It is a Presentation based on psychological theories of Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning- Behavior Shaping.

1. BEHAVIOR
PERSPECTIVE

2. GROUP MEMBERS
• Syed Anas Abdali
• Hussain
• Hasnain Khan
• Ali Mirza
• Ayesha Afzal
• Areeba Shafiq
• Asad Fahim

3. DEFINITION
• The psychological viewpoint, descended from
behaviorism, that stresses the importance of
studying the effects of learning and environmental
factors on overt behavior.

4. CONTINUED..
• Behavioral psychology maintains that behavior is
both conditioned and determined by its own
outcomes or consequences (rewards and
punishments).
• Human behavior can be understood by
investigating animal behavior.
• Only the observable and measurable aspects of a
behavior are worth investigating.

5. TYPES OF BEHAVIOR
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Behavior shaping
• Observational Learning

6. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Definition:
A process of behavior modification by which a subject
comes to respond in desired manner to a previously
neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly
presented along with an unconditioned stimulus that
elicits the desired response.

7. ELEMENTS OF CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING:
• Conditioned Stimulus
• Conditioned Response.

8. CONDITIONED RESPONSE
• Conditioned response an automatic response
established by training to an ordinarily neutral
stimulus.

10. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING BY
KENDRA CHERRY
• Classical conditioning was discovered, rather
accidentally, by Ivan Pavlov. As mentioned before,
Pavlov was studying the digestive processes in dogs.
He inserted a tube into a dog's mouth in order to
measure the amount of saliva the dog produced,
using food to stimulate the flow of saliva. After visiting
the lab several times for this procedure, Pavlov
noticed something very interesting. The dog actually
began to salivate before the food was in his mouth.

11. Operant Conditioning
By B. F. Skinner

12. WHO WAS B. F. SKINNER
B.A In English Literature  Writer
Skinner’s Starting Point.
Rewarded behavior is likely to
recur!!!
-Edward L. Thorndike
Entered In The “Psychology Graduate Program
at Harvard University.”

13. WHAT IS OPERANT CONDITIONING?
BF Skinner coined the term operant conditioning;
It means Roughly Changing Of Behavior by the use
of Reinforcement or Punishment which is given after
the Desired or Undesired Response.

14. WHAT IS OPERANT CONDITIONING?
“Phrase applied by B.F Skinner to a process in which
behavioral change (and presumably learning) occurs due to
reinforcing (rewarding) certain desired behavior and
withholding rewards or punishing undesired behavior.
Operant conditioning is also known as instrumental
conditioning”.

16. BEHAVIOR SHAPING
Definition:
• Behavior shaping is a treatment approach,
based on the principles of operant conditioning,
that replaces undesirable behaviors with more
desirable ones through positive or negative
reinforcement.
• It is the any process derived from learning
theory where the goal is to change a person's
behavior or the way he or she interacts with the
world. Definition.

17. TWO MAIN CONCEPTS
• It is based on: Classical and Operant Conditioning
• Classical conditioning refers to the pairing of naturally
occurring stimulus-response chains with other stimuli in
order to produce a similar response.
• Operant conditioning started as an experiment in learning
and developed into the Law of Effect and our knowledge of
reinforcement, punishment, and extinction Two main
concepts

18. METHODS
• 4 ways in which to shape behavior
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction

19. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
• If a behavior meets with favorable consequences, it
is strengthened and is likely to be repeated.
• Positive reinforcement results from the application
of a positive consequence following a desirable
behavior.
• The operation of presenting a positive reinforce
contingent upon a response is called positive
reinforcement Positive reinforcement

20. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
• A behavior responsible for the removal of something
undesirable is repeated when that desirable state is
encountered again.
• Negative reinforcement results from with holding
threatened negative consequences when a desirable
behavior occur.
• The operation of removing an aversive stimulus
contingent upon a response is called negative
reinforcement Negative reinforcement.

21. PUNISHMENT
• Used to decrease the undesired behavior.
• Punishment is causing an unpleasant condition in an
attempt to eliminate an undesirable behavior. It may be
used in 2 ways:
1) Punish a person is through the application of a
negative consequences.
2) punish a person is through the withholding or
withdrawal of a positive consequence punishment

22. EXTINCTION
• Extinction is eliminating any reinforcement that
maintaining a behavior.
• When behavior is not reinforced, it tends to be
gradually extinguished.

23. OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
• Is a type of learning that occurs as a function of
observing, retaining and replicating novel behavior
executed by others.
• Occurs when an observers behavior changes after
viewing the behavior of a model.
• Also known as vicarious learning, social learning or
modeling.

24. THE COMPONENT
PROCESSES UNDERLYING
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

25. ATTENTION
• This process is influence by characteristics of the
model, such as how much one likes or identifies
with the model , and by characteristics of the
observer.

26. RETENTION
• This process depends on the observer’s ability to
code or structure the information in an easily
remembered or to mentally and physically rehearse
the model’s actions.

27. PRODUCTION
• Observers must be physically and intellectually
capable of producing the act.

28. MOTIVATION
• In general, observers will perform the act only if
they have some motivation or reason to do so.

29. THANK YOU