The COSPAS-SARSAT system is an international satellite-based search and rescue system that has helped save over 20,000 lives since 1982. It detects and locates transmissions from emergency beacons on ships, aircraft, and worn by individuals. The system is composed of distress radiobeacons, satellites equipped to detect beacon signals, ground receiving stations, and mission control centers that forward alerts to rescue authorities. It operates using both low Earth orbit and geostationary satellites to provide global coverage and allow for location of distress signals.
Digital selective calling (DSC) allows vessels and shore stations to automatically contact each other using digital radio signals. It is a core component of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS). DSC signals include the vessel's unique Maritime Mobile Service Identity (MMSI) number and GPS coordinates, allowing for quick distress alerts. DSC is used for distress signaling as well as routine hailing on dedicated VHF, MF, and HF radio frequencies based on the vessel's location and bandwidth capabilities. DSC alerts are classified from highest to lowest priority as distress, urgency, safety, and routine.
The document provides questions and answers related to fundamental concepts, equipment systems, sea areas, functional requirements, equipment carriage requirements, maintenance options, and radio spectrum topics for the GMDSS. It tests knowledge of key concepts like the purpose of GMDSS being to automate and improve emergency communications for shipping. It also covers the various equipment, areas of operation, functions, carriage rules, and maintenance provisions required by GMDSS.
The document discusses emergency position indicating radio beacons (EPIRBs) and search and radar transponders (SARTs) that are used in search and rescue operations. It describes how 406 MHz satellite EPIRBs transmit a radio signal every 50 seconds that includes a digitally encoded message with information to help locate the vessel in distress. SARTs generate a response signal when interrogated by ship or aircraft radar to help rescuers locate survivors in the water even in poor visibility. The document outlines key performance parameters for EPIRBs such as detection probability, location accuracy, ambiguity resolution, system capacity, coverage area, and notification times.
Marine communication refers to information exchange between vessels at sea or between vessels and coastal authorities. Historically, flags and Morse code were used, but radio technology now dominates. VHF radio is widely used for ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication. Distress signals can activate search and rescue operations coordinated by organizations like INMARSAT and COSPAS-SARSAT using satellites. EPIRBs automatically transmit distress signals via satellite, providing location data using Doppler shift measurement which is relayed to rescue coordination centers. The GMDSS system divides ocean areas into categories to coordinate appropriate emergency communication equipment depending on distance from shore.
The document provides information about the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS). It defines the four sea areas covered by GMDSS and outlines the key communications equipment required for each area. Furuno is recommended as a provider of GMDSS-compliant electronics, including VHF radios, MF/HF radios, Navtex receivers, and Inmarsat terminals. Furuno also offers complete GMDSS console packages and worldwide service support.
This document discusses various types of maritime training simulators including GMDSS simulators, ECDIS training simulators, OOW bridge simulators, radar-ARPA and navigation simulators, visual steering simulators, and engine room simulators. These simulators are approved by classification societies like DNV and DGS and are used by many maritime training institutions in India to provide hands-on training to cadets. The document lists specific equipment and features of the different simulators.
Inmarsat provides satellite communication services for ships involved in distress cases through its space segment and terminals installed on vessels. Ships fitted with Inmarsat terminals can originate and receive communications to coordinate rescue efforts with other vessels and rescue coordination centers. The Inmarsat system also includes an Enhanced Group Calling system to send operational updates and an Inmarsat-E satellite emergency position indicating radio beacon service that will automatically transmit a distress signal and location if a ship sinks.
Ship owners, managers, officers and crew need cost-effective communications that are simple to operate, easy to maintain and operate seamlessly around the world. That’s what Singtel Office At Sea offer. Our services and technology can bridge Inmarsat, Iridium, VSAT, WiFi and mobile access automatically to provide voice, Internet, email and high-value applications from weather data to ship management tools wherever the vessel travels.
Digital selective calling (DSC) allows vessels and shore stations to automatically contact each other using digital radio signals. It is a core component of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS). DSC signals include the vessel's unique Maritime Mobile Service Identity (MMSI) number and GPS coordinates, allowing for quick distress alerts. DSC is used for distress signaling as well as routine hailing on dedicated VHF, MF, and HF radio frequencies based on the vessel's location and bandwidth capabilities. DSC alerts are classified from highest to lowest priority as distress, urgency, safety, and routine.
The document provides questions and answers related to fundamental concepts, equipment systems, sea areas, functional requirements, equipment carriage requirements, maintenance options, and radio spectrum topics for the GMDSS. It tests knowledge of key concepts like the purpose of GMDSS being to automate and improve emergency communications for shipping. It also covers the various equipment, areas of operation, functions, carriage rules, and maintenance provisions required by GMDSS.
The document discusses emergency position indicating radio beacons (EPIRBs) and search and radar transponders (SARTs) that are used in search and rescue operations. It describes how 406 MHz satellite EPIRBs transmit a radio signal every 50 seconds that includes a digitally encoded message with information to help locate the vessel in distress. SARTs generate a response signal when interrogated by ship or aircraft radar to help rescuers locate survivors in the water even in poor visibility. The document outlines key performance parameters for EPIRBs such as detection probability, location accuracy, ambiguity resolution, system capacity, coverage area, and notification times.
Marine communication refers to information exchange between vessels at sea or between vessels and coastal authorities. Historically, flags and Morse code were used, but radio technology now dominates. VHF radio is widely used for ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication. Distress signals can activate search and rescue operations coordinated by organizations like INMARSAT and COSPAS-SARSAT using satellites. EPIRBs automatically transmit distress signals via satellite, providing location data using Doppler shift measurement which is relayed to rescue coordination centers. The GMDSS system divides ocean areas into categories to coordinate appropriate emergency communication equipment depending on distance from shore.
The document provides information about the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS). It defines the four sea areas covered by GMDSS and outlines the key communications equipment required for each area. Furuno is recommended as a provider of GMDSS-compliant electronics, including VHF radios, MF/HF radios, Navtex receivers, and Inmarsat terminals. Furuno also offers complete GMDSS console packages and worldwide service support.
This document discusses various types of maritime training simulators including GMDSS simulators, ECDIS training simulators, OOW bridge simulators, radar-ARPA and navigation simulators, visual steering simulators, and engine room simulators. These simulators are approved by classification societies like DNV and DGS and are used by many maritime training institutions in India to provide hands-on training to cadets. The document lists specific equipment and features of the different simulators.
Inmarsat provides satellite communication services for ships involved in distress cases through its space segment and terminals installed on vessels. Ships fitted with Inmarsat terminals can originate and receive communications to coordinate rescue efforts with other vessels and rescue coordination centers. The Inmarsat system also includes an Enhanced Group Calling system to send operational updates and an Inmarsat-E satellite emergency position indicating radio beacon service that will automatically transmit a distress signal and location if a ship sinks.
Ship owners, managers, officers and crew need cost-effective communications that are simple to operate, easy to maintain and operate seamlessly around the world. That’s what Singtel Office At Sea offer. Our services and technology can bridge Inmarsat, Iridium, VSAT, WiFi and mobile access automatically to provide voice, Internet, email and high-value applications from weather data to ship management tools wherever the vessel travels.
The Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) provides distress alerting and search and rescue coordination for ships via satellite and terrestrial radio communications. It applies to commercial ships over 300 tons and passenger ships engaged in international voyages. By 1999, all covered ships were required to carry radio equipment determined by their area of operation, including VHF, MF, HF, and satellite phones. Coastal nations must also provide shore-based infrastructure like radio stations and rescue coordination centers to support GMDSS. NAVTEX broadcasts maritime safety information via radio telex to ships within 200 miles of coastal transmitters.
HF provides long-range communication capabilities for ship-to-shore and shore-to-ship use as an alternative to satellite communication outside Inmarsat coverage areas. MF frequencies between 2-4 MHz provide medium-range service for distress communication, while VHF uses 156.525 MHz and 156.8 MHz for short-range distress communication.
Radio and Radar: Radar Continued - systemsJess Peters
Precision Approach Radar (PAR) allows air traffic control to guide aircraft to the runway with accurate guidance during poor weather conditions when visibility is limited. PAR consists of a rotating radar head that transmits beams to detect and track aircraft on their approach. Controllers can view the aircraft's elevation and azimuth scans on screens and guide the aircraft along the safe glide path to land. Instrument Landing System (ILS) provides automated guidance for aircraft landings without relying on ground controllers. ILS includes transmitters that provide horizontal and vertical guidance information to pilots, allowing them to align with the runway centerline and glide slope for landing. Weather radar detects precipitation and analyzes its motion and type to determine storm structure and potential for severe weather.
This document discusses different types of aircraft altimeters. It describes three main types: pulse type radio altimeter, conventional FMCW altimeter, and constant difference frequency FMCW altimeter. It focuses on explaining the basic principle and operation of conventional FMCW altimeters. The conventional FMCW altimeter measures altitude by varying the carrier frequency linearly over time and determining the change in frequency during the round trip travel time to calculate altitude. The beat frequency detected is directly proportional to the aircraft's altitude.
This document provides an overview of aircraft communication systems. It discusses the history of aircraft radio communication from World War I to modern times. It then describes the basic radio principles of transmission and reception using electromagnetic waves. It outlines the different frequency bands used for aircraft communication and navigation. It explains the main components and functions of transmitters and receivers. It also discusses different antenna types and their use on aircraft. Finally, it provides details on very high frequency (VHF) and high frequency (HF) communication systems, including system diagrams and their applications.
1. Radio uses electromagnetic waves to transmit signals through air using a transmitter and receiver. Sound is converted to electromagnetic waves using modulation like AM and FM.
2. A radio receiver receives radio waves via an antenna and converts them back into audio using demodulation after tuning, amplification and detection stages. Superheterodyne receivers improve reception by translating the radio frequency to an intermediate frequency using beat frequencies.
3. FM receivers use a discriminator circuit for demodulation instead of a detector, as it is better for detecting small frequency differences representing the audio signal.
This document summarizes the key components and operating principles of radar systems. It discusses the basic outline of radar including the transmitter producing pulses, a duplexer switching between transmit and receive, and a receiver amplifying returned echoes. It describes how radar determines distance based on pulse travel time. Issues like maximum unambiguous range due to pulse repetition are addressed. The document outlines the electromagnetic spectrum used, displays, antennas, emergency beacons, and navtex coding systems.
Demonstration Slideshow - Marine Radio Operators VHF Certificate Course Slides (ACCSS [Australian Coastal Communication Sub-System] of the GMDSS [Global Maritime Distress and Safety System]). To be used in conjunction with the Australian Marine-Radio-Operators-Handbook 2008 edn.
Radar and secondary radar systems use radio waves to detect objects and provide essential information to operators. Radar works by transmitting radio waves that bounce off targets and are received, allowing calculation of range and position. Secondary radar requires aircraft to carry transponders that respond to interrogations by transmitting a coded reply signal carrying additional data like identification and altitude. This improves detection range and allows transmission of emergency information.
Aviation relies heavily on radio systems for communication and navigation. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves that transmit information via transmitters and receivers. VHF radios operating between 118-137 MHz are most commonly used for air traffic control communications. HF radios can transmit over long distances but are affected by atmospheric conditions. Modulation methods like AM and FM encode information onto radio carriers. Key aviation radio systems include VHF communications, HF communications, intercoms, satellite communications, and ACARS for automated messaging.
Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority regulates civil aviation in Pakistan and has its headquarters in Karachi. The Electronic Engineering Department (EED) maintains and repairs aviation equipment across Pakistan, including navigational aids, communication systems, and radars. During the internship, the author visited EED's Navigational Aid section to learn about the equipment used for en route and terminal navigation, such as NDBs, VORs, DMEs, localizers, glide slopes, and marker beacons. They guide aircraft through different phases of flight and provide information like direction, distance, and vertical guidance for approaches and landings. The internship helped familiarize the author with the functions and operations of the key systems used in
High Sensitivity Very Low Frequency Receiver for Earthquake Data AcquisitionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A high sensitivity very low frequency (VLF) receiver is developed based on AD744 monolithic operational amplifier (Op-Amp) for earthquake data acquisition. In research related natural phenomena such as atmospheric noise, lightning and earthquake, a VLF receiver particularly with high sensitivity is utterly required due to the low power of VLF wave signals received by the antenna. The developed receiver is intended to have high sensitivity reception for the signals in frequency range of 10-30kHz allocated for earthquake observation. The VLF receiver which is portably designed is also equipped with an output port connectable to the soundcard of personal computer for further data acquisition. After obtaining the optimum design, the hardware realization is implemented on a printed circuit board (PCB) for experimental characterization. It shows that the sensitivity of realized VLF receiver is almost linear in the predefined frequency range for the input signals lower than -12dBm and to be quadratic for the higher level input signals.
This document is an internship report submitted by Khet Kumar detailing their internship from June 12th to July 14th, 2017 at the Electronics Engineering Depot of the Civil Aviation Authority of Pakistan. The report provides an overview of the CAA Pakistan and EED, and then describes Khet's experiences in various sections of EED including the Radar Central Workshop, Navigational Aids section, VHF/UHF section, General Electronics, Telecom section, High Frequency section, and Winding section. Khet thanks the people and organizations that supported their internship experience and learning.
The document provides details about Ali Raza's internship at the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Pakistan office in Multan. It discusses the functions and oversight responsibilities of CAA Pakistan. It also describes the various navigational aids, instrumentation, and equipment used at Multan International Airport, including the instrument landing system, navigational aids like VOR, NDB, DME, and the airport's control tower and fire section. Radar systems like PSR and SSR are also summarized.
This document discusses a project to develop an identification friend or foe (IFF) system for defense using radar technology. The objectives are to prevent friendly fire incidents and maintain command and control. It will work by having each soldier's rifle transmit an IFF query using a laser. If a friendly soldier is detected, it will generate a warning. The document outlines the basic principles of radar, how radar works, the hardware and software used, and applications of radar like air traffic control. It concludes that an IFF system allows accurate target identification to prevent friendly fire while providing an advanced tactic to distinguish between friends and enemies.
- RADAR stands for Radio Detection and Ranging. It uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects.
- There are two primary types of radar: primary radar, which transmits its own signals and receives the echoes, and secondary radar, which receives transmitted signals from another source.
- Pulsed radar transmits high frequency pulses and measures the time it takes for the echo to return to determine the target's range. Continuous wave radar transmits a continuous radio signal.
Marine radars are usually short range radars that are used by ships to pinpoint locations about other ships and land in the area.The frequencies with which these radars are operated are known as x-band or s-band frequencies.
Air craft surveillance & instrumental landing systemBikas Sadashiv
The document discusses air craft surveillance and instrumental landing systems. It describes how RADAR is used for air craft surveillance through different RADAR types like En-Route Surveillance Radar, Terminal Approach Radar, and Surface Movement Radar. It also explains how the Instrument Landing System guides aircraft with its components - localizer, glide path, and marker beacons. The localizer provides horizontal guidance while the glide path provides vertical guidance to the runway.
The Cospas-Sarsat system is an international satellite system for detecting and locating distress signals from emergency beacons. It consists of satellites in low-Earth and geostationary orbits, as well as ground receiving stations. When an emergency beacon is activated, satellites detect the beacon signal and use Doppler shift to determine location, then relay the location to ground stations to initiate search and rescue operations. The system provides global coverage and aims to quickly locate vessels or individuals in distress.
Search and Rescu Satellite Aided Tracking from Electronic and communicationAmi Goswami
The SARSAT system uses satellites and ground stations to detect and locate emergency beacons to aid search and rescue operations. It began in the 1970s using Soviet and American satellites and has expanded globally using low earth orbit and geostationary satellites. SARSAT detects emergency beacons that operate on 406 MHz and relays their location data to rescue coordination centers to coordinate search and rescue responses. The system provides timely and accurate distress alerts to help save lives. Future enhancements include using additional global navigation satellite systems and a new medium earth orbit segment for improved coverage, accuracy and reliability.
The Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) provides distress alerting and search and rescue coordination for ships via satellite and terrestrial radio communications. It applies to commercial ships over 300 tons and passenger ships engaged in international voyages. By 1999, all covered ships were required to carry radio equipment determined by their area of operation, including VHF, MF, HF, and satellite phones. Coastal nations must also provide shore-based infrastructure like radio stations and rescue coordination centers to support GMDSS. NAVTEX broadcasts maritime safety information via radio telex to ships within 200 miles of coastal transmitters.
HF provides long-range communication capabilities for ship-to-shore and shore-to-ship use as an alternative to satellite communication outside Inmarsat coverage areas. MF frequencies between 2-4 MHz provide medium-range service for distress communication, while VHF uses 156.525 MHz and 156.8 MHz for short-range distress communication.
Radio and Radar: Radar Continued - systemsJess Peters
Precision Approach Radar (PAR) allows air traffic control to guide aircraft to the runway with accurate guidance during poor weather conditions when visibility is limited. PAR consists of a rotating radar head that transmits beams to detect and track aircraft on their approach. Controllers can view the aircraft's elevation and azimuth scans on screens and guide the aircraft along the safe glide path to land. Instrument Landing System (ILS) provides automated guidance for aircraft landings without relying on ground controllers. ILS includes transmitters that provide horizontal and vertical guidance information to pilots, allowing them to align with the runway centerline and glide slope for landing. Weather radar detects precipitation and analyzes its motion and type to determine storm structure and potential for severe weather.
This document discusses different types of aircraft altimeters. It describes three main types: pulse type radio altimeter, conventional FMCW altimeter, and constant difference frequency FMCW altimeter. It focuses on explaining the basic principle and operation of conventional FMCW altimeters. The conventional FMCW altimeter measures altitude by varying the carrier frequency linearly over time and determining the change in frequency during the round trip travel time to calculate altitude. The beat frequency detected is directly proportional to the aircraft's altitude.
This document provides an overview of aircraft communication systems. It discusses the history of aircraft radio communication from World War I to modern times. It then describes the basic radio principles of transmission and reception using electromagnetic waves. It outlines the different frequency bands used for aircraft communication and navigation. It explains the main components and functions of transmitters and receivers. It also discusses different antenna types and their use on aircraft. Finally, it provides details on very high frequency (VHF) and high frequency (HF) communication systems, including system diagrams and their applications.
1. Radio uses electromagnetic waves to transmit signals through air using a transmitter and receiver. Sound is converted to electromagnetic waves using modulation like AM and FM.
2. A radio receiver receives radio waves via an antenna and converts them back into audio using demodulation after tuning, amplification and detection stages. Superheterodyne receivers improve reception by translating the radio frequency to an intermediate frequency using beat frequencies.
3. FM receivers use a discriminator circuit for demodulation instead of a detector, as it is better for detecting small frequency differences representing the audio signal.
This document summarizes the key components and operating principles of radar systems. It discusses the basic outline of radar including the transmitter producing pulses, a duplexer switching between transmit and receive, and a receiver amplifying returned echoes. It describes how radar determines distance based on pulse travel time. Issues like maximum unambiguous range due to pulse repetition are addressed. The document outlines the electromagnetic spectrum used, displays, antennas, emergency beacons, and navtex coding systems.
Demonstration Slideshow - Marine Radio Operators VHF Certificate Course Slides (ACCSS [Australian Coastal Communication Sub-System] of the GMDSS [Global Maritime Distress and Safety System]). To be used in conjunction with the Australian Marine-Radio-Operators-Handbook 2008 edn.
Radar and secondary radar systems use radio waves to detect objects and provide essential information to operators. Radar works by transmitting radio waves that bounce off targets and are received, allowing calculation of range and position. Secondary radar requires aircraft to carry transponders that respond to interrogations by transmitting a coded reply signal carrying additional data like identification and altitude. This improves detection range and allows transmission of emergency information.
Aviation relies heavily on radio systems for communication and navigation. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves that transmit information via transmitters and receivers. VHF radios operating between 118-137 MHz are most commonly used for air traffic control communications. HF radios can transmit over long distances but are affected by atmospheric conditions. Modulation methods like AM and FM encode information onto radio carriers. Key aviation radio systems include VHF communications, HF communications, intercoms, satellite communications, and ACARS for automated messaging.
Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority regulates civil aviation in Pakistan and has its headquarters in Karachi. The Electronic Engineering Department (EED) maintains and repairs aviation equipment across Pakistan, including navigational aids, communication systems, and radars. During the internship, the author visited EED's Navigational Aid section to learn about the equipment used for en route and terminal navigation, such as NDBs, VORs, DMEs, localizers, glide slopes, and marker beacons. They guide aircraft through different phases of flight and provide information like direction, distance, and vertical guidance for approaches and landings. The internship helped familiarize the author with the functions and operations of the key systems used in
High Sensitivity Very Low Frequency Receiver for Earthquake Data AcquisitionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A high sensitivity very low frequency (VLF) receiver is developed based on AD744 monolithic operational amplifier (Op-Amp) for earthquake data acquisition. In research related natural phenomena such as atmospheric noise, lightning and earthquake, a VLF receiver particularly with high sensitivity is utterly required due to the low power of VLF wave signals received by the antenna. The developed receiver is intended to have high sensitivity reception for the signals in frequency range of 10-30kHz allocated for earthquake observation. The VLF receiver which is portably designed is also equipped with an output port connectable to the soundcard of personal computer for further data acquisition. After obtaining the optimum design, the hardware realization is implemented on a printed circuit board (PCB) for experimental characterization. It shows that the sensitivity of realized VLF receiver is almost linear in the predefined frequency range for the input signals lower than -12dBm and to be quadratic for the higher level input signals.
This document is an internship report submitted by Khet Kumar detailing their internship from June 12th to July 14th, 2017 at the Electronics Engineering Depot of the Civil Aviation Authority of Pakistan. The report provides an overview of the CAA Pakistan and EED, and then describes Khet's experiences in various sections of EED including the Radar Central Workshop, Navigational Aids section, VHF/UHF section, General Electronics, Telecom section, High Frequency section, and Winding section. Khet thanks the people and organizations that supported their internship experience and learning.
The document provides details about Ali Raza's internship at the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Pakistan office in Multan. It discusses the functions and oversight responsibilities of CAA Pakistan. It also describes the various navigational aids, instrumentation, and equipment used at Multan International Airport, including the instrument landing system, navigational aids like VOR, NDB, DME, and the airport's control tower and fire section. Radar systems like PSR and SSR are also summarized.
This document discusses a project to develop an identification friend or foe (IFF) system for defense using radar technology. The objectives are to prevent friendly fire incidents and maintain command and control. It will work by having each soldier's rifle transmit an IFF query using a laser. If a friendly soldier is detected, it will generate a warning. The document outlines the basic principles of radar, how radar works, the hardware and software used, and applications of radar like air traffic control. It concludes that an IFF system allows accurate target identification to prevent friendly fire while providing an advanced tactic to distinguish between friends and enemies.
- RADAR stands for Radio Detection and Ranging. It uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects.
- There are two primary types of radar: primary radar, which transmits its own signals and receives the echoes, and secondary radar, which receives transmitted signals from another source.
- Pulsed radar transmits high frequency pulses and measures the time it takes for the echo to return to determine the target's range. Continuous wave radar transmits a continuous radio signal.
Marine radars are usually short range radars that are used by ships to pinpoint locations about other ships and land in the area.The frequencies with which these radars are operated are known as x-band or s-band frequencies.
Air craft surveillance & instrumental landing systemBikas Sadashiv
The document discusses air craft surveillance and instrumental landing systems. It describes how RADAR is used for air craft surveillance through different RADAR types like En-Route Surveillance Radar, Terminal Approach Radar, and Surface Movement Radar. It also explains how the Instrument Landing System guides aircraft with its components - localizer, glide path, and marker beacons. The localizer provides horizontal guidance while the glide path provides vertical guidance to the runway.
The Cospas-Sarsat system is an international satellite system for detecting and locating distress signals from emergency beacons. It consists of satellites in low-Earth and geostationary orbits, as well as ground receiving stations. When an emergency beacon is activated, satellites detect the beacon signal and use Doppler shift to determine location, then relay the location to ground stations to initiate search and rescue operations. The system provides global coverage and aims to quickly locate vessels or individuals in distress.
Search and Rescu Satellite Aided Tracking from Electronic and communicationAmi Goswami
The SARSAT system uses satellites and ground stations to detect and locate emergency beacons to aid search and rescue operations. It began in the 1970s using Soviet and American satellites and has expanded globally using low earth orbit and geostationary satellites. SARSAT detects emergency beacons that operate on 406 MHz and relays their location data to rescue coordination centers to coordinate search and rescue responses. The system provides timely and accurate distress alerts to help save lives. Future enhancements include using additional global navigation satellite systems and a new medium earth orbit segment for improved coverage, accuracy and reliability.
The global positioning system (GPS) uses 24 satellites and their signals to allow GPS receivers to determine their precise location on Earth. It was developed by the US Department of Defense and consists of three segments - space (satellites), control (monitoring stations), and user (receivers). GPS works by precisely timing the signals from at least 3 satellites to triangulate the user's position, providing navigation and other location-based services to military and civilian users.
The document provides an overview of the Global Positioning System (GPS). It describes how GPS works using a constellation of 24 satellites that orbit the Earth and transmit radio signals. GPS receivers triangulate their position by timing the signals from at least 3 satellites. The system has space, control, and user segments. It is maintained by the US Air Force and provides location services to users worldwide for applications like navigation, mapping, and tracking. Key sources of error include clock errors and atmospheric effects.
LT and GPS allow for tracking of objects and people using satellites and receivers. The GPS system consists of 24 operational satellites controlled from stations on Earth that communicate with receivers to determine location via trilateration of distances. While useful for applications like fleet management and emergency response, GPS has drawbacks like cost and inability to track powered-down or insulated receivers.
The GPS system employs 24 satellites in medium Earth orbit that continuously broadcast precise time and location data. Receivers on the ground use this signal data from multiple satellites to calculate the user's precise 3D position via triangulation. The system provides two levels of service - a free civilian Standard Positioning Service and a more accurate Precise Positioning Service available to military and authorized users. It consists of space, ground control, and user segments to maintain the satellite constellation and provide positioning to users globally.
The GPS system consists of 24 satellites orbiting the Earth that transmit location and timing data. A GPS receiver uses this data from at least 3 satellites to calculate the user's position via trilateration. Originally developed for military use, GPS is now widely used for navigation, mapping, and other civilian applications. Factors like atmospheric conditions, clock errors, and multipath signals can affect accuracy, which various enhancement methods aim to improve.
Remote sensing and GIS are useful tools for civil engineering projects. The Global Positioning System (GPS) uses 24 satellites that orbit the earth to provide location and time information to GPS receivers. It has three segments: space (satellites), control (monitoring stations), and user (receivers). GPS works by precisely measuring the time it takes signals from multiple satellites to reach a receiver, allowing the device to triangulate its position. Its applications include navigation, mapping, precision agriculture, and more. Other global satellite systems include GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou, and future systems like Compass.
The document summarizes the main global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and their components. It discusses the two main types - GPS and GLONASS, with two more systems becoming operational in the future - Galileo and Beidou. GNSS consist of satellite constellations that receivers can use to determine position. The key components are the space, control, and user segments. Sources of error and different augmentation systems to improve accuracy are also outlined.
The Transit satellite system was the first satellite navigation system, deployed by the US military in the 1960s. It worked by using the Doppler effect to determine a receiver's location based on slight shifts in frequency of signals broadcast from satellites moving in well-known orbits. Receivers could calculate their position by measuring these frequency shifts over time from multiple satellites. This pioneering system paved the way for later global satellite navigation networks like GPS.
The document provides information about GPS (Global Positioning System) including its components, history, working principles, accuracy issues, and applications. GPS is a satellite-based navigation system consisting of three segments - space, control, and user. It utilizes a constellation of 24 satellites that orbit Earth and transmit timing signals. A GPS receiver can determine its location on Earth by calculating the time delay of signals from at least three satellites. Its applications include vehicle tracking, navigation, mapping, and more.
This document provides an overview of Vandana Manral's summer training at ONGC regarding satellite communication. It discusses advantages and disadvantages of satellite communication, different orbit types including LEO, MEO, and GEO. It describes components of satellites and earth stations, including modules on satellites and specifications of ONGC's earth station. Frequency bands and multiple access techniques used in satellite communication are also summarized. The training focused on understanding satellite communication systems used by ONGC for its operations.
GPS uses a constellation of satellites that transmit precise timing signals to enable GPS receivers to determine their location, speed and direction. At least 4 satellites are needed to determine 3D position and time. The receiver calculates distances to the satellites based on signal travel times and uses trilateration to determine its position where the distance spheres intersect. Sources of error include satellite clock errors, atmospheric delays and receiver clock errors. Different levels of service provide different positioning accuracies.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that allows users to precisely determine their location, velocity and time anywhere on Earth. The US Department of Defense developed GPS, launching the first experimental satellite in 1978. GPS uses a constellation of over two dozen satellites that broadcast precise timing signals, allowing GPS receivers to calculate their location. GPS has become vital for navigation worldwide and provides an important time reference for scientific research and telecommunications.
GPS uses Doppler shift from satellite radio signals to determine position. The first operational satellite navigation system was TRANSIT/NAVSAT in the 1960s, with 0.1 nautical mile accuracy. GPS later provided greater accuracy using pseudoranges from 4 satellites and correcting for ionospheric delay and receiver clock bias. Differential GPS further improves accuracy to 1m or better by transmitting corrections from a reference station. Selective availability was discontinued in 2000, improving civilian GPS accuracy from around 100m to the current sub-meter level.
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in a satellite communication course. The course covers the historical development of satellite technology, satellite frequency bands, satellite orbits and principles of satellite communication. It discusses satellite components like the transponder and earth station. It covers different types of satellite systems including active vs passive satellites and station keeping of geosynchronous satellites. Multiple access techniques like TDMA and DAMA are also covered. The document concludes with sections on GPS, remote sensing, and GIS.
GPS uses a network of satellites to enable receivers on the ground to calculate their precise location. It consists of three segments - the space segment contains 24 satellites in six orbital planes that continuously transmit positioning and timing data; the control segment monitors and maintains the satellites from several ground stations; and the user segment comprises any GPS receiver on the ground, at sea, or in the air that utilizes the satellite signals to determine its coordinates. GPS has both military and civilian applications ranging from navigation to precision agriculture to disaster relief.
The SARSAT system uses satellites and ground stations to detect and locate emergency beacons, saving lives. It began in the 1970s using analog beacons on aircraft but evolved with digital 406 MHz beacons. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Geostationary (GEO) satellites detect beacons and relay alerts to ground stations for processing. Rescue coordination centers use beacon locations and registration details to coordinate search and rescue operations. The system is improving with GPS-enabled beacons and future Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites for faster response times and greater coverage.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
In this session, we shall introduce you to the world of automation, the UiPath Platform, and guide you on how to install and setup UiPath Studio on your Windows PC.
📕 Detailed agenda:
What is RPA? Benefits of RPA?
RPA Applications
The UiPath End-to-End Automation Platform
UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
Explore automation development with UiPath Studio
👉 Register here for our upcoming Session 2 on June 20: Introduction to UiPath Studio Fundamentals: https://community.uipath.com/events/details/uipath-lagos-presents-session-2-introduction-to-uipath-studio-fundamentals/
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
Getting the Most Out of ScyllaDB Monitoring: ShareChat's TipsScyllaDB
ScyllaDB monitoring provides a lot of useful information. But sometimes it’s not easy to find the root of the problem if something is wrong or even estimate the remaining capacity by the load on the cluster. This talk shares our team's practical tips on: 1) How to find the root of the problem by metrics if ScyllaDB is slow 2) How to interpret the load and plan capacity for the future 3) Compaction strategies and how to choose the right one 4) Important metrics which aren’t available in the default monitoring setup.
In our second session, we shall learn all about the main features and fundamentals of UiPath Studio that enable us to use the building blocks for any automation project.
📕 Detailed agenda:
Variables and Datatypes
Workflow Layouts
Arguments
Control Flows and Loops
Conditional Statements
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Variables, Constants, and Arguments in Studio
Control Flow in Studio
ScyllaDB is making a major architecture shift. We’re moving from vNode replication to tablets – fragments of tables that are distributed independently, enabling dynamic data distribution and extreme elasticity. In this keynote, ScyllaDB co-founder and CTO Avi Kivity explains the reason for this shift, provides a look at the implementation and roadmap, and shares how this shift benefits ScyllaDB users.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation F...AlexanderRichford
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation Functions to Prevent Interaction with Malicious QR Codes.
Aim of the Study: The goal of this research was to develop a robust hybrid approach for identifying malicious and insecure URLs derived from QR codes, ensuring safe interactions.
This is achieved through:
Machine Learning Model: Predicts the likelihood of a URL being malicious.
Security Validation Functions: Ensures the derived URL has a valid certificate and proper URL format.
This innovative blend of technology aims to enhance cybersecurity measures and protect users from potential threats hidden within QR codes 🖥 🔒
This study was my first introduction to using ML which has shown me the immense potential of ML in creating more secure digital environments!
QA or the Highway - Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend appl...zjhamm304
These are the slides for the presentation, "Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend applications" that was presented at QA or the Highway 2024 in Columbus, OH by Zachary Hamm.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
AI in the Workplace Reskilling, Upskilling, and Future Work.pptxSunil Jagani
Discover how AI is transforming the workplace and learn strategies for reskilling and upskilling employees to stay ahead. This comprehensive guide covers the impact of AI on jobs, essential skills for the future, and successful case studies from industry leaders. Embrace AI-driven changes, foster continuous learning, and build a future-ready workforce.
Read More - https://bit.ly/3VKly70
5. There are three types of emergency beacons:
1) Emergency Position Indicating Radio
Beacons (EPIRBs) for maritime applications,
2) Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs) for
aviation applications, and
3) Personal Locator Beacons (PLBs) for
individuals in distress. Emergency beacons
may transmit on 121.5, 243.0 (military) and 406
MHz. Satellite notification of 121.5 MHz alerts
are being phased out in the near future 406
MHz has become the international standard
providing far better accuracy and fewer false
alert search initiations.
6. instruments on board satellites in
geostationary and low-altitude Earth orbits
which detect the signals transmitted by
distress radiobeacons;
ground receiving stations, referred to as
Local Users Terminals (LUTs), which receive
and process the satellite downlink signal to
generate distress alerts; and
Mission Control Centers (MCCs) which receive
alerts produced by LUTs and forward them to
Rescue Coordination Centers (RCCs), Search and
Rescue Points Of Contacts (SPOCs) or other
MCCs.
7. The Cospas-Sarsat System includes
two types of satellites:
satellites in low-altitude Earth orbit
(LEO) which form the LEOSAR System
Satellites in geostationary Earth orbit
(GEO) which form the GEOSAR System
The future Cospas-Sarsat System will
include a new type of satellite in the
medium-altitude Earth orbit (MEO)
which will form the MEOSAR System
8.
9. COSPAS-SARSAT is an
international, humanitarian
satellite-based search and
rescue system that has helped
save over 20,000 lives worldwide
since its inception in 1982 (total
as of June 2005).
10. The system, which operates 24
hours a day, 365 days a year,
detects and locates transmissions
from emergency beacons carried by
ships, aircraft, and individuals. Use
of the COSPAS-SARSAT system
is FREE to the beacon operator.
11. Sponsored by Canada, France,
Russia, and the United States, the
system aims to reduce the time
required to alert rescue authorities
whenever a distress situation
occurs. The rapid detection and
location of a downed aircraft, a ship,
or an individual in distress are of
paramount importance to survivors
and to rescue personnel.
12.
13. 5. EMERGENCY RADIO BEACONS
According to 1988 SOLAS Amendments
(Chapter IV, Part C, Regulation 7) every ship
covered by the SOLAS convention shall be
provided with an Emergency Position
Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB). EPIRBs are
mandatory from August 1, 1993. Two types of
EPIRBs can be used:
The 406 MHz COSPAS/SARSAT EPIRB, using
polar orbiting satellites
The VHF EPIRB, using the VHF DSC channel 70.
14.
15. The System is composed of:
• distress radiobeacons (ELTs for
aviation use, EPIRBs for maritime use,
and PLBs for personal use) which
transmit signals during distress
situations;
• instruments on board satellites in
geostationary and low-altitude Earth
orbits which detect the signals
transmitted by distress radiobeacons;
.
16. • Ground receiving stations, referred
to as Local Users Terminals (LUTs),
which receive and process the
satellite downlink signal to generate
distress alerts; and
• Mission Control Centers (MCCs)
which receive alerts produced by
LUTs and forward them to Rescue
Coordination Centers (RCCs), Search
and Rescue Points Of Contacts
(SPOCs) or other MCCs
17. The Cospas-Sarsat LEOSAR System
Cospas-Sarsat has demonstrated
that the detection and location of 406
MHz and 121.5 MHz distress beacon
signals can be greatly facilitated by
global monitoring based on low-
altitude spacecraft in near-polar
orbits.
18. The nominal LEOSAR system
configuration comprises four satellites.
Russia supplies two COSPAS satellites
placed in near-polar orbits at 1,000 km
altitude and equipped with SAR
instrumentation at 121.5 MHz and 406 MHz.
The USA supplies two NOAA
meteorological satellites of the SARSAT
system placed in sun-synchronous,
near-polar orbits at about 850 km
altitude, and equipped with SAR
instrumentation at 121.5 MHz and 406
MHz supplied by Canada and France.
19. When viewed from the Earth, the satellite
crosses the sky in about 15 minutes,
depending on the maximum elevation
angle of the particular pass.
Complete, yet non continuous coverage
of the Earth is achieved using simple
emergency beacons operating on 406
MHz to signal a distress. The coverage
is not. continuous because polar orbiting
satellites can only view a portion of the
Earth at any given time
20. Sarsat satellites (but not Cospas or
GEOSAR satellites) are also capable of
relaying 243 MHz beacon transmissions
(243 MHz beacons have similar
characteristics to 121.5 MHz beacons).
Each satellite makes a complete orbit of
the Earth around the poles in about 100
minutes, traveling at a velocity of 7 km
per second. The satellite views a "swath"
of the Earth of approximately 6000 km
wide as it circles the globe, giving an
instantaneous "field of view" about the
size of a continent.
21.
22.
23. Consequently the System cannot produce
distress alerts until the satellite is in a
position where it can "see" the distress
beacon.
However, since the satellite onboard 406
MHz processor includes a memory
module, the satellite is able to store
distress beacon information and
rebroadcast it when the satellite comes
within view of a LUT, thereby providing
global coverage.
24.
25. Global beam coverage
Each satellite is equipped with a
single global beam that covers up to
one-third of the Earth's surface, apart
from the poles. Overall, global beam
coverage extends from latitudes of
−82 to +82 degrees regardless of
longitude. Regional spot beam
coverage
26. Regional spot beam coverage
Each regional beam covers a fraction of the
area covered by a global beam, but
collectively all of the regional beams offer
virtually the same coverage as the global
beams. Use of regional beams allow user
terminals (also called mobile earth stations)
to operate with significantly smaller
antennas. Regional beams were introduced
with the I-3 satellites. Each I-3 satellite
provides four to six spot beams; each I-4
satellite provides 19 regional beams
27. Narrow spot beam coverage
Narrow beams are offered by the three Inmarsat-4
satellites. Narrow beams vary in size, tend to be
several hundred kilometers across. The narrow
beams, while much smaller than the global or
regional beams, are far more numerous and
hence offer the same global coverage. Narrow
spot beams allow yet smaller antennas and much
higher data rates. They form the backbone of
Inmarsat's handheld (GSPS) and broadband
services (BGAN). This coverage was introduced
with the I-4 satellites. Each I-4 satellite provides
around 200 narrow spot beams.
28. With the older type of beacons operating
at 121.5 MHz, the system coverage is
neither global nor continuous because
detection of the distress depends on the
availability of a ground receiving station in
the satellite field of view at the same time
that the satellite receives the beacon
signal.
29.
30. As described above, a single satellite, circling
the Earth around the poles, eventually views the
entire Earth surface. The "orbital plane", or path
of the satellite, remains fixed, while the Earth
rotates underneath it.
At most, it takes only one half rotation of the Earth
( 12 hours) for any location to pass under the
orbital plane.
With a second satellite, having an orbital plane at
right angles to the first, only one quarter of a
rotation is required, or 6 hours maximum.
Similarly, as more satellites orbit the Earth in
different planes, the waiting time is further
reduced.
31. The LEOSAR system calculates the
location of distress events using
Doppler processing techniques.
Doppler processing is based upon
the principle that the frequency of
the distress beacon, as "heard" by
the satellite instrument, is affected
by the relative velocity of the
satellite with respect to the beacon.
32. By monitoring the change of the beacon
frequency of the received beacon signal and
knowing the exact position of the satellite, the
LUT is able to calculate the location of the
beacon
The LEOSAR COSPAS-SARSAT system uses
two modes for detection and location of
beacons
- the realtime mode;
- the global coverage mode
33. Both the 121.5 MHz and 406 MHz systems
operate in the realtime mode, while only
the 406 MHz system operates in the
global coverage mode
1. Realtime 121.5 MHz mode: If an LUT
and beacons are in view of the satellite, a
repeater onboard the satellite relays the
121.5 MHz signals directly to the LUT
where it is received and processed
34.
35. Trying to locate a person alone, in the water, is
an extremely difficult task in good conditions,
but in poor conditions or at night it's almost
impossible. This Personal Locator Beacon PLB-
8 system has been designed specially for
people who operate in remote hostile
environments. The PLB-8 is a low cost
emergency radio transmitter. When activated the
beacon transmits on 121.5Mhz (International
Distress Frequency) which will assist the Search
and Rescue services to locate your position in
an emergency situation.
36. 2. Realtime 406 MHz mode: When the
satellite receives the 406 MHz beacon
signals, the Doppler shift is
measured and the digital data is
recovered from the beacon signal.
This information is retransmitted to
any LUT in view in real time; this data
is also stored for later transmission
to earth by satellite.
37. 3. Global 406 MHz mode: Only the 406 MHz
beacon provides full global coverage. This is
because the data received from the beacon is
stored in the satellite and relayed to the LUT
when satellite to LUT visibility can be
achieved. The mean notification time (the
period from activation of an EPIRB to
reception of a valid alert message by the
appropriate RCC) in this mode of operation is
currently about one and a half hours, but may
be reduced if more satellites are employed.
38. GEOSAR and LEOSAR system capabilities
The GEOSAR and LEOSAR system capabilities
are complementary. For example the GEOSAR
system can provide almost immediate alerting in
the footprint of the GEOSAR satellite, whereas
the LEOSAR system
• provides coverage of the polar regions
(which are beyond the coverage of
geostationary satellites);
• can calculate the location of distress events
using Doppler processing techniques; and
• is less susceptible to obstructions which
may block a beacon signal in a given direction
because the satellite is continuously moving
with respect to the beacon
39.
40. Radio Frequency Spectrum
The radio frequency spectrum is divided into
frequency bands. The major bands used in the
Maritime communications are