondria via carnitine shuttle, and three steps of beta-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix involving dehydrogenation, hydration, and thiolytic cleavage.
3. This process is repeated, producing acetyl-CoA with each turn, until the fatty acid is completely broken down, yielding large amounts of ATP through the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Biosynthesis of fatty acids --Sir Khalid (Biochem)Soft-Learners
Fatty acid synthesis involves a two-step reaction where acetyl-CoA is carboxylated by biotin to form malonyl-CoA using ATP as an energy source. Malonyl-CoA then condenses with acetyl-CoA through a decarboxylation reaction to elongate the fatty acid chain. This cycle of condensation and decarboxylation is repeated until a 16-carbon fatty acid is produced, at which point a thioesterase domain catalyzes its release as palmitate. NADPH produced by the pentose phosphate pathway provides electrons to reduce substrates during chain elongation. Certain polyunsaturated fatty acids must be obtained through diet as mammals cannot introduce double bonds at specific
Beta oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA. This involves four steps - dehydrogenation, hydration, oxidation, and cleavage - that occur on the beta carbon of fatty acyl-CoA molecules. Each cycle shortens the fatty acyl-CoA by two carbons and generates acetyl-CoA, FADH2, and NADH. This process is repeated until the fatty acid is completely broken down. Unsaturated fatty acids require additional enzymes for isomerization and reduction to allow all steps of beta oxidation to occur. Overall, beta oxidation generates energy in the form of ATP.
1. Beta-oxidation is the major pathway for fatty acid oxidation that occurs in the mitochondria. It involves activation of fatty acids to acyl-CoA derivatives, transport into the mitochondria, and four steps of beta-oxidation to sequentially cleave two-carbon acetyl-CoA units, producing ATP.
2. Minor pathways include alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid in peroxisomes, omega-oxidation of fatty acids in the ER, and peroxisomal beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids.
3. Defects in these pathways can cause diseases like Refsum's disease and Zellweger syndrome. Medium chain acyl-CoA
Beta oxidation and two component system sobhy salama
β-oxidation is a catabolic reaction that takes place in the mitochondria where fatty acids are broken down. The fatty acid enters the pathway when it binds to coenzyme A to form an acyl CoA. The acyl CoA then enters the mitochondrial matrix through the carnitine shuttle system. The acyl CoA undergoes a series of reactions involving dehydrogenases and hydratases that ultimately form acetyl CoA and reduce the fatty acid by two carbons.
1. Fatty acids in the body undergo beta-oxidation, where they are sequentially broken down into two-carbon acetyl-CoA units through four reactions: oxidation, hydration, oxidation, and cleavage.
2. Beta-oxidation involves three stages: activation of fatty acids into acyl-CoA in the cytosol, transport of acyl-CoA into the mitochondria via the carnitine shuttle system, and beta-oxidation proper within the mitochondrial matrix.
3. Each round of beta-oxidation liberates one acetyl-CoA molecule through a cycle of oxidation, hydration, further oxidation, and thiolytic cleavage of the acyl-CoA.
β-oxidation is the primary pathway for fatty acid oxidation in the body. It involves the removal of two carbon acetyl-CoA units from fatty acyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix through a cyclic process. Fatty acids are activated to acyl-CoAs in the cytosol then transported into mitochondria via carnitine shuttle. Inside mitochondria, the acyl-CoA undergoes repeated cycles of dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydrogenation, and thiolytic cleavage to generate acetyl-CoA. Defects in β-oxidation can cause various metabolic disorders like hypoketotic hypoglycemia.
This document summarizes metabolism of lipids. It discusses hydrolysis of triacylglycerols into fatty acids, oxidation of fatty acids through beta-oxidation within mitochondria, and oxidation of odd-numbered fatty acids including propionate. It also covers degradation of more complex lipids like phytanic acid within peroxisomes, as well as biosynthesis of fatty acids.
The document summarizes part 2 of the citric acid cycle. Reaction 5 involves the hydrolysis of succinyl CoA to form succinate and GTP. GTP is then used to phosphorylate GDP to form ATP. Reaction 6 is the dehydration of succinate to form fumarate, reducing FAD to FADH2. Reaction 7 hydrates fumarate to form malate. Finally, Reaction 8 dehydrates malate to regenerate oxaloacetate, reducing NAD+ to NADH.
The citric acid cycle is the principal process for generating reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2, which are necessary for ATP synthesis. It takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and involves eight steps catalyzed by different enzymes. Acetyl-CoA enters the cycle and is oxidized, producing carbon dioxide and the reduced coenzymes that fuel ATP production. Regulation occurs at three steps to precisely adjust the cycle's rate according to cellular energy needs. Overall, 12 ATP molecules are generated for each acetyl-CoA molecule that completes the citric acid cycle.
The citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) is a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that breaks down acetyl-CoA generated from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and hydrogen to generate ATP. The cycle consists of 8 steps where acetyl-CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate, undergoing oxidation, decarboxylation and hydration reactions to regenerate oxaloacetate and produce NADH, FADH2, and GTP to fuel oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production. The TCA cycle plays a key role in cellular respiration and energy production.
Fatty acid β-oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are broken down to produce energy. Fatty acids primarily enter a cell via fatty acid protein transporters on the cell surface. Once inside, FACS adds a CoA group to the fatty acid. CPT1 then converts the long-chain acyl-CoA to long-chain acylcarnitine.
The document summarizes the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle. It discusses that the TCA cycle involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide and water and is the final common pathway for carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids. The cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and generates energy in the form of NADH and FADH2 that are used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP. Key enzymes and reactions in the cycle are described, including the generation of citrate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, fumarate, oxaloacetate
Reserpine(Structure Elucidation, Extraction and Isolation)Mohammad Khalid
Reserpine(Structure Elucidation, Extraction and Isolation)
Introduction
Constitution of reserpine
Structure of Reserpic acid
Structure of Yobyrine
Synthesis of Yobyrine
Structure of Reserpine
Synthesis of Reserpine
Classification
Extraction
Isolation:
Identification test
Mode of Action
Citric acid cycle krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acidhimanshupaneru1
Krebs cycle/ citric acid cycle/ tricarboxylic acid cycle TCA is the important topic from metabolism of carbohydrate in which we disscuss about cirtic acid cycle introduction, steps, regulation, energetics, important terms and lot more.
The TCA cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle) is a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that breaks down acetyl-CoA molecules derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide. It is a cyclic process where oxaloacetate is regenerated at the end of each cycle. The cycle produces reduced electron carriers NADH and FADH2 that feed into the electron transport chain to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. It is a central metabolic hub that connects several biochemical pathways and provides precursors for biosynthesis.
Cellular respiration involves three main stages:
1) Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP.
2) The citric acid cycle further breaks down pyruvate and produces more ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
3) Oxidative phosphorylation uses the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to power the electron transport chain, producing large amounts of ATP through chemiosmosis. This multi-step process efficiently harvests energy from organic molecules to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.
In organic chemistry, an alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon—carbon triple bond. The simplest acyclic alkynes with only one triple bond and no other functional groups form a homologous series with the general chemical formula CₙH₂ₙ−2
The document summarizes key concepts about cellular respiration:
1. Cellular respiration involves three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain - to harvest chemical energy from glucose and produce ATP through redox reactions and oxidative phosphorylation.
2. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes pyruvate and generates more ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
3. The electron transport chain uses the NADH and FADH2 to power oxidative phosphorylation as electrons are passed to oxygen. This final stage produces the majority of ATP through chemiosmosis.
21 1-part1structureandpropertiesofcarboxylicacidderivatives-wade7th-140409034...Dr Robert Craig PhD
This document provides an overview of carboxylic acid derivatives including esters, amides, nitriles, acid halides, anhydrides, and lactones/lactams. It discusses their structures, naming conventions, physical properties such as boiling points and solubility, and spectroscopic data from techniques like IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Key characteristics and reactions of each derivative type are summarized.
The document provides an overview of cellular respiration. It describes the processes of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain that break down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and yields 2 ATP per glucose. The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria using oxygen and yield approximately 38 ATP total per glucose molecule. Aerobic respiration using oxygen is about 50% efficient compared to only 2% for anaerobic respiration without oxygen.
Chapter 16 - The citric acid cycle - BiochemistryAreej Abu Hanieh
The document discusses cellular respiration, which occurs in three stages: 1) acetyl-CoA production from organic fuels like glucose and fatty acids, 2) acetyl-CoA oxidation in the citric acid cycle (CAC) to produce NADH, FADH2, and GTP, and 3) oxidative phosphorylation to generate large amounts of ATP. The citric acid cycle involves a series of chemical reactions that generate energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. These stages capture energy from nutrients and transfer it to ATP via electron transport chains located in cellular organelles like mitochondria.
The document summarizes the key steps in the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid or tricarboxylic acid cycle). The Krebs cycle is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions where acetyl groups from pyruvate enter the cycle in the form of acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form the six-carbon compound citrate. Citrate then undergoes a series of reactions where it is dehydrogenated and decarboxylated, removing carbons and producing CO2, while also generating reduced NAD, FAD, and one ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation. Two turns of the Krebs cycle are required for each glucose molecule, ultimately producing 4
The document summarizes key concepts about microbial metabolism. It discusses how catabolism and anabolism are used to extract energy from nutrients and build biomolecules. Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are described as pathways that break down glucose to extract energy in the form of ATP and electron carriers like NADH. The energy from catabolism is then used to drive anabolic reactions like biosynthesis through substrate-level phosphorylation.
Lecture 3- Oxidation of saturated fatty acids.pptxArpitaGupte1
The β-oxidation pathway involves four enzyme-catalyzed steps per cycle that shorten the fatty acyl-CoA by two carbons, producing acetyl-CoA and reducing equivalents FADH2 and NADH. One round of the pathway converts a fatty acyl-CoA into a two-carbon shorter fatty acyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA, FADH2, NADH, and H+. Seven cycles of β-oxidation are required to fully degrade palmitoyl-CoA (C16) into eight molecules of acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA can enter the Krebs cycle to further produce ATP, and the reduced equivalents FAD
The document summarizes fatty acid oxidation pathways. Fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation where they are sequentially shortened by two carbons into acetyl-CoA. This occurs through activation, transport into mitochondria via carnitine shuttle, and four steps of beta-oxidation. Alpha-oxidation removes the alpha carbon for certain fatty acids like phytanic acid to allow beta-oxidation. Abnormalities in fatty acid oxidation can cause clinical conditions.
Beta-oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA molecules. There are four steps - activation, transport into the mitochondria via carnitine shuttle, beta-oxidation cycles removing two carbons each, and oxidation of acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle. Defects can cause conditions like SIDS or methylmalonic acidemia. Fatty acid oxidation provides the majority of energy during fasting states.
oxidation of fatty acids (palmitic acid).pptxManoharKumar81
The document summarizes the process of beta-oxidation of fatty acids. It involves three main stages - activation of fatty acids in the cytosol, transport into the mitochondria via the carnitine shuttle system, and beta-oxidation within the mitochondrial matrix. Beta-oxidation occurs via four reactions per cycle that sequentially cleave two-carbon acetyl-CoA units from the fatty acid. This generates energy in the form of FADH2, NADH, and ATP. Defects in this process can cause diseases like sudden infant death syndrome.
β-oxidation is the primary pathway for fatty acid oxidation in the body. It involves the removal of two carbon acetyl-CoA units from fatty acyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix through a cyclic process. Fatty acids are activated to acyl-CoAs in the cytosol then transported into mitochondria via carnitine shuttle. Inside mitochondria, the acyl-CoA undergoes repeated cycles of dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydrogenation, and thiolytic cleavage to generate acetyl-CoA. Defects in β-oxidation can cause various metabolic disorders like hypoketotic hypoglycemia.
This document summarizes metabolism of lipids. It discusses hydrolysis of triacylglycerols into fatty acids, oxidation of fatty acids through beta-oxidation within mitochondria, and oxidation of odd-numbered fatty acids including propionate. It also covers degradation of more complex lipids like phytanic acid within peroxisomes, as well as biosynthesis of fatty acids.
The document summarizes part 2 of the citric acid cycle. Reaction 5 involves the hydrolysis of succinyl CoA to form succinate and GTP. GTP is then used to phosphorylate GDP to form ATP. Reaction 6 is the dehydration of succinate to form fumarate, reducing FAD to FADH2. Reaction 7 hydrates fumarate to form malate. Finally, Reaction 8 dehydrates malate to regenerate oxaloacetate, reducing NAD+ to NADH.
The citric acid cycle is the principal process for generating reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2, which are necessary for ATP synthesis. It takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and involves eight steps catalyzed by different enzymes. Acetyl-CoA enters the cycle and is oxidized, producing carbon dioxide and the reduced coenzymes that fuel ATP production. Regulation occurs at three steps to precisely adjust the cycle's rate according to cellular energy needs. Overall, 12 ATP molecules are generated for each acetyl-CoA molecule that completes the citric acid cycle.
The citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) is a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that breaks down acetyl-CoA generated from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and hydrogen to generate ATP. The cycle consists of 8 steps where acetyl-CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate, undergoing oxidation, decarboxylation and hydration reactions to regenerate oxaloacetate and produce NADH, FADH2, and GTP to fuel oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production. The TCA cycle plays a key role in cellular respiration and energy production.
Fatty acid β-oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are broken down to produce energy. Fatty acids primarily enter a cell via fatty acid protein transporters on the cell surface. Once inside, FACS adds a CoA group to the fatty acid. CPT1 then converts the long-chain acyl-CoA to long-chain acylcarnitine.
The document summarizes the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle. It discusses that the TCA cycle involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide and water and is the final common pathway for carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids. The cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and generates energy in the form of NADH and FADH2 that are used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP. Key enzymes and reactions in the cycle are described, including the generation of citrate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, fumarate, oxaloacetate
Reserpine(Structure Elucidation, Extraction and Isolation)Mohammad Khalid
Reserpine(Structure Elucidation, Extraction and Isolation)
Introduction
Constitution of reserpine
Structure of Reserpic acid
Structure of Yobyrine
Synthesis of Yobyrine
Structure of Reserpine
Synthesis of Reserpine
Classification
Extraction
Isolation:
Identification test
Mode of Action
Citric acid cycle krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acidhimanshupaneru1
Krebs cycle/ citric acid cycle/ tricarboxylic acid cycle TCA is the important topic from metabolism of carbohydrate in which we disscuss about cirtic acid cycle introduction, steps, regulation, energetics, important terms and lot more.
The TCA cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle) is a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that breaks down acetyl-CoA molecules derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide. It is a cyclic process where oxaloacetate is regenerated at the end of each cycle. The cycle produces reduced electron carriers NADH and FADH2 that feed into the electron transport chain to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. It is a central metabolic hub that connects several biochemical pathways and provides precursors for biosynthesis.
Cellular respiration involves three main stages:
1) Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP.
2) The citric acid cycle further breaks down pyruvate and produces more ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
3) Oxidative phosphorylation uses the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to power the electron transport chain, producing large amounts of ATP through chemiosmosis. This multi-step process efficiently harvests energy from organic molecules to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.
In organic chemistry, an alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon—carbon triple bond. The simplest acyclic alkynes with only one triple bond and no other functional groups form a homologous series with the general chemical formula CₙH₂ₙ−2
The document summarizes key concepts about cellular respiration:
1. Cellular respiration involves three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain - to harvest chemical energy from glucose and produce ATP through redox reactions and oxidative phosphorylation.
2. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes pyruvate and generates more ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
3. The electron transport chain uses the NADH and FADH2 to power oxidative phosphorylation as electrons are passed to oxygen. This final stage produces the majority of ATP through chemiosmosis.
21 1-part1structureandpropertiesofcarboxylicacidderivatives-wade7th-140409034...Dr Robert Craig PhD
This document provides an overview of carboxylic acid derivatives including esters, amides, nitriles, acid halides, anhydrides, and lactones/lactams. It discusses their structures, naming conventions, physical properties such as boiling points and solubility, and spectroscopic data from techniques like IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Key characteristics and reactions of each derivative type are summarized.
The document provides an overview of cellular respiration. It describes the processes of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain that break down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and yields 2 ATP per glucose. The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria using oxygen and yield approximately 38 ATP total per glucose molecule. Aerobic respiration using oxygen is about 50% efficient compared to only 2% for anaerobic respiration without oxygen.
Chapter 16 - The citric acid cycle - BiochemistryAreej Abu Hanieh
The document discusses cellular respiration, which occurs in three stages: 1) acetyl-CoA production from organic fuels like glucose and fatty acids, 2) acetyl-CoA oxidation in the citric acid cycle (CAC) to produce NADH, FADH2, and GTP, and 3) oxidative phosphorylation to generate large amounts of ATP. The citric acid cycle involves a series of chemical reactions that generate energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. These stages capture energy from nutrients and transfer it to ATP via electron transport chains located in cellular organelles like mitochondria.
The document summarizes the key steps in the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid or tricarboxylic acid cycle). The Krebs cycle is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions where acetyl groups from pyruvate enter the cycle in the form of acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form the six-carbon compound citrate. Citrate then undergoes a series of reactions where it is dehydrogenated and decarboxylated, removing carbons and producing CO2, while also generating reduced NAD, FAD, and one ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation. Two turns of the Krebs cycle are required for each glucose molecule, ultimately producing 4
The document summarizes key concepts about microbial metabolism. It discusses how catabolism and anabolism are used to extract energy from nutrients and build biomolecules. Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are described as pathways that break down glucose to extract energy in the form of ATP and electron carriers like NADH. The energy from catabolism is then used to drive anabolic reactions like biosynthesis through substrate-level phosphorylation.
Lecture 3- Oxidation of saturated fatty acids.pptxArpitaGupte1
The β-oxidation pathway involves four enzyme-catalyzed steps per cycle that shorten the fatty acyl-CoA by two carbons, producing acetyl-CoA and reducing equivalents FADH2 and NADH. One round of the pathway converts a fatty acyl-CoA into a two-carbon shorter fatty acyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA, FADH2, NADH, and H+. Seven cycles of β-oxidation are required to fully degrade palmitoyl-CoA (C16) into eight molecules of acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA can enter the Krebs cycle to further produce ATP, and the reduced equivalents FAD
The document summarizes fatty acid oxidation pathways. Fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation where they are sequentially shortened by two carbons into acetyl-CoA. This occurs through activation, transport into mitochondria via carnitine shuttle, and four steps of beta-oxidation. Alpha-oxidation removes the alpha carbon for certain fatty acids like phytanic acid to allow beta-oxidation. Abnormalities in fatty acid oxidation can cause clinical conditions.
Beta-oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA molecules. There are four steps - activation, transport into the mitochondria via carnitine shuttle, beta-oxidation cycles removing two carbons each, and oxidation of acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle. Defects can cause conditions like SIDS or methylmalonic acidemia. Fatty acid oxidation provides the majority of energy during fasting states.
oxidation of fatty acids (palmitic acid).pptxManoharKumar81
The document summarizes the process of beta-oxidation of fatty acids. It involves three main stages - activation of fatty acids in the cytosol, transport into the mitochondria via the carnitine shuttle system, and beta-oxidation within the mitochondrial matrix. Beta-oxidation occurs via four reactions per cycle that sequentially cleave two-carbon acetyl-CoA units from the fatty acid. This generates energy in the form of FADH2, NADH, and ATP. Defects in this process can cause diseases like sudden infant death syndrome.
Beta oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA. This occurs through a cyclic process involving four steps repeated until the fatty acid is completely broken down. First, fatty acids are activated to fatty acyl-CoA derivatives and transported into the mitochondria with carnitine. Then, the four steps of beta oxidation sequentially remove two carbon units as acetyl-CoA with each cycle. Defects in these pathways can cause various metabolic disorders.
This document provides information on beta-oxidation of fatty acids. It discusses the three stages of beta-oxidation: activation of fatty acids in the cytosol, transport into mitochondria via carnitine shuttle, and beta-oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix. The four reactions of each beta-oxidation cycle are also described: oxidation, hydration, oxidation, and cleavage. Deficiencies in beta-oxidation can cause conditions like sudden infant death syndrome.
1. Beta oxidation is a process that breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA molecules in the mitochondria to produce energy. It involves activating fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoAs, transporting them into mitochondria, and breaking them down through four steps.
2. Each round of beta oxidation yields acetyl-CoA, FADH2, and NADH, which generate approximately 12-17 ATP molecules. It continues removing two carbons at a time until the fatty acid is completely broken down.
3. The four steps of beta oxidation are dehydrogenation, hydration, oxidation, and thiolysis. These shorten the fatty acyl-CoA by two carbons each cycle while producing
This document provides an overview of fatty acid metabolism. It discusses the three stages of fatty acid utilization: mobilization of triglycerides from adipose tissue, activation and transport of fatty acids into mitochondria, and breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA. It also covers fatty acid oxidation pathways in mitochondria and peroxisomes, ketone body formation, fatty acid synthesis, and regulation of fatty acid metabolism.
The document summarizes the process of beta oxidation, where fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA. There are four steps: 1) activation of fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA in the cytosol, 2) transport into the mitochondrial matrix using carnitine shuttle, 3) beta oxidation proper involving oxidation, hydration, and thiolytic cleavage reactions to remove two-carbon acetyl-CoA units, 4) repetition of steps 3 until the fatty acid is fully broken down to acetyl-CoA, which feeds into the citric acid cycle. The process generates large amounts of ATP through production of FADH2 and NADH. Deficiencies in enzymes involved can
Beta oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to acetyl-CoA units. Fatty acids must first be activated by forming acyl-CoA complexes. The acyl-CoAs are then converted to acylcarnitines and shuttled into the mitochondrial matrix. Once inside, beta oxidation occurs through a series of four reactions per cycle that oxidize the fatty acid, ultimately releasing acetyl-CoA units and a fatty acid two carbons shorter. This process generates large amounts of ATP. When acetyl-CoA levels are high, some is diverted to form ketone bodies that can be used as fuel by other tissues.
This document summarizes the process of fatty acid oxidation. It occurs in three stages: 1) beta-oxidation in the mitochondria breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA units, producing NADH and FADH2. 2) The acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle. 3) Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are used to power ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation. Fatty acids are activated to fatty acyl-CoAs before beta-oxidation. Saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids undergo this process with additional enzyme steps for unsaturated fatty acids. Beta-oxidation removes two carbons as acetyl-CoA in four enzyme
Lipogenesis is the process by which fatty acids are synthesized from acetyl-CoA in the cytosol. Acetyl-CoA produced in mitochondria is transported to the cytosol via the citrate-malate shuttle. In the cytosol, acetyl-CoA and malonyl-ACP are condensed by fatty acid synthase to initiate the elongation cycle, which adds two carbon units in four steps utilizing NADPH. This cycle repeats until fatty acids of varying lengths are produced. Cholesterol synthesis is a 27 step process where acetyl-CoA is converted to mevalonate and then isopentenyl pyrophosphate, which condenses to form squalene and undergoes cyclization and
The document summarizes the process of beta oxidation, which is the pathway by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA molecules. It involves four key steps: 1) oxidation of the alpha and beta carbons to form a double bond, producing FADH2. 2) Addition of a water molecule to form a beta-hydroxy group. 3) Oxidation of the beta-hydroxy group to a ketone. 4) Cleavage of the fatty acid chain between the alpha and beta carbons, producing acetyl-CoA. This repetitive process degrades acyl-CoA molecules into acetyl-CoA, releasing energy molecules FADH2 and NADH.
This document summarizes fatty acid oxidation and beta-oxidation. It describes that fatty acid oxidation occurs in the mitochondria to break down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, generating energy. Beta-oxidation involves four steps - oxidation, hydration, oxidation again, and cleavage - to sequentially remove two-carbon acetyl-CoA units from the fatty acid. The acetyl-CoA can then enter the citric acid cycle to generate more energy through oxidative phosphorylation.
Beta-oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA molecules. Fatty acids first undergo activation to acyl-CoA derivatives in the cytosol before being transported into the mitochondrial matrix via the carnitine shuttle system. Inside the mitochondria, each cycle of beta-oxidation results in the sequential removal of two-carbon acetyl-CoA units from the fatty acid chain through a series of reactions: oxidation, hydration, oxidation, and thiolytic cleavage. This process continues until the fatty acid is completely broken down.
The citric acid cycle (CAC) is the second stage of cellular respiration that occurs in the mitochondria. It fully oxidizes acetyl-CoA derived from glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid breakdown to carbon dioxide. Each turn of the CAC generates reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 that drive oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP, as well as GTP through substrate-level phosphorylation. The CAC is tightly regulated by product inhibition and substrate availability to balance energy production with the needs of the cell.
This document summarizes the oxidation of fatty acids. Fatty acids are stored as triglycerides in tissues and are released into the blood by the intestines, liver, and adipose tissue. They are transported bound to lipoproteins or albumin. Fatty acids are taken up by cells and activated by binding to CoA before being oxidized in the mitochondria or peroxisomes. The major pathway of fatty acid oxidation is beta-oxidation, which occurs through four reactions in the mitochondrial matrix and removes two carbon units in acetyl-CoA per cycle. This process continues until an acetyl-CoA remains. Beta-oxidation generates substantial ATP. Defects can occur in any step of this process
Fatty acid oxidation
Types of fatty acid oxidation
Overview of fatty acid oxidation
Beta-Oxidation of fatty acid
Steps in Beta-Oxidation of fatty acid
Stoichiometry of Beta oxidation
Reference
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2. Definition
Beta-Oxidation may be defined as the oxidation of fatty acids on the beta-carbon
atom.
This results in the sequential removal of atwo carbon fragment, acetylCoA.
stages
Three stages
Activation of fatty acids occurring in the
cytosol
Transport of fatty acids into mitochondria
Beta-Oxidation proper in the mitochondrial
matrix
3. • Fatty acids are activated to acyl CoA by thiokinases or acyl CoA
synthetases.
• The reaction occurs in two steps and requires ATP,coenzyme A andMg2+
• Fatty acid reacts with ATP to form acyladenylate which then combines
with coenzyme A to produce acyl CoA.
• Two high energy phosphates are utilized, since ATP is converted to
pyrophosphate (PPi).
• The enzyme inorganic pyrophosphafase hydrolyses PPi to phosphate.
• The immediate elimination of PPi makes this reaction totally irreversible.
Fatty acidactivation
5. • The inner mitochondrial membrane is
impermeable to fattyacids.
• A specialized carnitine carrier system (carnitine
shuttle) operates to transport activated fatty acids
from cytosol to the mitochondria.
• This occurs in four steps
1. Acyl group of acyl CoA is transferred to carnitine (β-
hydroxy γ-trimethyl aminobutyrate)
catalyzed by carnitine acyltransferasIe (CAT) (present on the
outer surface of inner mitochondrial membrane).
Transport of Acetyl CoA into mitochondria
6. 2. The acyl-carnitine is transported across the membrane to
mitochondrial matrix by a specific carrier protein.
3. Carnitine acyl transferase ll (found on the inner
surface of inner mitochondrial membrane) converts
acyl-carnitine to acyl CoA.
4. The carnitine released returns to cytosol for reuse.
8. • Each cycle of β -oxidation, liberating a two carbon unit-
acetyl CoA, occurs in a sequence of four reactions.
beta-Oxidation Proper
CleavageOxidatio
n
HydrationOxidation
9. • 1.Oxidation
• Acyl CoA undergoes dehydrogenation by an FAD-
dependent flavoenzyme, acyl CoA dehydrogenase.
• A double bond is formed between α and β
carbons (i.e., 2 and 3 carbons)
2.Hydration:
• Enoyl CoA hydratasebrings
• about the hydration of the double bond to form β -
hydroxyacyl CoA.
10. 3.Oxidation
• β-Hydroxyacyl CoAdehydrogenase
catalyses the second oxidation and generates NADH.
• The product formed is β-ketoacyl CoA.
4.Cleavage
• The final reaction in β -oxidation is the liberation of a 2
carbon fragment, acetyl CoA from acyl CoA.
• This occurs by a thiolytic cleavage catalysed by β-ketoacyl
CoA thiolase (or thiolase).
11. • The new acyl CoA, containing two carbons less
than the original, reenters theβ-oxidation cycle.
• The process continues till the fatty acid is completely
oxidized.
12. O
Thiokinase
O
Mg+2
ADP + PPi
β-Oxidation of fatty acids
• R – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – C–SCoA
• Acyl CoA
• Cytosol
• CarnitineTransport system
• Mitochondria
R – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – C –O
Fatty acid
ATP
CoASH
13. O
R – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – C –SCoA
Acyl CoA
FAD
2ATP ----- ETC FADH2
R – CH2– CH2 CH2 – C – SCoA
Trans-enoyl CoA
Acyl CoA
Dehydrogenase
O
R – CH2 – CH – CH2 – C – SCoA
β - Hydroxyacyl CoA
OH
Enoyl CoA
Hydratase
O
H2
O
SIDS
14. OH O
R – CH2 – CH – CH2 – C – SCoA
β - Hydroxyacyl CoA
3ATP ----- ETC
NAD
β-Hydroxy Acyl CoA
Dehydrogenase
NADH + H+
O O
R – CH2 – C – CH2 – C – SCoA
β - Ketoacyl CoA
O
R – CH2 – C –SCoA
Acyl CoA
Thiolase
O
CH3 – C – SCoA
Acetyl CoA
TCA
Cycle
Acyl CoA
15. • Palmitoyl CoA + 7 CoASH + 7 FAD +
7 NAD+ + 7 H2O 8 Acetyl CoA + 7
FADH2 + 7 NADH +7H+
• Palmitoyl CoA undergoes 7 cyclesof β - oxidation to
yield 8 acetylCoA.
• Acetyl CoA can enter citric acid cycle and get
completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O.
Oxidation of palmitoyl CoA
16. Energetics of β -oxidation
Mechanism ATPyield
I. β- 0xidation 7cycles
7 FADH2 [Oxidized by electron transport Chain (ETC) 14
each FADH2 gives 2 ATP ]
7 NADH (Oxidized by ETC, each NADH 21
Liberate 3A TP)
II. From 8 Acetyl CoA
Oxidized by citric acid cycle, each acetyl CoA
provides 12 ATP
96
Total energy from one molecule of palmitoylCoA 131
Energy utilized foractivation -2
(Formation of palmitoyl CoA)
Net yield of oxidation of one molecule of palmitate =129
17. • Oxidation of fatty acids on α-carbon atom is known as
α-oxidation.
• In this, removal of one carbon unit from the carboxyl
end.
• Energy is notproduced.
• No need of fatty acid activation & coenzyme A
• Hydroxylation occurs at α-carbon atom.
• It is then oxidized to α-keto acid.
• This, keto acid undergoes decarboxylation, yielding a
molecule of CO2 & FA with one carbon atomless.
18. • Occurs in endoplasmicreticulum.
• Some FA undergoα - oxidation in
peroxisomes.
• α- oxidation is mainly used for fatty acids that have a
methyl group at the beta-carbon, which blocks beta-
oxidation.
• Major dietary methylated fatty acid is phytanic
acid.
• It is derived from phytol present in
chlorophyll, milk & animal fats.
19. Omega- oxidation
• Minor pathway, takes place in microsomes.
• Catalyzed by hydroxylase enzymesinvolving NADPH &
cytochromeP-450.
• Methyl (CH3) group is hydroxylated to CH2OH &
subsequently oxidized with the help of NAD+ to COOH
group to produce dicarboxylic acids.
• Whenβ-oxidation is defective & dicarboxylic acids are
excreted in urine causing dicarboxylic aciduria.