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Static Timing Analysis is a process of checking timing violation of a design by checking all possible paths under worst conditions.Any deisgn with out meeting timing requirements is undesirable.STA plays vital role in chip designing .
Visual odometry presentation material. In this presentation, there are two papers. "Omnidirectional visual odomtery of a planetry rovoer" written by peter corke and "Visual odometry for ground vehicle applications" written by David Nister.
This is the presentation I made to our City\'s Transportation and Safety Commission, the Public Safety Commission, and various community organizations in favor of a red light camera system for out City.
We provide you Project Cell Phone Detector.You can choose the best of your choice and interest from the list of topics we suggested. All new project ideas that are appearing focuses to improve the knowledge of Engineering students.
https://www.elprocus.com
Visit our page to get more ideas on Project Report Format for Final Year Engineering Students these ideas developed by professionals.
Elprocus provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
Human presence detection based room light controller using pir2.pptx [repaired]nikhilsinghia
Intelligent Energy Saving System can be used in places like where lighting is very important. The libraries will be well illuminated with many lamps. When people are not present at a reading place the lighting can be made OFF and when they are present, the lighting made ON. All these can be done through by Dimming circuit and PIR sensor.
If a person entering to the monitored area, the PIR sensors activates and sense the person, gives to the micro controller. The Infrared energy emitted from the living body is focused by a Fresnel lens segment. Then only the PIR sensor activates. After sensing the person LDR checks the light intensity of the monitored area, whether it is bright or dark. Depending on the LDR output, the lamp may be ON / OFF by using Dimmer circuit.
By using this system we can adjust the speed of Fan according to the room temperature measured by Thermostat, which is connected to the micro controller. To display the room temperature of PIR mode operation we are using the LCD display.
This presentation has given a brief introduction and working of CMOS Logic Structures which includes MOS logic, CMOS logic, CMOS logic structure, CMOS complementary logic, pass transistor logic, bi CMOS logic, pseudo –nMOS logic, CMOS domino logic, Cascode Voltage Switch Logic(CVSL), clocked CMOS logic(c²mos), dynamic CMOS logic
Topic on Underwater Communication which includes both underwater wireless and wired communication . A full detailed overview about the topic has been given. Pictures are given to visualize the topic in better way. Covers a major potion like Hydrophones and SONAR. Can be presented as a seminar topic as well .
Static Timing Analysis is a process of checking timing violation of a design by checking all possible paths under worst conditions.Any deisgn with out meeting timing requirements is undesirable.STA plays vital role in chip designing .
Visual odometry presentation material. In this presentation, there are two papers. "Omnidirectional visual odomtery of a planetry rovoer" written by peter corke and "Visual odometry for ground vehicle applications" written by David Nister.
This is the presentation I made to our City\'s Transportation and Safety Commission, the Public Safety Commission, and various community organizations in favor of a red light camera system for out City.
We provide you Project Cell Phone Detector.You can choose the best of your choice and interest from the list of topics we suggested. All new project ideas that are appearing focuses to improve the knowledge of Engineering students.
https://www.elprocus.com
Visit our page to get more ideas on Project Report Format for Final Year Engineering Students these ideas developed by professionals.
Elprocus provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
Human presence detection based room light controller using pir2.pptx [repaired]nikhilsinghia
Intelligent Energy Saving System can be used in places like where lighting is very important. The libraries will be well illuminated with many lamps. When people are not present at a reading place the lighting can be made OFF and when they are present, the lighting made ON. All these can be done through by Dimming circuit and PIR sensor.
If a person entering to the monitored area, the PIR sensors activates and sense the person, gives to the micro controller. The Infrared energy emitted from the living body is focused by a Fresnel lens segment. Then only the PIR sensor activates. After sensing the person LDR checks the light intensity of the monitored area, whether it is bright or dark. Depending on the LDR output, the lamp may be ON / OFF by using Dimmer circuit.
By using this system we can adjust the speed of Fan according to the room temperature measured by Thermostat, which is connected to the micro controller. To display the room temperature of PIR mode operation we are using the LCD display.
This presentation has given a brief introduction and working of CMOS Logic Structures which includes MOS logic, CMOS logic, CMOS logic structure, CMOS complementary logic, pass transistor logic, bi CMOS logic, pseudo –nMOS logic, CMOS domino logic, Cascode Voltage Switch Logic(CVSL), clocked CMOS logic(c²mos), dynamic CMOS logic
Topic on Underwater Communication which includes both underwater wireless and wired communication . A full detailed overview about the topic has been given. Pictures are given to visualize the topic in better way. Covers a major potion like Hydrophones and SONAR. Can be presented as a seminar topic as well .
Formulaire de participation à compléter. Concours de lecture et d'écriture Petits écrivains, petites écrivaines Nathan! Tous les détails au www.adp-pedago.com/concours-ecriture
Carnet de lecture. Fiche de lecture en lien avec le concours de lecture et d'écriture Petits écrivains, petites écrivaines Nathan. Tous les détails au www.adp-pedago.com
Sampling based versus mixer-based front-endNMDG NV
This slides set presents the two common techniques to capture large-signal measurements and it discusses in details the pros and cons of each technique.
Join us for a LIVE WEBINAR on this topic! Wednesday, November 14, 2:00pm ET
http://bit.ly/XPgjO7
Wide bandwidth modulation is becoming more common in communications. The emergence of the 802.11ac wireless Ethernet standard has extended the modulation bandwidth to 160 MHz which requires very wide band measurement equipment to measure. This presentation illustrates the details of a measurement method that uses a real time digital down converter and post processing software that measures the performance of this signal.
2009 IEEE AP-S-Compact Coaxial-Line-Fed Printed Monopole Antenna for Lower-Ba...Saou-Wen Su
A compact, printed, ultrawideband (UWB) monopole antenna suitable to be as an internal antenna attractive for future UWB applications is demonstrated. The proposed antenna is of a small form factor with the dimensions 6 mm × 33 mm and can easily be fed by 50-ohms mini-cable line. The antenna mainly comprises a monopole antenna, a feeding strip and a ground plane, all printed on a small FR4 substrate. The monopole antenna is printed on both layers of the substrate with an end portion on the back for control of the first/lower resonant mode of the antenna. The feeding strip in between the monopole antenna and the ground plane is further offset to achieve better impedance matching and proper upper-edge operating frequency. With the proposed antenna structure, which provides an operating bandwidth of larger than 2.7 GHz, the impedance bandwidth by 10-dB return loss can easily cover the 3.1–4.85 GHz band, the lower band of the UWB operation.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Phase Locked Loop with Filter Banks for High Data Rate Satellite Linkchiragwarty
Satellite communication systems operate in the
presence of path loss and atmospherically induced fading,
which results in waveform distortion, altering phase and bit
time period. After penetrating through several atmospheric
layers, the signal experiences Doppler shift which results in
frequency change and phase reversal, thus to sync the
receiver to the incoming signal we make use of the Phase
Locked Loop (PLL) with a filter at its core functioning.
To recover and reconstruct the original signal, the use of
filter banks in the loop filter block of the PLL will be added
and discussed. The idea of using M-channel uniform filter
banks is to minimize the error by optimizing the
performance in decomposition and reconstruction of signals.
Using different types of fundamental coherent digital
modulation schemes like, M-ary Amplitude/Frequency
/Phase shift keying (MASK, MFSK, MPSK), the best
optimized solution can be determined for all M-channels for
high data rates and bandwidth constraints.
The presentation studies the design of a digital PLL system by
using a variable filter block for several digital modulation
schemes used in ground to space communication links. Two
basic designs will be developed, first model with a fixed set
of filters, those seen in traditional legacy systems and the
second model, which consist of a filtering block made up of
Quadrature Mirror Filter banks (QMF). The method is based
on the strength of the incoming signal and modulation
scheme, which in turn decides the number of filter banks, to
be used to recover the signal.
In this presentation, the focus on pseudo-adaptive nature of the
filter banks is to reconstruct the original signal, considering
the effects of Doppler shift for fast moving airborne
platforms. Subsequently, the comparison between the
performance of the fixed filter based architecture and the
additional design with the variable pseudo-adaptive filter
banks design includes the QMF and Discrete Cosine
Transform Filter banks (DCT). This will follow with the
software oriented simulation of the performance of the
proposed design method, in different scenarios experienced
in satellite links.
White spaces above 3 g hz and an applicationBrough Turner
At the Super WiFi Summit
White Spaces: The Radio Evolution
Tuesday ‐ 09/13/11 • 3:30-‐4:15pm
Brough Turner , Founder , netBlazr.com
Smart antennas and smart radios, Cognitive Radio and Beam Forming are on the verge of being incorporated into product. As we head toward these technologies, the opportunities exist for new models of service sharing and interconnection to deliver broadband solutions.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
1. www.OpenGNSS.org
OpenGNSS
www.OpenGNSS.org
proposes you this course
free of charge
OpenGNSS is a project cofinanced by HELILEO (www.
HELILEO.com), TECNALIA (www. TECNALIA.es), the
Regional Council of Aquitaine and the Basque government
4. www.OpenGNSS.org
RF (Hardware)
Reception and scanning of the I and Q signals
1) Antennas
a. The two types of antennas
b. Their characteristics
2) Preamp
3) RF filtering
4) Mixing
a. Frequency transposition
b. Local oscillator
c. Summary
5) IF filtering
a. Filter choice
b. Bandwitdth constraints
c. Filtering after the frequency transposition (RF→IF)
6) Scanning I and Q signals
4
5. www.OpenGNSS.org Functional scheme of a GPS
receiver
FPB : Filtre Passe Bande 5
7. www.OpenGNSS.org
HORUS2000 card OpenGNSS
Universal GPS Receiver : MAX2769
• Manufacturer : MAXIM
• Price : 3.79€
• Receiver covering the navigation
systems by satellite GPS, GALILEO
and GLONASS.
Applications :
- Navigation embedded systems
- GPS software
- Laptops
- Digital cameras
7
8. www.OpenGNSS.org
HORUS2000 card OpenGNSS
HORUS2000 card allows to extract the
following signals :
Signals on L1 band
GPS L1, GALILEO E1
8
9. www.OpenGNSS.org
HORUS2000 card OpenGNSS
MAX2769 component is programmable through the
following registers :
Register name Address Function Page
(A3:A0)
CONF1 0000 Configure RX and IF sections, set the pins for 17
individual blocks.
CONF2 0001 Configure AGC and output sections. 18
CONF3 0010 Configure the support and the test functions for 19
the IF filter and the AGC.
PLLCONF 0011 PLL , VCO and clock settings 20
DIV 0100 Division ratio and floor function, other… 21
FDIV 0101 Decimal division ratio, other… 21
STRM 0110 Number of frames to be chained through the DSP 21
interface.
CLK 0111 Fractional clock divider values. 21
TEST1 1000 Reserved test mode. 21
TEST2 1001 Reserved test mode. 21
9
10. www.OpenGNSS.org
1. Antennas 2. Preamp 3. RF filtering 4. Mixing 5. IF filtering 6. Scanning
Passive Atenna Active Antenna
Frequencies
LP LNA Converter (IF)
Filter
RF Cable
LNA RF Filter IF Filter
Signal Inphase ADC
Signal en Quadrature
10
11. www.OpenGNSS.org
1. Antennas 2. Preamp 3. RF Filtering 4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
a. The two types of Active antenna
antennas
- Passives
- Actives
• The electromagnetic ondulations of
the signal (in space) are changed
into electric current (cable at the
antenna output) Central Frequency : 1575.42Mhz
Bandwidth: ±3Mhz
Mitigation : Central frequency ±100MHZ>30db
Impedance: 50Ω
11
12. www.OpenGNSS.org
3. RF
1. Antennas 2. Preamp
Filtering
4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
b. Their characteristics
• Passive antenna • Active antenna
It suits for GPS application where the It owns :
distance between the antenna and the - A LNA which balance the losses of
receiver is short (2.24→91.44 cm). the coaxial cable.
- A filter.
Cheap
Evoluted system
It requires :
- More expensive
- A Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)
- It requires an alimentation, generally
- A filter on the GPS
supplied through the coaxial cable of
the antenna.
12
13. www.OpenGNSS.org
With HORUS2000 …
3. RF
1. Antennas 2. Preamp
Filtering
4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
• SMA connector : possibility of plugging a
RF antenna, passive or active.
• Configuration 1 : ANTEN=1
→ Active antenna alimentation.
13
14. www.OpenGNSS.org
3. RF
1. Antennas 2. Preamp Filtering
4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
Passive Antenna Active Antenna
Frequencies
LP
LNA Converter (IF)
Filter
RF Cable
LNA RF IF Filter
Filtering
Signal Inphase ADC
Signal en Quadrature
14
15. www.OpenGNSS.org
3. RF
1. Antennas 2. Preamp Filtering
4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
Goal : Amplify the received signal while
adding the less noise possible.
15
16. www.OpenGNSS.org
With HORUS2000 …
3. RF
1. Antennas 2. Preamp Filtering
4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
• LNA1 for passive antenna: 19dB / 0.8dB (amplification / noise)
• LNA2 for active antenna : 13dB/1.2dB
• LNA-gated mode : ampli input linked.
→ Automatic detection of the antenna’s type
Configuration 1 : LNAMODE = 00.
16
17. www.OpenGNSS.org
1. Antennas 2. Preamp
3. RF 4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
Filtering
Passive Antenna Active Antenna
Frequencies
LP
LNA Converter (IF)
Filter
RF Cable
LNA RF IF Filter
Filtering
Signal Inphase ADC
Signal en Quadrature
17
18. www.OpenGNSS.org
1. Antennas 2. Preamp 3. RF Filtering 4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
Filter
• A filter allows to select a
frequency band while mitigate
characteristics
the others.
• 2 main characteristics :
• - Insertion losses or mitigation
of the components of the
desired frequencies.
- Bandwitdth at -3dB.
18
19. www.OpenGNSS.org
With HORUS2000 …
1. Antennas 2. Preamp 3. RF Filtering 4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
• Filtering signal L1 - GPS • Filtering signal E5a -
GALILEO
• Central Frequency E5a
• Central Frequency
Fcen=1176.45MHz
F0=1575.42MHz
• Frequency F0=1166,22MHz
• BandPass Filter
• Low-Pass Filter
• Bandwidth: 2,5MHz
• Bandwidth : 18MHz
• Insertion losses < 1.5dB • Insertion losses < 1.0dB
19
20. www.OpenGNSS.org
3. RF
1. Antennas 2. Preamp Filtering 4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
Passive Antenna Active Antenna
Frequencies
LP
LNA Converter (IF)
Filter
RF Cable
LNA RF IF Filter
Filtering
Signal Inphase ADC
Signal en Quadrature
20
21. www.OpenGNSS.org
3. RF
1. Antennas 2. Preamp
Filtering 4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
A. Frequencies transposition
• Why?
• Received signals frequency : ≈1 billion of oscillations /s.
• The signal is modulated with the local oscillator (LO) in order to be be shifted
to an intermediary frequency (IF), low indeed null.
LO
L1=1575.42Mhz IF (<10Mhz)
21
22. www.OpenGNSS.org
3. RF
1. Antennas 2. Preamp
Filtering 4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
b. The local oscillator
A PLL frequency synthetizer :
- A quartz oscillator providing a reference frequency RF.
- A « ∑-∆ and N-fractionnal synthesizer » allowing to divide the
VCO frequency by N ( ).
- A Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) which, according to the
input voltage provides a sine signal in a frequency band (for
the MAX2769 VCO, it’s 1550-1580MhZ for 0.4V < VTUNE < 2.4V).
22
23. www.OpenGNSS.org
3. RF
1. Antennas 2. Preamp
Filtering 4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
b. The local oscillator
PLL frequencies synthetizer
23
24. www.OpenGNSS.org
3. RF
1. Antennas 2. Preamp
Filtering 4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
b. The local oscillator
What is frenquency synthesis?
• Generate a signal (output) whose frequency is a programmable
multiple of a set input frequency .
• Feedback system (negative feedback) in order to control the
frequency : the PLL
• Obtaining an output signal with a very good spectral pureness.
24
25. www.OpenGNSS.org
3. RF
1. Antennas 2. Preamp
Filtering 4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
c. Summary
PLL frequency
synthetizer
25
27. www.OpenGNSS.org
With HORUS2000 …
3. RF
1. Antennas 2. Preamp
Filtering 4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
• PLL Division ratio integer :
Reference divider: RDIV=10Décimal.
• Frequency divider VCO :
fVCO/fCOMP=1 571.52Mhz/1Mhz=1 571.52
• PLL Division Ratio integer :
Floor divider : NDIV=1571Décimal
• PLL Division Ratio :
Decimal divider : FDIV=0.52Décimal
27
28. www.OpenGNSS.org
1. Antennas 2. Preamp
3. RF
4. Mixing
5. IF 6. Scanning
Filtering Filtering
Passive Antenna Active Antenna
Frequencies
LP
LNA Converter (IF)
Filter
RF Cable
LNA RF IF Filter
Filtering
Signal Inphase ADC
Signal en Quadrature
28
29. www.OpenGNSS.org
3. RF
1. Antennas 2. Preamp
Filtering
4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
a. Filter choice
• Low-pass if IF=0Hz • Bandpass if IF≠0Hz
The information being redundant, If IF is low (but≠0 ), we filter the
this part of the signal is sufficient to « symmetric » information of the
decrypt the information. signal.
IF=0Hz IF≠0Hz
29
30. www.OpenGNSS.org
3. RF
1. Antennas 2. Preamp
Filtering
4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
b. Constraints on the bandwidth
o The largest the band is :
More we get information about the signal.
After regeneration, the filtered signal will be close to the input
signal.
- The signal is more sensible to noise and interferences.
30
31. www.OpenGNSS.org
3. RF
1. Antennas 2. Preamp
Filtering
4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
b. Constraints on the bandwidth
A Filter:
- 60% of the signal
- 0 interference
B Filter:
- 100% of the signal
- 2 interferences
Useful signal
Bandwidth
Interferences
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32. www.OpenGNSS.org
3. RF
1. Antennas 2. Preamp
Filtering
4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
c. Filtering after the frequency transposition
1. Where does the frequency « substraction » come from during
mixing?
IF Filter(Low Frequency)
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33. www.OpenGNSS.org
3. RF
1. Antennas 2. Preamp
Filtering
4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
c. Filtering after the frequency transposition
2. Quality and cost of the device :
- Difficult to product narrow band filters in HF (1.5GhZ)
- Quality factor: Q = fcentral/BW
A filter able to select the main lobe of a GPS spectrum, whose
bandwidth would be 2x1.023=2.046Mhz, would have a quality
factor Q=1575.42/2.046≈770.
Typically, Q=50 for a filter sold in commerce.
3. It allows to limit the noise within the bandwidtch.
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35. www.OpenGNSS.org
3. RF
1. Antennas 2. Preamp Filtering
4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
Passive Antenna Active Antenna
Frequencies
LP
LNA Converter (IF)
Filter
RF Cable
LNA RF IF Filter
Filtering
Signal Inphase
ADC
Signal en Quadrature
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36. www.OpenGNSS.org
1. 3. RF
Antennas
2. Preamp
Filtering
4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
Scanning consists in two parallel activities :
Sampling
Quantification
The quality of the digital signal depends on
2 factors :
Sampling frequency or ratio
Resolution : number of bits used for
coding
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37. www.OpenGNSS.org
With HORUS2000 …
1. 3. RF
Antennas
2. Preamp
Filtering
4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Sampling
• 3 Displaying formats exist : • The ADC clock is a multiple (smaller) of
- Sign/amplitude the input reference clock.
- Two’s complement
- Unsigned binary
• Output on 2 bits:
- 2 bits for I output : I1 and I0
- 2 bits for Q output : Q1 and Q0
• Output on 3 bits :
- I only : I1, I0, Q1 (cf. example).
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38. www.OpenGNSS.org
With HORUS2000 …
1. 3. RF
Antennas
2. Preamp
Filtering
4. Mixing 5. IF Filtering 6. Scanning
011
010
001
000
100
101
110
111
Quantification by superior value and not centered
38