High Speed Aircraft
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The venturi effect causes an increase in velocity and decrease in pressure in a converging duct, with the opposite occurring in a diverging duct, at subsonic speeds. At supersonic speeds, the venturi effect is reversed. The speed of sound decreases with decreasing temperature and can be calculated based on temperature. Mach number is the ratio of object speed to the local speed of sound. Oblique, normal, and expansion shockwaves occur at supersonic speeds depending on the angle of the surface and change in airflow velocity and pressure. Design features like vortex generators, swept wings, and thinner wings can increase the critical Mach number and reduce the effects of shockwaves.
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High Speed Aircraft
- 5. Diverging
- 12. Diverging
- 16. Sound is pressure disturbances radiating in all directions from the source.
- 17. Travels @ 661.7 knots (1,116.9 fps, 761.5 mph) under standard conditions
- 18. Speed is directly proportional to temperature. This goes down as temp goes down.
- 19. Can be calculated (Cs=local speed of sound)
- 20. CS in kts = 29.04 oR
- 21. CS in fps = 49.022 oR
- 23. Shock wave comes off at oblique angle to surface.
- 24. Wing leading edge, nose, stabilizer leading edges.
- 25. Can also be from trailing edges.
- 26. Smaller angle as speed increases.
- 27. Flow turned into preceding flow.
- 28. Velocity is decreased, but still supersonic.
- 29. Energy is lost. Mainly in heat energy.
- 30. Increase in pressure and density.
- 31. Normal
- 32. Perpendicular to surface that creates it.
- 33. In front of airfoil.
- 34. Air being pushed ahead of the surface.
- 35. No change in airflow.
- 36. Airflow velocity is decreased to subsonic.
- 37. Big increase in pressure and density.
- 38. Big decrease in energy.
- 39. Overcome by sharp leading and trailing edges
- 40. Expansion
- 41. Surface turns away from normal flow.
- 42. Velocity is increased to higher supersonic.
- 43. Pressure and density decreased.
- 45. Small airfoils produce vortices, which produce pressure and hold boundary layer.
- 46. Swept wing
- 47. Affects the fineness of a wing.
- 48. Fineness Ratio: Ratio of the chord to the thickness.
- 49. Thinner wing will increase critical Mach number. Reduce effect of shock waves.
- 50. Thin wings are bad at subsonic speed.
- 51. Swept wings give same effect, with not as bad subsonic speed.