Basopenia
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presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM university of education LAHORE Pakistan i am from mailsi vehari and studied in lahore
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Basophilia
presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM
university of education LAHORE Pakistan
i am from mailsi vehari and studied in lahore
Histology and pathology of lymph nodes
This document provides an overview of lymph nodes and lymphomas. It discusses the anatomy, histology, embryology and functions of lymph nodes. It also examines various pathological conditions of lymph nodes including infections, reactive hyperplasias and lymphomas. The document summarizes different classification systems for lymphomas and describes some of the major lymphoid neoplasms that can involve lymph nodes, such as mantle cell lymphoma. Clinical features and techniques like fine needle aspiration cytology for evaluating lymphomas are also outlined.
Peripheral Blood Smear Examination
This document discusses the peripheral blood smear examination. It begins by outlining the role of peripheral blood examination, which includes evaluating anemia, thrombocytopenia/thrombocytosis, identifying abnormal cells, and detecting infections. It then describes the proper collection of blood in EDTA tubes and various color-coded tubes. The document proceeds to explain the different techniques for preparing blood smears, including the wedge, cover slip, and spun smear methods. Finally, it outlines the staining, microscopic examination, identification of white blood cells, red blood cell abnormalities, and other findings commonly seen on peripheral blood smears.
Abnormal red blood cell morphologies
- Red blood cell morphology can provide clues to underlying diseases. Abnormalities include variation in size (anisocytosis), shape (poikilocytosis), color, and presence of inclusion bodies.
- Microcytosis and macrocytosis indicate abnormally small or large red blood cells, seen in iron deficiency, thalassemia, and liver/bone marrow diseases. Hypochromic cells appear pale due to low hemoglobin.
- Poikilocytosis describes variations in shape like elliptical, tear-drop, sickle, and fragmented (schistocyte) cells, associated with hemolytic anemias, thalassemia, and coagulation disorders. Inclusion bodies include Howell-J
White blood cell disorders
White Blood Cell Disorders can affect neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and mast cells. Neutropenia is classified by severity based on absolute neutrophil count and risk of infection. Causes include acquired conditions like drugs/infections or congenital disorders. Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a broad condition caused by primary or secondary eosinophilia leading to tissue damage. Diagnosis involves ruling out secondary causes and identifying organ involvement. Treatment depends on etiology and includes steroids, hydroxyurea, interferon-alpha, imatinib or anti-IL-5 antibodies.
Myelophthisic
Myelophthisic anemia is a severe form of anemia caused by the displacement of bone marrow tissue into the bloodstream by conditions like fibrosis, tumors, or granulomas that affect the bone marrow. It is commonly seen in people with chronic myeloproliferative disorders or cancers that have spread to the bone marrow. A diagnosis can be made through blood tests showing abnormal red blood cells and immature blood cells in the blood, and confirmed by bone marrow biopsy demonstrating replacement of normal bone marrow tissue. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying cause through therapies for cancers, fibrosis, or other conditions occupying the bone marrow space.
Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase Stain
This document discusses the Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase (LAP) stain, which is used to determine whether a high white blood cell count is due to a reactive or leukemic process. The LAP stain tests for the presence of alkaline phosphatase in white blood cells. Cells with more differentiation will stain more strongly, while leukemic cells will have little to no staining. Scoring 100 neutrophils on a scale of 0-4 and calculating the total score provides the "LAP score", with a high score indicating a reactive condition and low score suggesting chronic myelogenous leukemia. The document outlines the purpose, principle, sampling, reagents, interpretation and factors that can affect the LAP stain results.
Bone marrow biopsy and interpretation
The document discusses bone marrow biopsy techniques and evaluation. It describes the structure of bone marrow, including cellular elements and stroma. Needle types and biopsy sites are covered. Processing involves fixation, decalcification, embedding and staining. Evaluation is based on clinical history, hemogram, smear and aspiration. Adequacy, cellularity, cell topography, proliferation, fibrosis, infections, and infiltrative diseases are assessed. Stromal changes like fibrosis and necrosis are also evaluated. Common conditions affecting bone marrow including CML, MDS, Hodgkin's, NHL, CLL and metastasis are discussed. Adequate history, processing, cellularity, topography, stromal changes, infections and gran
Recommended
Basophilia
presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM
university of education LAHORE Pakistan
i am from mailsi vehari and studied in lahore
Histology and pathology of lymph nodes
This document provides an overview of lymph nodes and lymphomas. It discusses the anatomy, histology, embryology and functions of lymph nodes. It also examines various pathological conditions of lymph nodes including infections, reactive hyperplasias and lymphomas. The document summarizes different classification systems for lymphomas and describes some of the major lymphoid neoplasms that can involve lymph nodes, such as mantle cell lymphoma. Clinical features and techniques like fine needle aspiration cytology for evaluating lymphomas are also outlined.
Peripheral Blood Smear Examination
This document discusses the peripheral blood smear examination. It begins by outlining the role of peripheral blood examination, which includes evaluating anemia, thrombocytopenia/thrombocytosis, identifying abnormal cells, and detecting infections. It then describes the proper collection of blood in EDTA tubes and various color-coded tubes. The document proceeds to explain the different techniques for preparing blood smears, including the wedge, cover slip, and spun smear methods. Finally, it outlines the staining, microscopic examination, identification of white blood cells, red blood cell abnormalities, and other findings commonly seen on peripheral blood smears.
Abnormal red blood cell morphologies
- Red blood cell morphology can provide clues to underlying diseases. Abnormalities include variation in size (anisocytosis), shape (poikilocytosis), color, and presence of inclusion bodies.
- Microcytosis and macrocytosis indicate abnormally small or large red blood cells, seen in iron deficiency, thalassemia, and liver/bone marrow diseases. Hypochromic cells appear pale due to low hemoglobin.
- Poikilocytosis describes variations in shape like elliptical, tear-drop, sickle, and fragmented (schistocyte) cells, associated with hemolytic anemias, thalassemia, and coagulation disorders. Inclusion bodies include Howell-J
White blood cell disorders
White Blood Cell Disorders can affect neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and mast cells. Neutropenia is classified by severity based on absolute neutrophil count and risk of infection. Causes include acquired conditions like drugs/infections or congenital disorders. Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a broad condition caused by primary or secondary eosinophilia leading to tissue damage. Diagnosis involves ruling out secondary causes and identifying organ involvement. Treatment depends on etiology and includes steroids, hydroxyurea, interferon-alpha, imatinib or anti-IL-5 antibodies.
Myelophthisic
Myelophthisic anemia is a severe form of anemia caused by the displacement of bone marrow tissue into the bloodstream by conditions like fibrosis, tumors, or granulomas that affect the bone marrow. It is commonly seen in people with chronic myeloproliferative disorders or cancers that have spread to the bone marrow. A diagnosis can be made through blood tests showing abnormal red blood cells and immature blood cells in the blood, and confirmed by bone marrow biopsy demonstrating replacement of normal bone marrow tissue. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying cause through therapies for cancers, fibrosis, or other conditions occupying the bone marrow space.
Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase Stain
This document discusses the Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase (LAP) stain, which is used to determine whether a high white blood cell count is due to a reactive or leukemic process. The LAP stain tests for the presence of alkaline phosphatase in white blood cells. Cells with more differentiation will stain more strongly, while leukemic cells will have little to no staining. Scoring 100 neutrophils on a scale of 0-4 and calculating the total score provides the "LAP score", with a high score indicating a reactive condition and low score suggesting chronic myelogenous leukemia. The document outlines the purpose, principle, sampling, reagents, interpretation and factors that can affect the LAP stain results.
Bone marrow biopsy and interpretation
The document discusses bone marrow biopsy techniques and evaluation. It describes the structure of bone marrow, including cellular elements and stroma. Needle types and biopsy sites are covered. Processing involves fixation, decalcification, embedding and staining. Evaluation is based on clinical history, hemogram, smear and aspiration. Adequacy, cellularity, cell topography, proliferation, fibrosis, infections, and infiltrative diseases are assessed. Stromal changes like fibrosis and necrosis are also evaluated. Common conditions affecting bone marrow including CML, MDS, Hodgkin's, NHL, CLL and metastasis are discussed. Adequate history, processing, cellularity, topography, stromal changes, infections and gran
Anaemia pathology ppt
This document provides an overview of hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis, and anemia. It discusses where blood cell formation occurs, the lifespan and production rate of red blood cells, and how hypoxia stimulates erythropoietin production. It defines anemia, lists global and country prevalence data, and compensatory mechanisms. It describes classifications of anemia including morphological and etiological, and covers causes such as blood loss, bone marrow disorders, nutritional deficiencies, and hemolytic anemias. Laboratory evaluation of anemia and peripheral blood smear findings are also summarized.
4 hemostasis&thrombosis
Hemostasis and thrombosis involve the regulation of blood clotting. Normal hemostasis maintains blood fluidity but allows clotting at sites of injury. Thrombosis is pathological clotting in uninjured or minimally injured vessels. It involves platelet adhesion and activation, coagulation cascade activation, and fibrin clot formation. Counter-regulatory mechanisms normally limit clotting to the injury site. Abnormalities in blood components, vessel walls, or flow can cause hypercoagulability and thrombosis.
Rbc inclusion ()))))
This document discusses various types of inclusion bodies that can occur within red blood cells, including Pappenheimer bodies, Howell-Jolly bodies, Heinz bodies, Cabot rings, and basophilic stippling. It provides details on the composition, appearance, causes, associated diseases, and diagnosis of each type of inclusion body. The document is presented by Group 6 to Miss Mehreen and serves to explain the different inclusion bodies that can be found in red blood cell analysis.
Leucocytosis and leucopenia
This document discusses leukocytosis, which is an increased number of white blood cells in the blood, usually due to infection, inflammation, or other causes. It can be triggered by certain growth factors and cytokines. The white blood cell count is determined by rates of production, storage, release from bone marrow, and consumption in tissues. Types of leukocytosis include neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, monocytosis, eosinophilia, and basophilia. The document also covers neutropenia and definitions of levels.
Edema, congestion and hemorrage
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitium caused by an imbalance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures that pushes fluid into tissues. It can be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, increased vascular permeability, or decreased plasma oncotic pressure due to low albumin. Treatment focuses on resolving the underlying cause and improving drainage of fluid from tissues.
Sideroblastic anemia - Etiopathogenesis, Clinical features, Advances in Manag...
Sideroblastic anemia - Etiopathogenesis, Clinical features, Advances in Manag...Chetan Ganteppanavar
This document discusses sideroblastic anemia, including:
- It is characterized by abnormal iron deposits in erythroblast mitochondria, producing ringed sideroblasts instead of healthy red blood cells.
- It can be hereditary or acquired. Hereditary types often have normocytic or microcytic anemia while acquired types are usually normocytic or macrocytic.
- Causes include genetic disorders affecting heme synthesis, alcohol use, vitamin deficiencies, and exposures like lead.
- Symptoms depend on severity of anemia but can include fatigue, weakness, and heart/organ damage from iron overload.
- Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated iron levels and ringed sider6 infarction
1) Myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, pulmonary infarction, and gangrene of limbs are common examples of infarction that result from obstruction of blood flow.
2) Infarctions are typically wedge-shaped areas of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the arterial blood supply or venous drainage of a tissue.
3) The development of an infarction depends on factors like the nature of the blood supply, the rate of occlusion, the tissue's vulnerability to hypoxia, and the oxygen content of the blood. Tissues with dual blood supplies are less likely to infarct.
Heriditary spherocytosis
This document summarizes hereditary hemolytic anemias caused by abnormalities in the red blood cell membrane, specifically hereditary spherocytosis and elliptocytosis. It describes the pathophysiology as defects in membrane proteins like spectrin or ankyrin that cause unstable membranes. Clinical features include anemia, splenomegaly, jaundice and gallstones. Laboratory findings show microspherocytes on blood smear and increased osmotic fragility. G6PD deficiency and pyruvate kinase deficiency are also summarized as enzymatic causes of hemolytic anemia that present with hemolysis when exposed to oxidative stress or inability to generate ATP respectively.
NON-MALIGNANT REACTIVE DISORDERS OF LYMPHOCYTES
This document discusses non-malignant reactive disorders of lymphocytes. It describes the history of identifying variant lymphocytes and three main types of variant lymphocytes: Type I plasmacytoid lymphocytes, Type II lymphocytes seen in infectious mononucleosis, and Type III transformed lymphocytes. The morphology of each cell type is defined along with the process of lymphocyte transformation in response to antigens. Differential diagnoses are discussed where reactive lymphocytes are seen, including infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasmosis. Conditions of absolute and relative lymphocytosis with normal or variant lymphocyte morphology are also outlined.
sideroblastic anemia
This document discusses sideroblastic anemia, which is caused by an abnormal accumulation of iron in the mitochondria of red blood cell precursors called ring sideroblasts. There are several types of sideroblastic anemia, including hereditary forms caused by genetic mutations and acquired forms caused by drugs, toxins, or diseases. The condition is characterized by ring sideroblasts seen on bone marrow biopsy along with ineffective red blood cell production and iron overload. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include blood transfusions, vitamin supplements, iron chelation therapy, or bone marrow transplant in severe cases.
Platelets
The document summarizes the history and characteristics of platelets. It describes key discoveries such as George Gulliver drawing early platelet images in 1841 and Max Schultze describing "spherules" in 1865. The document outlines platelet formation in the bone marrow, structure, granule contents, functions in hemostasis, testing of platelet function, causes of low and high platelet counts, and associated conditions.
05 peripheral blood smear examination
This document provides information about performing and interpreting a peripheral blood smear examination. It discusses preparing the smear, staining it using Romanowsky staining techniques, and systematically examining it under the microscope. The summary includes evaluating red blood cells for abnormalities in size, shape, inclusions and other features. White blood cell differential counts and platelet assessment are also reviewed. The document outlines various morphological abnormalities that may be observed and their potential clinical significance.
Non neoplastic lesions of lymph node
For undergradutes
Revise structure of lymph node and spleen
Classify non-neoplastic lesions
Various histological patterns
Etiologies of each lesion / pattern
Pigments
This document defines endogenous and exogenous pigments. Endogenous pigments are either normal constituents of cells or accumulate under special circumstances, such as melanin, ochronosis, and haemoprotein-derived pigments like haemosiderin, bilirubin, and porphyrins. Exogenous pigments come from outside the body through inhalation, ingestion, or injection. Inhaled pigments can cause occupational lung diseases, ingested pigments can lead to argyria or lead poisoning, and injected pigments like tattoo ink remain permanently in the dermis.
Leukocyte disorders akk
This document discusses leukocyte disorders, which can be either malignant (tumors) or non-malignant. It focuses on non-malignant disorders affecting neutrophils. Neutrophils and other leukocytes are produced through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow from stem cells. The document describes the different types of leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes), their functions, and normal ranges. It also discusses disorders characterized by increased or decreased levels of these cells.
Neutrophilia
This document discusses neutrophilia, which is an increased number of neutrophils in the blood. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that helps fight infections. Neutrophilia can be caused by infections, inflammation, smoking, stress, and other factors. Symptoms may include bleeding, low body temperature, and respiratory issues. The absolute neutrophil count is used to define neutrophilia as greater than 8,000 cells per cubic mm. Treatment involves identifying the underlying cause, bone marrow testing, medication changes, and lifestyle modifications to support the immune system.
Bone marrow morphology
An excellent ppt on basics of bone marrow morphology and examination which i came accross on the internet.. Not my creation.. Full credit to the author..
Robbins Chapter 1.. Cell as a unit of health and disease
The document provides an overview of key cellular structures and functions, including the genome, plasma membrane, organelles, cellular communication, the extracellular matrix, cell division, and stem cells. It discusses how cells maintain essential housekeeping functions and how differentiation occurs at the epigenetic level despite all cells containing the same genetic material. Stem cells are described as being able to both self-renew and differentiate into specialized cell types to replace damaged or aging cells.
Pathology of WBC Disorders
This document provides an overview of white blood cell disorders, including common conditions such as neutropenia, lymphocytosis, leukemia, and lymphoma. It begins with an introduction to normal white blood cell production and classification. Key points covered include the clinical features and pathogenesis of various leukopenias and leukocytoses. Classification systems for hematologic neoplasms such as leukemia subtypes (AML, ALL, CML, CLL) and lymphomas (Hodgkins, Non-Hodgkins) are summarized. Premalignant conditions like myeloproliferative disorders and myelodysplastic syndromes are also briefly outlined.
Microcytic hypochromic anemia
1) Microcytic hypochromic anemia is characterized by small, pale red blood cells and can be caused by iron deficiency, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia, or other conditions.
2) Iron deficiency anemia is the most common cause and results from inadequate iron intake or absorption. It disrupts hemoglobin synthesis and cellular proliferation.
3) Thalassemia is an inherited disorder of hemoglobin production that can range from mild to severe. Thalassemia major requires regular blood transfusions and causes severe anemia from ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis.
Anemia & types of anemia
This document discusses different types of anemia. It defines anemia as a condition where the blood does not have enough healthy red blood cells. The main types discussed are iron-deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, pernicious anemia, folate-deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia. Causes, symptoms, and treatments are provided for each type.
Malaria
The document discusses malaria, caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus transmitted via mosquito bites. It affects over 100 countries and kills approximately 2,000 people per day. The most common species causing malaria in India are P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. ovale, and P. knowlesi, with P. falciparum being the most lethal. Malaria symptoms include fever, fatigue, nausea, and in severe cases can include cerebral malaria, acidosis, anemia, renal failure, pulmonary edema, hypoglycemia, and death. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears under a microscope for parasites. Treatment depends on the Plasmodium species and may include chloroquine,
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Anaemia pathology ppt
This document provides an overview of hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis, and anemia. It discusses where blood cell formation occurs, the lifespan and production rate of red blood cells, and how hypoxia stimulates erythropoietin production. It defines anemia, lists global and country prevalence data, and compensatory mechanisms. It describes classifications of anemia including morphological and etiological, and covers causes such as blood loss, bone marrow disorders, nutritional deficiencies, and hemolytic anemias. Laboratory evaluation of anemia and peripheral blood smear findings are also summarized.
4 hemostasis&thrombosis
Hemostasis and thrombosis involve the regulation of blood clotting. Normal hemostasis maintains blood fluidity but allows clotting at sites of injury. Thrombosis is pathological clotting in uninjured or minimally injured vessels. It involves platelet adhesion and activation, coagulation cascade activation, and fibrin clot formation. Counter-regulatory mechanisms normally limit clotting to the injury site. Abnormalities in blood components, vessel walls, or flow can cause hypercoagulability and thrombosis.
Rbc inclusion ()))))
This document discusses various types of inclusion bodies that can occur within red blood cells, including Pappenheimer bodies, Howell-Jolly bodies, Heinz bodies, Cabot rings, and basophilic stippling. It provides details on the composition, appearance, causes, associated diseases, and diagnosis of each type of inclusion body. The document is presented by Group 6 to Miss Mehreen and serves to explain the different inclusion bodies that can be found in red blood cell analysis.
Leucocytosis and leucopenia
This document discusses leukocytosis, which is an increased number of white blood cells in the blood, usually due to infection, inflammation, or other causes. It can be triggered by certain growth factors and cytokines. The white blood cell count is determined by rates of production, storage, release from bone marrow, and consumption in tissues. Types of leukocytosis include neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, monocytosis, eosinophilia, and basophilia. The document also covers neutropenia and definitions of levels.
Edema, congestion and hemorrage
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitium caused by an imbalance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures that pushes fluid into tissues. It can be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, increased vascular permeability, or decreased plasma oncotic pressure due to low albumin. Treatment focuses on resolving the underlying cause and improving drainage of fluid from tissues.
Sideroblastic anemia - Etiopathogenesis, Clinical features, Advances in Manag...
Sideroblastic anemia - Etiopathogenesis, Clinical features, Advances in Manag...Chetan Ganteppanavar
This document discusses sideroblastic anemia, including:
- It is characterized by abnormal iron deposits in erythroblast mitochondria, producing ringed sideroblasts instead of healthy red blood cells.
- It can be hereditary or acquired. Hereditary types often have normocytic or microcytic anemia while acquired types are usually normocytic or macrocytic.
- Causes include genetic disorders affecting heme synthesis, alcohol use, vitamin deficiencies, and exposures like lead.
- Symptoms depend on severity of anemia but can include fatigue, weakness, and heart/organ damage from iron overload.
- Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated iron levels and ringed sider6 infarction
1) Myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, pulmonary infarction, and gangrene of limbs are common examples of infarction that result from obstruction of blood flow.
2) Infarctions are typically wedge-shaped areas of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the arterial blood supply or venous drainage of a tissue.
3) The development of an infarction depends on factors like the nature of the blood supply, the rate of occlusion, the tissue's vulnerability to hypoxia, and the oxygen content of the blood. Tissues with dual blood supplies are less likely to infarct.
Heriditary spherocytosis
This document summarizes hereditary hemolytic anemias caused by abnormalities in the red blood cell membrane, specifically hereditary spherocytosis and elliptocytosis. It describes the pathophysiology as defects in membrane proteins like spectrin or ankyrin that cause unstable membranes. Clinical features include anemia, splenomegaly, jaundice and gallstones. Laboratory findings show microspherocytes on blood smear and increased osmotic fragility. G6PD deficiency and pyruvate kinase deficiency are also summarized as enzymatic causes of hemolytic anemia that present with hemolysis when exposed to oxidative stress or inability to generate ATP respectively.
NON-MALIGNANT REACTIVE DISORDERS OF LYMPHOCYTES
This document discusses non-malignant reactive disorders of lymphocytes. It describes the history of identifying variant lymphocytes and three main types of variant lymphocytes: Type I plasmacytoid lymphocytes, Type II lymphocytes seen in infectious mononucleosis, and Type III transformed lymphocytes. The morphology of each cell type is defined along with the process of lymphocyte transformation in response to antigens. Differential diagnoses are discussed where reactive lymphocytes are seen, including infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasmosis. Conditions of absolute and relative lymphocytosis with normal or variant lymphocyte morphology are also outlined.
sideroblastic anemia
This document discusses sideroblastic anemia, which is caused by an abnormal accumulation of iron in the mitochondria of red blood cell precursors called ring sideroblasts. There are several types of sideroblastic anemia, including hereditary forms caused by genetic mutations and acquired forms caused by drugs, toxins, or diseases. The condition is characterized by ring sideroblasts seen on bone marrow biopsy along with ineffective red blood cell production and iron overload. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include blood transfusions, vitamin supplements, iron chelation therapy, or bone marrow transplant in severe cases.
Platelets
The document summarizes the history and characteristics of platelets. It describes key discoveries such as George Gulliver drawing early platelet images in 1841 and Max Schultze describing "spherules" in 1865. The document outlines platelet formation in the bone marrow, structure, granule contents, functions in hemostasis, testing of platelet function, causes of low and high platelet counts, and associated conditions.
05 peripheral blood smear examination
This document provides information about performing and interpreting a peripheral blood smear examination. It discusses preparing the smear, staining it using Romanowsky staining techniques, and systematically examining it under the microscope. The summary includes evaluating red blood cells for abnormalities in size, shape, inclusions and other features. White blood cell differential counts and platelet assessment are also reviewed. The document outlines various morphological abnormalities that may be observed and their potential clinical significance.
Non neoplastic lesions of lymph node
For undergradutes
Revise structure of lymph node and spleen
Classify non-neoplastic lesions
Various histological patterns
Etiologies of each lesion / pattern
Pigments
This document defines endogenous and exogenous pigments. Endogenous pigments are either normal constituents of cells or accumulate under special circumstances, such as melanin, ochronosis, and haemoprotein-derived pigments like haemosiderin, bilirubin, and porphyrins. Exogenous pigments come from outside the body through inhalation, ingestion, or injection. Inhaled pigments can cause occupational lung diseases, ingested pigments can lead to argyria or lead poisoning, and injected pigments like tattoo ink remain permanently in the dermis.
Leukocyte disorders akk
This document discusses leukocyte disorders, which can be either malignant (tumors) or non-malignant. It focuses on non-malignant disorders affecting neutrophils. Neutrophils and other leukocytes are produced through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow from stem cells. The document describes the different types of leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes), their functions, and normal ranges. It also discusses disorders characterized by increased or decreased levels of these cells.
Neutrophilia
This document discusses neutrophilia, which is an increased number of neutrophils in the blood. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that helps fight infections. Neutrophilia can be caused by infections, inflammation, smoking, stress, and other factors. Symptoms may include bleeding, low body temperature, and respiratory issues. The absolute neutrophil count is used to define neutrophilia as greater than 8,000 cells per cubic mm. Treatment involves identifying the underlying cause, bone marrow testing, medication changes, and lifestyle modifications to support the immune system.
Bone marrow morphology
An excellent ppt on basics of bone marrow morphology and examination which i came accross on the internet.. Not my creation.. Full credit to the author..
Robbins Chapter 1.. Cell as a unit of health and disease
The document provides an overview of key cellular structures and functions, including the genome, plasma membrane, organelles, cellular communication, the extracellular matrix, cell division, and stem cells. It discusses how cells maintain essential housekeeping functions and how differentiation occurs at the epigenetic level despite all cells containing the same genetic material. Stem cells are described as being able to both self-renew and differentiate into specialized cell types to replace damaged or aging cells.
Pathology of WBC Disorders
This document provides an overview of white blood cell disorders, including common conditions such as neutropenia, lymphocytosis, leukemia, and lymphoma. It begins with an introduction to normal white blood cell production and classification. Key points covered include the clinical features and pathogenesis of various leukopenias and leukocytoses. Classification systems for hematologic neoplasms such as leukemia subtypes (AML, ALL, CML, CLL) and lymphomas (Hodgkins, Non-Hodgkins) are summarized. Premalignant conditions like myeloproliferative disorders and myelodysplastic syndromes are also briefly outlined.
Microcytic hypochromic anemia
1) Microcytic hypochromic anemia is characterized by small, pale red blood cells and can be caused by iron deficiency, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia, or other conditions.
2) Iron deficiency anemia is the most common cause and results from inadequate iron intake or absorption. It disrupts hemoglobin synthesis and cellular proliferation.
3) Thalassemia is an inherited disorder of hemoglobin production that can range from mild to severe. Thalassemia major requires regular blood transfusions and causes severe anemia from ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis.
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Similar to Basopenia
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This document discusses different types of anemia. It defines anemia as a condition where the blood does not have enough healthy red blood cells. The main types discussed are iron-deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, pernicious anemia, folate-deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia. Causes, symptoms, and treatments are provided for each type.
Malaria
The document discusses malaria, caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus transmitted via mosquito bites. It affects over 100 countries and kills approximately 2,000 people per day. The most common species causing malaria in India are P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. ovale, and P. knowlesi, with P. falciparum being the most lethal. Malaria symptoms include fever, fatigue, nausea, and in severe cases can include cerebral malaria, acidosis, anemia, renal failure, pulmonary edema, hypoglycemia, and death. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears under a microscope for parasites. Treatment depends on the Plasmodium species and may include chloroquine,
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Some slides are taken from different textbooks of medicine like Davidson, Kumar and Clark and Oxford, and some from other presentations made by respected tutors. I'm barely responsible for compilation of various resources per my interest. These resources are free for use, and I do not claim any copyright. Hoping knowledge remains free for all, forever.
4 Sle2009
A 22-year-old college student presents with symptoms including a malar rash, photosensitivity, arthritis, fatigue, and hair loss. Laboratory tests show a positive ANA, positive anti-Smith antibody, and low white blood cell and platelet counts. This constellation of clinical features and laboratory results makes systemic lupus erythematosus the most likely diagnosis for the patient.
hemolytic uremic syndrome
This document provides an overview of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). It begins with background information, noting that HUS is characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. It is most common in children under 5. HUS is then classified as typical (diarrhea-associated) or atypical. The etiopathogenesis of typical HUS involves shiga toxin-producing bacteria like E. coli damaging endothelial cells. Clinically, HUS presents with anemia, oliguria, hematuria, and hypertension. Investigations show anemia, thrombocytopenia, and schistocytes on blood smear. Management involves supportive care, antibiotics, and plasma therapy. The
Alpha antitrypsin deficiency
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the SERPINA1 gene resulting in low levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein. This puts individuals at risk for lung and liver disease. In the lungs, a lack of AAT allows proteases to destroy tissue and cause emphysema. In the liver, mutated AAT accumulates in hepatocytes and can lead to cirrhosis. The disease is diagnosed through blood tests measuring AAT levels and treated through AAT augmentation therapy or liver transplantation for end-stage liver disease.
Leukocytosis
Leukocyte is another name for white blood cell (WBC). These are the cells in your blood that help your body fight infections and some diseases.
When the number of white cells in your blood is higher than normal, it’s called leukocytosis. This usually happens because you’re sick, but sometimes it’s just a sign that your body is stressed.is a condition that affects all types of white blood cells. Other illnesses, such as neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, and granulocytosis, target specific types of white blood cells. Normal white blood cell counts are 4,300-10,800 white blood cells per microliter. Leukocyte or white blood cell levels are considered elevated when they are between 15,000-20,000 per microliter. The increased number of leukocytes can occur abnormally as a result of an infection.An abnormally large number of leukocytes, as observed in acute infections, inflammation, hemorrhage, and other conditions. A white blood cell count of 10,000/mm3 (or more) usually indicates leukocytosis Most examples of leukocytosis represent a disproportionate increase in the number of cells in the neutrophilic series, and the term is frequently used synonymously with the designation neutrophilia. Leukocytosis of 15,000-25,000/mm3 is frequently observed in various pathologic conditions, and values as high as 40,000 are not unusual; occasionally, as in some examples of leukemoid reactions, white blood cell counts may range up to 100,000/mm3.Leukocytosis is usually a response to an infection or inflammation, so it’s not a cause for alarm. However, it can be caused by serious diseases such as leukemia and other cancers, so it’s important that your doctor diagnose the cause of an increased WBC when it’s found. Leukocytosis associated with pregnancy or in response to exercise is normal and nothing to worry about.
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a disease characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. It is most commonly caused by infections from Shiga toxin-producing bacteria like E. coli O157:H7. The Shiga toxin damages endothelial cells and causes blood clots to form in the kidneys. Treatment involves fluid replacement, dialysis, and plasma exchange to support kidney function and replace lost blood cells. While HUS prognosis is generally good, some children may have long term kidney damage or rarely die from severe complications.
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHROMATOSUS
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect many parts of the body. It is more common in women and certain ethnic groups. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to its development by causing the immune system to attack the body's own tissues and organs. Symptoms can include joint pain, rashes, fatigue, and organ involvement. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and the presence of autoantibodies. Treatment involves managing symptoms with medications such as corticosteroids, antimalarials, and immunosuppressants. Lifestyle changes can also help control the disease.
SLE- dhaval joshi
This document summarizes key information about systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), including:
1) SLE is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by abnormal immunologic function and autoantibodies against self-antigens, commonly presenting with nonspecific symptoms like fatigue and joint pain.
2) Treatment involves managing symptoms during flares using medications like NSAIDs, antimalarials, corticosteroids, cytotoxic drugs, and experimental therapies, while maintaining remission between flares.
3) Prognosis has improved but infection and cardiovascular disease remain leading causes of death, so treatment aims to control disease activity and damage while minimizing medication side effects.
Approach to child with generalized body swelling
Edema is characterized by swelling caused by excess fluid in the interstitial tissue. It can be localized or generalized. Common causes include cardiac, renal, or hepatic disease which decrease plasma oncotic pressure allowing fluid shift from vessels into tissue. A thorough history, physical exam, and lab tests are needed to determine the underlying cause and guide treatment such as diuretics, dietary changes, or treating the primary disease.
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Basopenia
- 2. HAFIZ M WASEEM UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION LAHORE
- 3. • Introduction • What happens if basophils level are low • Causes Overactive thyroid Utricaria Lupus Corticosteroids • Other Associations • Conditions • Basopenia as an indicator of ovolution • References
- 4. • A low basophils level is called basopenia. • It can be caused by contaminations, serious hypersensitivities, or an overactive thyroid organ.
- 5. • A basophil low can also be caused by a severe allergic anaphylactic reaction. • Symptoms can include • rash, swelling, shortness of breath, vomiting, lightheadedness, low blood pressure, and temporary blindness.
- 6. • acute infection • hyperthyroidism • stress reactions (such as pregnancy, myocardial infarction) • prolonged steroid therapy, chemotherapy, radiation • hereditary absence of basophils.
- 7. • Low basophil levels can happen in individuals with hyperthyroidism or undergoing treatment with thyroid hormones
- 8. • Urticaria (or hives) could be a kind of skin hasty with red and raised bumps, called wheals.
- 9. • Lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus) is an autoimmune disease , during which the immune system attacks healthy tissues.
- 10. CORTICOSTEROIDS: • Corticosteroids decreases both the activity of basophils and their number.
- 11. ANXIOUS DEPRESSION: • One study of 709 participants associated anxious depression with decreased basophil levels
- 12. • Smoking activates basophils and decreases the level of intact basophils
- 13. GLUCOCORTICOID-INDUCED INFLAMMATION AND HYPERSENSITIVITY ENDOCRINOPATHY XENOBIOTIC-INDUCED
- 14. • At the time of ovulation a statistically significant decrease in the number of basophil count was noted • Mean basophil counts during the follicular and progestational phases were 36.6/cumm and 39.3/cumm respectively.
- 15. ^ "Definition: basophilic leukopenia from Online Medical Dictionary". ^ Soni R, Bose S, Gada D, Potnis V (October 1996). "Basopenia as an indicator of ovulation (a short term clinical study)". Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 40 (4): 385– 8. PMID 9055113. ^ "CLS_3223_Unit 03_WBC". Archived from the original on 2009-01-30. ^ "Pathology".