This document provides an introduction to high frequency (HF) radio, detailing its operational principles, signal propagation methods, and equipment components. It covers types of signal propagation, such as sky-wave and ground wave, along with selecting and configuring transceivers and antennas for effective communication. The Vertex Standard VX-1700 HF transceiver is highlighted as a key example, describing its features, installation, and operation procedures.

1. Communication Basics Part 2
High Frequency Radio
General Knowledge of HF Radio and Introduction to Vertex Standard 1700
Prepared by: Ahmad Sajjad Safi, CNS Instructor

2. Introduction to HF Radio
2
High frequency (HF) is the ITU designation for the range of radio waves
between 3 and 30 MHz .
It is also known as the decameter band or decameter wave as its wavelengths
range from 10 to 100 meters.
The HF band is a major part of the shortwave band of frequencies, so
communication at these frequencies is often called shortwave radio.
Radio waves in this band can be reflected back to Earth by the ionosphere
layer in the atmosphere – a method known as "skip" or "sky wave"
propagation.
These frequencies are suitable for long-distance communication across
intercontinental distances.

3. Introduction to HF Radio- Signal Propagation
3
The dominant means of long distance communication in this band is skywave
(skip) propagation.
The Sun’s energy causes atoms in the upper atmosphere to become charged.
These charged particles are called ions and creates the ionosphere layer.
Radio waves directed at an angle into the sky reflect back to Earth from layers
of ionized atoms in the ionosphere.
By this method HF radio waves can travel beyond the horizon, around the
curve of the Earth, and can be received at intercontinental distances.

4. 4
Radio waves change direction when they enter the ionosphere
Introduction to HF Radio- Signal Propagation

5. 5
The ionosphere is broken up into D, E and F layers.
Signal absorption D>E>F.
Introduction to HF Radio- Signal Propagation

6. 6
Radio waves encountering the ionosphere above the critical angle don’t get
bent enough to return to Earth. Waves entering at angles below the “critical
angle reach the Earth at increasingly greater distances as the launch angle
approaches horizontal.
If we send our signals off at very low angles they will make more hops and
travel farther.
HF operators will configure their antennas so that they can direct their signals
where they want them.
Introduction to HF Radio- Signal Propagation

7. 7
Factors Effecting Communication
• Sunlight/darkness at site of transmission and reception
• Transmitter/receiver proximity to solar terminator
• Season
• Sunspot cycle
• Solar activity
• Polar aurora
HF operators have to know what frequency to use at different times of the day
or season for effective communications.
Introduction to HF Radio- Signal Propagation

8. 8
There are three basic types of propagation of HF radio signals:
• Sky-wave: reflected back to Earth by the ionized layers and responsible for
all of our long distance communications. Amateurs configure their
antennas so that the radio waves take off at very low angles.
• Ground wave: radiates from the Earth’s surface up to the troposphere and
is reflected by the terrain. Generally good for about 100 - 200 miles HF.
• High Angle Radiation (NVIS): Near Vertical Incidence Sky-wave take off at
very high angles are reflected straight back to Earth, this technique allows
you to blanket your signals over a significant area close to your station.
Reliable communications within a 200 to 350 mile radius. NVIS signals are
not affected by terrain.
Introduction to HF Radio- Signal Propagation

9. Introduction to HF Radio- Station Components
9
There are basically two main components involved:
• A Transceiver (unit that acts as transmitter and receiver.)
• An antenna system (radiator, feed line and matching network)
Transceiver

10. Introduction to HF Radio- Station Components
10
The numbers to look at when selecting a transceiver are:
• Sensitivity (ability to hear signals)
• Selectivity (ability to distinguish signals)
• Common Controls Found On Radio Transceivers are in next 3 slides.

11. Introduction to HF Radio- Station Components
11
1. Multi function meter: shows processes and signals are proper.
2. RF POWER: shows how much power the transmitter is putting out.
3. SWR: shows Standing Wave Ratio of the antenna or how much power is being
reflected back to the radio. 1:1 or MIN is good.
4. ALC: shows the condition of the Automatic Limiting Control circuitry. You want
to make sure that you are not overdriving your transmitter. A good reading is
when the peaks top the scale and stay within the range marked on the meter
scale.
5. VFO – Variable Frequency Oscillator: is the main tuning knob used to tune in a
station. This tunes your transmit and receive frequency that is shown on the
MAIN DISPLAY.
6. AFG– Audio Frequency Gain: is the VOLUME control for the receiver.

12. Introduction to HF Radio- Station Components
12
7. RF GAIN: allows you to adjust the gain of the receiver amplifier circuits. It
allows you to make the circuits less sensitive so that you can dampen really
strong signals & improving your ability to hear weaker signals.
8. MIC GAIN: controls the loudness of the microphone in any voice mode.
It is best to adjust this for a good “in range” reading on the ALC meter.
9. MODE – This allows you to choose the mode of operation for your transceiver.
CW – Continuous Wave (Morse code)
USB – Upper Sideband
LSB – Lower Sideband
RTTY – Radio Teletype
10. RIT – Receive Incremental Tuning is used to tune a station you are listening to
without changing your transmit frequency. This is also called a Clarifier.

13. Introduction to HF Radio- Station Components
13
11. XIT- Transmit Incremental Tuning: is similar to RIT but it adjusts your
transmit frequency.
12. RF PWR – Radio Frequency Power: adjusts the amount of transmitter
output power.
13. IF SHIFT - Intermediate Frequency: allows you to avoid a signal that is close
to yours by not letting it in the “window” of the receiver’s.
14. NOTCH – This is another good filter for reducing nearby interference.
Unlike a window, it acts like a cover and blocks the signal that is in your
window.

14. Introduction to HF Radio- Station Components
14
Antenna: When we talk about our antennas we are actually talking about an
antenna system.
An antenna system consists of:
1. The antenna or radiator
2. The feed line
3. The matching network or tuner

15. Introduction to HF Radio- Station Components
15
The dipole is the simplest antenna that any amateur can use on HF. Whether
fed with coax or open wire, dipoles are cheap and easy to build and install.
The total length of the antenna can be calculated by using the formula:
468 ÷ frequency (MHz) = length in feet.
It is not necessary to install dipoles
in a horizontal straight line.
Antenna configurations include 1.
1. Bent
2. Inverted V
3. Drooping
4. Sloper.

16. Introduction to HF Radio- Station Components
16

17. Introduction to HF Radio- Station Components
17
The tri-band Yagi or beam antenna is popular among a lot of HF operators.
Vertical antennas are excellent low angle radiators. Ground mounted
verticals require an extensive radial system. Elevated mono-band verticals
only require 4 radials to be effective.

18. Introduction to HF Radio- Station Components
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Matching Network: The terms antenna tuner, match box, Transmatch and
antenna coupler, are all synonyms for a matching network.
A matching network is a combination of inductance and capacitance used to
cancel out unwanted reactance to better couple the transmitter power to
the antenna.
The most common matching networks are the T- network, the Pi-network and
the L-network.

19. Introduction to HF Radio- Station Components
19
Feedline: The line that connects the antenna to the radio is called the feedline.
Mostly 50 ohm coax feedline used to feed their antennas. It is easy to use and
requires no special handling.
Because of the 50 ohm impedance of the coax it matches the output of all
modern transceivers.

20. 20
VX-1700

21. Introduction to HF Radio- Station Components
21
The Vertex Standard VX-1700 is a low-cost, integrated HF communications transceiver
designed for the worldwide Marine, Land Mobile, and Government markets.
Advanced features of the Vertex Standard VX-1700f include 200 memory channels

22. Introduction to HF Radio
22
Hand Microphone
DC Power Cord
Spare Fuse (25 A Blade Type)
Switch Label Sheet
Operation Manual
Supplied Accessories
AC Power Supply
Desktop Microphone
Antenna Tuner (Coaxial Lines)
Antenna Tuner (Wire/Whip Antennas)
Automatic Link Establishment Unit
External Speaker
Broadband HF Antenna
HF Multi-Band Mobile Antenna
One-Touch Mobile Bracket
Carrying Handle
PC Programming Software
PC Programming Cable
Available Options

23. Introduction to HF Radio- Station Components
23

24. VX-1700 HF Radio- Station Components
24
1 MIC Jack: This modular jack accepts microphone voice input , as
well as scanning and PTT (Push To Talk) control from the
microphone.
2 POWER Switch: This is the main on/off switch.
3 CH (Channel) Selector Knob: The CH selector knob selects
memory channels.
4 ALARM Button: Pressing this button activates the alarm
generator, with the alarm tone emanating from the speaker
(receiver audio is muted, and no transmission occurs).To transmit
the alarm tone, press both the [ALARM] and the [2182] button.
5. 2182 Button: Pressing this button places the VX-1700 in the
“Emergency Channel” mode.
6 VOL Knob This control adjusts the receiver audio volume from
the speaker.
7 SQL Knob: This control may be used silence the receiver when
no signals are being received. Clockwise rotation of this control
cause the receiver to respond only to progressively stronger
signals; conversely, counterclockwise rotation of this control
allows progressively weaker signals to be heard.
9 Keypad: These 12 keys are used for both frequency entry.
10 LCD Display: This multi function LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
includes frequency readout, labeling of the channel in use, plus a
Signal Strength/Power Output meter, and icons which provide
visual confirmation of transceiver status.
8 P1 - P4 Keys (Programmable Function Keys) These four
keys functions can be customized, via programming by
your Vertex Standard dealer. The factory defaults are
shown below. P1 Key: Press this key to tune the receiver
frequency downward without changing the transmit
frequency (Clarifier function). P2 Key: Toggles the Key
Lockout feature “on” and “off.” P3 Key: Press this key to
tune the receiver frequency upward without changing the
transmit frequency (Clarifier function). P4 Key: Turns the
internal speaker (or external speaker, if used) “on” and
“off.”
11 Speaker: The internal speaker is located here.

25. VX-1700 HF Radio-
Station Components
25
1 INPUT (13.8 V): This is the main DC power input jack for the
2 ANT Jack: This PL-259 (“M” Type) connector is used for connection of the coaxial feedline from the antenna.
3 GPS Jack: This 9-pin serial DB-9 jack is for interconnection to a GPS receiver.
4 DATA Jack: This 6-pin mini-DIN jack is for interconnection to a TNC (Terminal Node Controller).
5 TUNER Jack: This 8-pin mini-DIN jack is for interconnection to the optional External Antenna Tuner.
6 ACC Jack: This 10-pin mini-DIN jack is for interconnection to the external accessories.
7 KEY Jack: This 3.5-mm miniature phone jack accepts a CW (Morse Code) key or output from an electronic CW
8 EXT SPKR Jack This 3.5-mm miniature phone jack provides receiver audio output for an external speaker.
9 GND Terminal Post: Use this terminal to connect the transceiver to a good earth ground.

26. VX-1700 HF Radio- Installation
26
Power Connections: The power connector must be a DC source providing 13.8 Volts DC.
Grounding for Electrical Safety: Connect the rear panel ground lug to a good earth ground consist of
one or more ground rods 2.6 m (8 feet).
Electrical Shock Prevention: Be certain that all station wiring is properly insulated so as to prevent
short-circuits. Never route power cables near sharp metallic edges which might cut through protective
insulation. Never spill liquids into this transceiver, and do not drop metallic objects into the transceiver
enclosure. Unsupervised children should be kept away.
Antenna Precautions: Always locate antennas such that they can never come in contact with outdoor
power lines in the event of a catastrophic antenna support or power line support structure failure.
Ground the support structure adequately, so as to dissipate energy absorbed during a lightning strike.
In the event of an approaching electrical storm, disconnect all antenna lead-in, rotator cables, and
power cables completely from your station.
Heat and Ventilation: The cooling system of the transceiver must be free to draw cool air in from the
bottom of the transceiver and expel warm air from the rear of the transceiver. Do not install the
transceiver on top of another heat generating, and do not place equipment, books, or papers on top
of the transceiver. Place the transceiver on a hard, flat, stable surface. Avoid heating vents and window
locations that could expose the transceiver to excessive direct sunlight, especially in hot climates.

27. VX-1700 HF Radio- Installation
27
Electromagnetic Compatibility and RF Exposure: If this transceiver is used in the vicinity of
a computer-driven accessories, you may need to experiment with grounding and/or radio
frequency interference (RFI) suppression devices to minimize interference to your
communications caused by energy leakage from the computer. Although there is radio
frequency (RF) leakage from the transceiver itself, its antenna system should be located as
far away from humans and Animals, to long-term exposure to RF energy.
Preliminary Inspection: Inspect the transceiver visually upon opening the packing carton.
Confirm that all controls and switches work freely, and inspect the cabinet for any damage.
Gently shake the transceiver to verify that no internal components have been shaken loose
due to rough handling during shipping. If any evidence of damage is discovered, document
it thoroughly and contact the shipping company to return the unit for service or
replacement, use the original packing materials but put the entire package inside another
packing carton, so as to preserve the evidence of shipping damage for insurance purposes.

28. VX-1700 HF Radio- Installation
28
1-DC Power Connections: observe the proper polarity when making power connections.

29. VX-1700 HF Radio- Installation
29
DC Power Connections: For base station installations, Vertex Standard recommandes the
use of the Model FP-1030A AC Power Supply. The FP-1030A provides a regulated 13.8 V DC
supply at up to 25 Ampere.

30. VX-1700 HF Radio- Installation
30
2-Antenna Considerations: Complete
the installation by connecting the RF
coaxial cable and FC-30 control cable
to the antenna tuner for better
reception as shown in the pictorial
below.

31. VX-1700 HF Radio- Installation
31
Antenna: Vertical antennas usually provide excellent coverage beyond about
1000 km (600 miles), but very poor coverage at closer distances. Horizontal
antennas are frequently better for shorter distances, but they may require a
stout support structure such as a tower. The height of the horizontal antenna,
and the nature of the ground below it, For example, at 6 MHz a horizontal
dipole 10 meters high (33 feet) will provide excellent local coverage out to
about 500 km (300 miles); however, at the same frequency the dipole would
have to be much higher (perhaps 50 meters or 165 feet) for satisfactory
communication over a range of 3000 km (1800 miles). On the other hand, at
26 MHz the same dipole at a height of 10 meters could, ionosphere
propagation conditions permitting, be expected to provide outstanding
performance over the same 3000 km distance.

32. VX-1700 HF Radio- Installation
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Antenna

33. VX-1700 HF Radio- Installation
33
Base Station Grounding
• It can minimize the possibility of electrical shock to the operator.
• It can minimize RF currents flowing on the shield of the coaxial cable and
the chassis of the transceiver which may cause interference to nearby
home entertainment devices or laboratory test equipment.
• It can minimize the possibility of erratic transceiver operation caused by RF
feedback or improper current flow through logic devices.

34. VX-1700 HF Radio- Startup Procedures
34
• Be certain that all power supply, antenna, ground, microphone, and other
accessory connections have been properly accomplished.
• Rotate the VOL and SQL knobs fully counter-clockwise.
• Turn on the transceiver by press and holding in the
POWER Switch. The LCD display will become illuminated.

35. VX-1700 HF Radio- Installation
35
The VX-1700’s Selcall feature provides six calling modes:
Selcall: The Selcall mode allows you to make an individual/group call using the individual ID
(Identification) number assigned for each transceiver.
Message Call: The Message Call mode allows you to send a text message (up to 64 characters of text)
to another station.
Position Request Call: The Position Request Call mode allows you to request the position information
of another station.
Position Send Call: The Position Send Call mode allows you to send your own position information to
another station.
Beacon Request Call: The Beacon Request Call mode allows you to inquire as to the signal quality
between your transceiver and another specific transceiver (before making an individual/group call).
TelCall: The TelCall mode allows you to make a telephone call through a telephone interconnect
service provider.

36. VX-1700 HF Radio- Installation
36
End of HF Radio