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1. NAME – GAURAV KUMAR THAKUR
SUBJECT – ADCS
ROLL NO - 21EE15
REG NO. - 21110111053
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2. Q1. WRITE A NOTE ON EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS GENERATIONS 1G, 2G, 3G,
4G, 5G.
Ans: The evolution of wireless communication has been a fascinating journey. We have seen
various generations of wireless communication systems, each with its own unique features
and capabilities. Let's discuss them one by one:-
1G (1st Generation): First-time calling was introduced in mobile systems. It used analog
signals. It used an FDD scheme and typically allocated a bandwidth of 25 Mhz. The
coverage area was small. No roaming support between various operators. Low sound
quality. Speed:- 2.4 kbps .

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Diagram of 1 G wireless communication

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2G (2nd Generation): Shifted from analog to digital. It supported voice and SMS both. Supported all 4
sectors of the wireless industry namely Digital cellular, Mobile Data, PCS, WLAN, Moderate mobile data
service. 2G WLAN provided a high data rate & large area coverage. Speed:- 64 kbps. 2.5G came after 2G
which used the concept of GPRS. Streaming was also introduced and mail services too. Then came 2.75G or
EDGE which was faster in providing services than 2.5G. It gave faster internet speed up to 128kbps and also
used edge connection.

5. .
3G (3rd Generation): The Internet system was improved. Better system and capacity. Offers
high-speed wireless internet. The connection used was UMTS and WCMA. Speed:- 2mbps.

6. .
4G (4th Generation): IP-based protocols. LTE (Long term evaluation) was mainly for the
internet. Vo-LTE (Voice over LTE) is for both voice and the internet. Freedom and flexibility
to select any desired service with reasonable QoS. High usability. Supports multimedia
service at a low transmission cost. HD Quality Streaming. Speed:-100mbps.

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5G (5th Generation): It is yet to come in many countries but here are some notable
points about 5G. Higher data rates. Connectivity will be more fast and more secure, Data
Latency will be reduced to a great level. Massive network capacity. It is 30 times faster than
4G. There would be more flexibility in the network

8. WORKING PRINCIPLES.
ANS. MODERN ANDROID PHONES COME WITH A VARIETY OF SENSORS THAT ENABLE
THEM TO PERFORM A RANGE OF FUNCTIONS. HERE ARE SOME OF THE MOST COMMON
SENSORS FOUND IN ANDROID PHONES AND THEIR WORKING PRINCIPLES:
1. ACCELEROMETER: MEASURES THE ACCELERATION OF THE DEVICE IN THREE
DIMENSIONS. IT IS USED TO DETECT THE ORIENTATION OF THE PHONE, SUCH AS
PORTRAIT OR LANDSCAPE MODE, AND TO CONTROL GAMES AND OTHER APPLICATIONS
THAT REQUIRE MOTION SENSING.
2. GYROSCOPE: MEASURES THE ANGULAR VELOCITY OF THE DEVICE IN THREE
DIMENSIONS. IT IS USED TO DETECT ROTATION AND TILT OF THE PHONE AND TO
CONTROL GAMES AND OTHER APPLICATIONS THAT REQUIRE MOTION SENSING.
3. MAGNETOMETER: MEASURES THE STRENGTH AND DIRECTION OF THE MAGNETIC
FIELD AROUND THE DEVICE. IT IS USED TO DETECT THE ORIENTATION OF THE PHONE
RELATIVE TO THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD AND TO PROVIDE COMPASS
FUNCTIONALITY.
4. PROXIMITY SENSOR: MEASURES THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE PHONE AND AN
OBJECT IN FRONT OF IT. IT IS USED TO TURN OFF THE SCREEN WHEN THE PHONE IS
HELD UP TO THE EAR DURING A CALL AND TO ADJUST THE BRIGHTNESS OF THE SCREEN
BASED ON THE AMBIENT LIGHT.
5. AMBIENT LIGHT SENSOR: MEASURES THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT IN THE ENVIRONMENT
AROUND THE DEVICE. IT IS USED TO ADJUST THE BRIGHTNESS OF THE SCREEN BASED

9. 6. BAROMETER: MEASURES THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AROUND THE DEVICE. IT IS
USED TO PROVIDE ALTITUDE INFORMATION AND TO DETECT CHANGES IN WEATHER
CONDITIONS.
7. GPS: USES SATELLITE SIGNALS TO DETERMINE THE LOCATION OF THE DEVICE. IT IS
USED FOR NAVIGATION AND LOCATION-BASED SERVICES.
8. FINGERPRINT SENSOR: CAPTURES AND STORES THE FINGERPRINT OF THE USER. IT IS
USED FOR BIOMETRIC AUTHENTICATION AND SECURITY PURPOSES.
9. CAMERA: CAPTURES IMAGES AND VIDEOS. IT IS USED FOR PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIDEO
RECORDING.

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Q3. Discuss the different frequency range and their applications.
Ans. The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all frequencies of electromagnetic radiation
arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. The different frequency bands of the
electromagnetic spectrum are allocated for various applications. Here is a brief overview of some of
the frequency bands and their applications:
Extremely low frequency (ELF):
 ITU band number: 1
 Frequency: 3 -30 Hz
 Wavelength: 100000 – 10000kms
 Used for underwater communication, especially for pipeline transportation.
Super low frequency (SLF):
 ITU band number: 2
 Frequency: 3 -300 Hz
 Wavelength: 10000 – 1000kms
 Used for submarine communications and in the electric grid (not as a transmitted wave)

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Ultra low frequency (ULF):
 ITU band number: 3
 Frequency: 300 -3000 Hz
 Wavelength: 1000 – 100kms
 Used for mining communication and military applications.
Very low frequency (VLF):
 ITU band number: 4
 Frequency: 3 -30 kHz
 Wavelength: 1000 – 100kms
 Used for navigation, time signals, and submarine communications.
Low frequency (LF):
 ITU band number: 5
 Frequency: 30 -300 kHz
 Wavelength: 10 – 1km
 Used for AM radio broadcasting, long-range navigation, and RFID.

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Medium frequency (MF):
 ITU band number: 6
 Frequency: 30 -300 kHz
 Wavelength: 1000 – 100m
 Used for AM radio broadcasting, coast-to-sea communication, and emergency distress signals.
High frequency (HF):
 ITU band number: 7
 Frequency: 3 -30 MHz
 Wavelength: 100 – 10m
 Used for amateur radio, aviation, and maritime communication.
Very high frequency (VHF):
 ITU band number: 8
 Frequency: 30 -300 MHz
 Wavelength: 10- 1m Used for FM radio broadcasting, television broadcasting, and air traffic control

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Ultra high frequency (UHF):
 ITU band number: 9
 Frequency: 300 -3000 MHz
 Wavelength: 1- 0.1m
 Used for television broadcasting, GPS, and mobile communication.
Super high frequency (SHF):
 ITU band number: 10
 Frequency: 3 -30 GHz
 Wavelength: 100 – 10mm
 Used for satellite communication, radar, and microwave ovens .
Extremely high frequency (EHF):
 ITU band number: 11
 Frequency: 30 -300 GHz
 Wavelength: 100 – 10mm
 Used for radio astronomy, remote sensing, and millimeter-wave radar.

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Terahertz or Tremendously high frequency (THz or THF):
 ITU band number:12
 Frequency: 300 -3000 GHz
 Wavelength: 1- 0.1mm
 Used for experimental medical imaging to replace X-rays , ultrafast molecular dynamics,
condensed-matter physics, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, terahertz
computing/communications, remote sensing.

15. THANK YOU