The document summarizes information about various vaccines including BCG, DPT, oral polio vaccine, and inactivated polio vaccine. It discusses details like the epidemiology of the diseases they protect against, how the vaccines are produced and administered, their efficacy and safety, recommended schedules, storage requirements, and contraindications. The vaccines protect against tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and poliomyelitis, and reducing the burden of these diseases has been a priority for global immunization programs.
the ppt describes the pentavalent and trivalent according to the national immunisation program,india in an easy to understand and interactive form.useful for students and tutors.
also has a FAQ section.
the ppt describes the pentavalent and trivalent according to the national immunisation program,india in an easy to understand and interactive form.useful for students and tutors.
also has a FAQ section.
#Rubella #German measles
Rubella is also known as German measles because the disease was first described by German physicians, Friedrich Hoffmann, in the mid-eighteenth century.
Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection.
It is exanthematous disease with fewer, cough, coryza (rhinitis) and conjunctivitis.
Before the widespread use of measles vaccines, it was estimated that measles caused between 5 million and 8 million deaths worldwide each year.
Immunization is a process of protecting an individual from a disease through introduction of live attenuated, killed or organisms or antibodies in the individual system.
Immunization is the process of protecting an individual by active or passive method.
The immunizing agents are
Vaccines, Immunoglobulins and antisera
Why vaccination?
Prevention of deadly and debilitating diseases.
Keeps child from suffering through a preventable illness.
Less doctor visits
No hospitalization
Immunization is single most important step towards control and elimination of infectious disease.
With regards to epidemiology and population demographics, various changes are made from time to time in Immunization Schedule of the National Health Programme.
This slide show encompasses the recent changes made by National Health Commission with regards to Immunization Schedule.
#Rubella #German measles
Rubella is also known as German measles because the disease was first described by German physicians, Friedrich Hoffmann, in the mid-eighteenth century.
Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection.
It is exanthematous disease with fewer, cough, coryza (rhinitis) and conjunctivitis.
Before the widespread use of measles vaccines, it was estimated that measles caused between 5 million and 8 million deaths worldwide each year.
Immunization is a process of protecting an individual from a disease through introduction of live attenuated, killed or organisms or antibodies in the individual system.
Immunization is the process of protecting an individual by active or passive method.
The immunizing agents are
Vaccines, Immunoglobulins and antisera
Why vaccination?
Prevention of deadly and debilitating diseases.
Keeps child from suffering through a preventable illness.
Less doctor visits
No hospitalization
Immunization is single most important step towards control and elimination of infectious disease.
With regards to epidemiology and population demographics, various changes are made from time to time in Immunization Schedule of the National Health Programme.
This slide show encompasses the recent changes made by National Health Commission with regards to Immunization Schedule.
Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Immunization helps protect the child from life threatening diseases. It also helps reduce the spread of disease to others. Vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or
disease. Babies are born with some natural immunity which they get from their mother through breast-feeding. This immunity gradually diminishes as the baby's own immune system starts to develop. Immunization is one of the most cost-effective health investments and vaccination does not require any
major lifestyle change. There are two main types of immunization, active immunization and passive immunization.
Both types of immunization prepare the body to fight against certain diseases.
This presentation aims at helping the pediatric trainees and practitioners to brush up their knowledge in Immunization. The schedule is based on the Universal Immunisation Programme. I have tried to cover as much as possible in terms of individual vaccines and hope it is beneficial to the reader.
This presentation is a part 2/4 of series of presentation on Paediatric immunization.This presentation aims at helping the pediatric trainees and practitioners to brush up their knowledge in Immunization. The schedule is based on the Universal Immunisation Programme. I have tried to cover as much as possible in terms of individual vaccines and hope it is beneficial to the reader.
Expanded Program of Immunization.
Objectives are:
To learn about EPI and the current situation of EPI in Pakistan
To understand the mechanism of the Cold Chain and the maintenance of vaccines
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
2. BCG VACCINE
Tuberculosis occurs most commonly in
children less than 5 years.
-PTB : 60 – 70 %
-Extrapulmonary : 30–40%
In 2016, an estimated 253,000 children died
of TB and 52,000 of them are HIV-infected
children.
3. BCG VACCINE
Bacillus -Calmette-Guerin.
Live attenuated vaccine against Tuberculosis.
Protects against TB Meningitis, Miliary TB
Common strains used-Copenhagen(Danish1331),
Pasteur , Glaxo
Danish 1331- Produced at Guindy, Tamil Nadu,
India
Available as lyophilised (freeze dried) powder
Reconstituted with sterile normal saline.
5. BCG VACCINE
Dose – 0.05ml (neonates) , 0.1ml (infants and
children)
Route of administration – intradermal (26G needle)
Site – left upper arm at insertion of deltoid.
6. BCG VACCINE
Papule at site of injection (2-3 weeks)
Breaks into shallow ulcer with crust
Permanent tiny round scar 4-8mm diameter.
Healing occurs (6-12 weeks)
Increases size with diameter of 4-8mm (5-6
weeks)
8. BCG VACCINE
CONTRAINDICATION
Immunodeficiency (HIV, leukemia, lymphoma)
Generalized eczema
Infective dermatosis
Hypogammaglobinemia
STORAGE
2-8°C
Sensitive to heat and light
Discard unused vaccine after 4hours of
reconstitution
9. DPT VACCINE
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Diphtheria : 2,599 cases and 176 deaths in 2016.
5,293 cases and 148 deaths in 2017.
Pertusis : 39,091 cases in 2011.
23,779 cases and 6 deaths in 2017.
Tetanus : 23,356 cases in 1990
4,702 cases in 2017.
Neonatal tetanus : 588 cases in 2012
295 cases with 9 deaths in 2017
10. DPT VACCINE
COMPONENTS :
Tetanus toxoid : from 20 Lf to 30 Lf units.
Diphtheria toxoid : from 5 Lf to 25 Lf units.
Killed whole-cell pertussis (wP) bacilli.
Adsorbed on insoluble aluminum salts which act as
adjuvants
11. DPT VACCINE
EFFICACY
The efficacy against diphtheria and
tetanus exceeds 95%.
The efficacy of wP vaccine against pertussis
in children is 78%
The efficacy of combination DTwP vaccines
ranged from 46% to 92%
12. DPT VACCINE
ADVERSE EFFECTS
Serious adverse effects :
fever more than 40.5°C – 0.2 – 4.4 /1000 doses
persistent crying - 4–8.8 /1000 doses
hypotonic hyporesponsive episodes (HHEs)- 0.06–
0.8/1000 doses
seizures 0.16–0.39 /1000 doses
Encephalopathy- 0.007/ 1000 doses
Minor adverse effects :
pain, swelling, and redness at the local site,
fever,
fussiness,
anorexia, and vomiting are reported in almost half the
vaccinees after any of the three primary doses.
13. DPT VACCINE
ABSOLUTE CONTRAINDICATIONS :
History of anaphylaxis or
Development of encephalopathy within 7 days
following previous DTwP vaccination.
RELATIVE CONTRAINDICATION :
Progressive or evolving neurological illnesses.
14. DPT VACCINE
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USE :
Standard schedule :
primary doses at 6, 10, and 14 weeks
two boosters at 15–18 months and 4–5 years.
Catch-up vaccination :
three doses at 0, 1, and 6 months.
DTwP is not recommended in children beyond 7
years of age due to increased risk of side-effects.
15. DPT VACCINE
COLD CHAIN AND ADMINISTRATION :
Stored at 2–8°C.
Never be frozen,
if frozen accidentally, should be discarded.
The dose is 0.5 ml intramuscularly(IM).
the preferred site is the anterolateral aspect of
the thigh.
16. DPT VACCINE
DTaP :
These vaccines contain ≥1 of the separately
purified antigens :
pertussis toxin (PT).
filamentous hemagglutinin(FHA).
pertactin (PRN).
fimbrial hemagglutinins 1, 2, and 3.
17.
18. POLIO VACCINES
EPIDEMIOLOGY :
Poliomyelitis is an acute infection by three poliovirus
serotypes 1, 2, or 3, and was the leading cause of
permanent disability in children in the past.
In 1988, more than 125 countries had WPV transmission
with 350,000 of paralytic polio cases.
As of November 2019 only 2 countries—Afghanistan (20)
and Pakistan (82) remain endemic.
The last case of poliomyelitis caused by WPV type 2
(WPV2) was recorded in India in 1999.
Global eradication of WPV2 was certified in 2015.
19. POLIO VACCINE
IPV first developed and licensed in 1955.
mOPV vaccine was licensed in 1961.
tOPV was licensed in 1963.
bOPV licensed and used in some settings
since December 2009.
Following the global switch from tOPV to bOPV
in April 2016, tOPV will no longer be available
and will be replaced by bOPV.
20. ORAL POLIO VACCINE
Included in
Pulse Polio Immunization
Supplementary immunization activities.
National Polio Surveillance Project.
National Immunization program
21. ORAL POLIO VACCINE
DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNITY
Administration of vaccine
Infect intestinal mucosa
Multiplication in mucosal cells (take)
Provides local as well as systemic immunity
22. ORAL POLIO VACCINE
Dose – 2 drops.
Route of administration – Oral’
Method of administration :
Tilt the child’s back and gently squeeze the
cheeks or pinch the nose to make the mouth
open. Let the drops fall from the dropper onto
the child’s tongue. Repeat the process if child
spits out the vaccine.
24. ORAL POLIO VACCINE
SCHEDULE
National Immunization Program
OPV0 at birth.
OPV1 at 6th week
OPV2 at 10th week
OPV3 at 14th week
OPV booster at 15-18 months and 5yr.
IAP 2016
OPV at birth, 6mo, 9mo and 5yr (In case of
sequential IPV- OPV Schedule)
26. ORAL POLIO VACCINE
VAPP :
clinically resembles paralytic polio by WPV.
one case per 1.4 million children vaccinated.
type 3 poliovirus (42%).
type 2 (26%).
type 1 (20%).
mixtures of more than one virus (15%).
27. ORAL POLIO VACCINE
VDPV
The attenuated viruses in live OPV vaccines
may reacquire neurovirulence and
transmission capacity through replication and
genetic divergence effect.
Three categories:
(1) cVDPVs.
(2) iVDPVs.
(3)aVDPVs.
28. ORAL POLIO VACCINE
Immunogenicity and Effectiveness :
In developed countries :
100% for all three poliovirus types.
In developing countries :
73%, 90%, and 70% to poliovirus type 1, 2,
and 3, respectively.
29. ORAL POLIO VACCINE
CONTRAINDICATIONS :
Immunocompromised individuals (symptomatic
HIV, leukemia, malignancy, those under
corticosteroids)
Active viral infections
30. ORAL POLIO VACCINE
STORAGE :
Stable at 4-8°C for 3-4 months.
-20degree C for a year.
Potency drops rapidly with temperature
fluctuations , Potency monitored using Vaccine
Vial Monitor (VVM).
Vaccine discarded if color of inner square in
vvm is as dark as or darker than color of outer
circle
32. INACTIVATED POLIO VACCINE
Developed by Salk
Suspension of formaldehyde killed poliovirus
grown in monkey kidney, human diploid or vero
cell culture
Induces humoral immune response and gives
protection from paralysis
Does not induce local immunity
Vaccine potency measured by ‘D’ antigen
Currently used Enhanced potency IPV (eIPV)
contain 40D, 8D, 32D units of types 1, 2, 3
polioviruses.
33. INACTIVATED POLIO VACCINE
Highly immunogenic.
Seroconversion – 90-95% in infants beyond
8 weeks age administered of two doses of
IPV 2months apart.
99% of those given 3 doses 4 weeks apart.
35. INACTIVATED POLIO VACCINE
SCHEDULE
National Immunization Program
At 14 weeks
IAP 2016
Sequential IPV-OPV schedule
3 doses IPV at 6, 10 and 14 weeks , or
2 doses IPV at 8 and 16 weeks (primary) and 1
dose IPV at 15-18 months (booster)
Also give OPV at birth , 6mo, 9mo, and 5yr and
on NIDs and SIAs
Catchup up to 5yr; 3 doses at 0, 2 and 6months
36. INACTIVATED POLIO VACCINE
ADVANTAGES :
Efficacy of IPV in preventing poliomyelitis is
excellent.
Does not cause Vaccine associated paralytic
poliomyelitis.
Vaccine of choice in patients with
immunodeficiency.
Can be administered to pregnant women.
37. INACTIVATED POLIO VACCINE
DISADVANTAGE :
Immunity not rapidly achieved.
Injections during epidemic can precipitate
paralysis.
Does not produce local immunity , virus can
multiply in gut and can be a source of infection
to others.
38. INACTIVATED POLIO VACCINE
ADVERSE REACTIONS :
No serious adverse reactions.
Minor local erythema, induration, swelling and
tenderness.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Any known allergy
STORAGE
2-8°C
Sensitive to light