This document discusses leukocytosis, which is an increased number of white blood cells in the blood, usually due to infection, inflammation, or other causes. It can be triggered by certain growth factors and cytokines. The white blood cell count is determined by rates of production, storage, release from bone marrow, and consumption in tissues. Types of leukocytosis include neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, monocytosis, eosinophilia, and basophilia. The document also covers neutropenia and definitions of levels.

1. BY G.JANANI

3. 1) It is the increase in number of white blood cells in the
blood especially during an infection.
2) It can be caused by infections,inflammation,allergic
reaction,malignancy,hereditary disorders or other
miscellaneous causes.
3) It is also caused by granulocyte colony-stimulating
factor,macrophage colony stimulating factor,c-kit
ligand,adhesion molecules(eg: cd 11b, cd18) and
various cytokines (eg:interleukin -1,interleukin-
3,interleukin-6,interleukin-8).

5.  The peripheral leukocyte count is determined by
several mechanisms including,
 The size of precursor and storage pool of myeloid and
lymphoid cells.
 The rate of release of the cells from the storage pool in
the bone marrow.
 The rate of marginating cells out of blood vessels into
the tissues.
 The rate of consumption of cells in the tissues(i.e.) cell
loss.

8.  It is due to increased production.
 Decreased egress from vascular space.
 Increased mobilization from the marrow storage pool.
 Reduced margination into the tissue.
 The count is more than > 100×10 power 9/L

10.  It s 20-40%in circulation.
 Adult >4000/ml
 Older children>7000/ml
 Infants >9000/ml

12.  It is also called as mononucleosis in case of infection.
 Monocytes give rise to macrophages and dendritic
cells in the immune system.
 The range >950/µl.

14.  Normal range-4.5 ×10 power 8 /L
 This disease is usually controlled by corticosteroids.

16.  Normal range-10 power 10/L
 It is usually associated with pruritus (itching) due to
release of histamine.

17.  A reduction in number of white blood cell in the blood
typical of various diseases.
 Here also the most important classification is
neutropenia.
 It is also sub-classified into 5 types as leucocytosis.

18.  Neutrophil count < 2.0 ×10 power 9 /L.
 Black and Middle East people may have count <1.5×10
power 9 /L normally.

20.  Range<1.5 ×10 power 9 /L.

21.  Range < 0.1×10 9 /L
 It is caused due to infection,
inflammation,haemorrhage,allergic reaction etc.

22.  Range< 0.2×10 power 9 / L