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Base oil sadikun
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- 2. OUT LINE ¡ Pengertian Base Oil - mengapa base oil penting - komposisi base oil ¡ Sifat pelumas yang dipengaruhi base oil ¡ Proses Penyulingan Untuk Mendapatkan base oil ¡ API Base Oil Clasification ¡ Base Oil Properties & Typical Inspection Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006 2
- 3. PENGERTIAN BASE OIL ¡ Merupakan bagian terbesar komposisi pelumas sekitar 80-99% kandungan pelumas adalah base oil o Mineral base oil dari penyulingan crude oil yang memiliki distribusi molekul dan struktur yang sangat beraneka ragam o Sintetik base oil diperoleh dari reaksi kimia lebih terkendali dalam komposisi dan distribusi 3
- 4. Base Oil, DalamKomposisi Pelumas Diesel Engines Oil Additives BASE OIL 81.9%-à kandungan terbesar dalam pelumas FOAM INHIBITOR 6% POUR DESPRESSANT 1% RUST INHIBITOR 1% ANTIOXIDANT 2% VI IMPROVER 6.7% FRICTION MODIFIER 4% ANTIWEAR AGENT 11% DETERGENT 52% DISPERSANT 52% 11.5% Ref : Lansdown, et al 4
- 5. ¡ Komposisi Base Oil mineral base oil sintetik base oil 5
- 6. MINERAL BASE OIL Terdiridari ribuan molekul yang berbeda ¡ Saturates l Paraffins ¡ Straight Chain l Wax ¡ Branched Chain l Naphthenes (Rings) ¡ Aromatics (Unsaturated) ¡ Polars l Sulphur l Nitrogen l Oxygen Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006 6
- 7. Ref. Infineum InternationalLimited, 2006 HYDROCARBON tipe stuktur sifat Saturates Waxy,high pour, very high VI, Straight chain good oxidation branched Medium pour, Best lube high VI, good molecules oxidation Naphthenes Alkylcyclohexane Low pour, medium VI, Alkylcyclopentane poor oxidation Pour and VI Aromatics depend on chain lengths, very poor oxidation 7
- 8. Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Komponen Good Bad Paraffins oxidation Low temperature Wax Viscosity index Low temperature Naphthenes Low temperatures Oxidation Aromatics Solvency Oxidation Polars Some sulfur types Oxidation, foam 8
- 9. KOMPOSISI BASE OIL, BERDASARKAN IKATAN KIMIA memiliki distribusi molekul dan struktur yang sangat beraneka ragam Paraffin Branch Paraffin Naphtene Aromatic Type of Oil % % % % % Paraffins Naphthanes Aromatic % Wax Asphalt Sulfur Paraffinic 45-60 20-30 15-25 1-10 0-5 0.5 Naphthentic 15-25 65-75 ~10 Trace 0-5 1 Aromatic ~5 60-75 20-25 0-0.5 0-20 - Ref : J.Marino/ Lansdown 9
- 10. Sifat Mineral BaseOil Spec.Grav.@ sulfur % Kinematic Vis. cSt Pour Flash Point 16C by wt VI 40 C 100 C Point C C 100 Neutral 0.860 0.065 101 20.39 4.11 -13 192 200 Neutral 0.872 0.096 99 40.74 6.23 -20 226 350 Neutral 0.877 0.126 97 65.59 8.39 -18 252 650 Neutral 0.882 0.155 96 117.90 12.43 -18 272 150 Bright Stock 0.895 0.263 95 438.00 29.46 -18 302 NAphthenic Base Stocks Paraffinic Base Stocks Lower Operating temp. Higher Operating temp. Low VI Higher VI Low pour point Higher pour point Viscosity pour point Wax pour point Low flash point solvency Higher flash point solvency More scarce 10
- 11. Synthetic Base Oil diperoleh dari reaksi kimia, untuk mendapatkan suatu sifat yang sudah pasti Component dengan berat molekul rendah di ditingkatkan, polymerized, melalui reaksi kimia, untuk membentuk berat molekul yang lebih tinggi Stuktur molekul dan distribusi molekul terkendali Ref : JCF 11
- 12. Synthetic Base Oil Kelebihan 1. High Flash point ; lower pour point 2. Wider thermal operating range 3. Fire resistance 4. Improve lubricity 5. Oxidation stability 6. Higher VI 7. Improved shear stability 8. Lower friction 9. Natural detergency 10. Extended oil drains ( 2 - 4x ) Kekurangan 1. High cost 2. Hazardous disposal 3. Toxicity 4. Seal Compatibility 5. Contaminant sensitivity Ref : JCF
- 13. Contoh dan SifatSintetik Base Oil Viscosity cSt Pour Temp Type 40 C 100 C -40 C VI Point oC Flash oC Range oC Alkylated Aromatic 29.37 5.10 9047 119 -54 224 -40 to 177 PAO - 1 18.12 3.95 2371 126 -79 221 -65 to 232 PAO - 1 43.07 6.00 8176 143 -68 243 -65 to 232 Basic Acid Ester 19.58 ---- 3450 --- -51 232 -54 to 204 Polyol Ester 15.00 3.50 2360 --- -51 232 -59 to 280 Polyglycol 50.00 ---- ---- 150 -55 177 ---- Common use include severe duty applications and where specialized properties are required 13
- 14. Poly - Alpha- Olefins (PAO’s) • Reaksi Pembuatan PAO – Synthetic of ethylene gas molecules into a uniformly structured (polymerized) material, similar to a pure parafin • Kelebihan – Wax free, low pour points(-40 F to - 90 F), shear stable VII generally above 140, viscosity grade from 2 - 1000 cSt, good thermal stability, good oxidation stability with proper additive system, good mineral oil compactibility, good hydrolytic stability. • Kekurangan – Poor additives solubility (must be blended with 5-20% diester of polyol ester), possible seal shrinkage, 4 to 8 times more expensive than mineral oils . • Kegunaan – Crank case engine oils, gear, steam turbines, compressors, reactor coolant pumps, combustion turbines, electrical generators,coal pulverizer gear oils, ANSI process pumps.
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- 17. Refinery Overview Crude oil Refinery process Petroleum product 17
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- 19. Ref. Infineum InternationalLimited, 2006 REFINING IN A NUTSHELL ¡ ¡ Start l l Mixtures of GOOD and BAD Molecules ¡ ¡ Goal l l REDUCE the Proportion of BAD Molecules l l INCREASE the Proportion of GOOD Molecules ¡ ¡ How Do They Do That? Solvent Extraction l l Separation ¡ ¡ Remove the BAD molecules Remove the BAD molecules l l Throw them away? Throw them away? l l Use them for something else! Use them for something else! Hydrocracking l l Conversion ¡ ¡ Change the BAD molecules into GOOD molecules Change the BAD molecules into GOOD molecules Synthetics l l Synthesis ¡ ¡ Break down ALL molecules into small parts Break down ALL molecules into small parts ¡ Build up GOOD molecules from the small ones ¡ Build up GOOD molecules from the small ones 19
- 20. Ref. Infineum InternationalLimited, 2006 SOLVENT EXTRACTION REFINERY Gas Mogas Gas Mogas Kerosene Kerosene Diesel fuel Diesel fuel Gas Gas ATMOSPHERIC VGO VGO Atmospheric Atmospheric Atmospheric TOWER Crude Crude residuum residuum S100N residuum S100N HYDROFINISING S150N VACUUM EXTRACTION S150N TOWER DEWAXING SOLVENT SOLVENT S600N S600N Raffinate Raffinate Raffinate distillate oil Lube distillate oil distillate oil Lube Bright Bright Vacuum Vacuum stock stock residuum residuum DEASPHALTING Extract Extract Naphtha Naphtha Wax Wax Asphalt Asphalt 20
- 21. SOLVENT EXTRACTION ¡ Pemisahan berdasarkan solubility “Good” molekul memiliki sifat “less polar” yaitu rantai lurus atau bercabang, paraffins naphthenes ¡ “bad” molekul, more polar yaitu aromatic ¡ Menggunakan polar solvent, sehingga “bad” molekul, terikut dalam polar solvent, dan good molekul tetap di dalam oil 21
- 22. Ref. Infineum InternationalLimited, 2006 HYDROCRACKING REFINERY Atmospheric Atmospheric Atmospheric Atmospheric and vacuum and vacuum distillation distillation distillation distillation Vacuum Vacuum distillation distillation Crude Crude Hydro- Hydro- ATF ATF oil oil isomerization isomerization base base Low Low visc visc blend blend stock stock High High visc visc blend blend Hydrocracker Hydrocracker Catalytic Catalytic stock stock Iso-Dewaxing Iso-Dewaxing 22
- 23. HYDOCRACKING ¡ Adalah proses dari “bad” molekul menjadi “good” molekul cracking: breaking apart hydro : penambahan hydrogen Hydrocracking : pemecahan ikatan dan penambahan oksigen 23
- 24. Ref. Infineum InternationalLimited, 2006 EXTRACTION vs. HYDROCRACKING PAO PAO Synthetic Process Synthetic Process 100% Saturates 100% Saturates (100% Yield) (100% Yield) +12 H2 2 ngg rackiin oc r c ack Hydr o Hydr So So llve ven ntt E Ext xtrra act ctiio onn Starting Mixture Starting Mixture Extract Extract 50% Saturates 50% Saturates (33% Saturates) (33% Saturates) (33 %) (33 %) (67% Yield) (67% Yield) 24
- 25. ¡ API BASE OIL CLASSIFICATION 25
- 26. API BASE OILCLASSIFICATION GROUPS Note: The word “Synthetic” is not part of the API Synthetic” Classification “Synthetic” is a marketing term, not a Synthetic” technical term “Group III” can legally be labeled “synthetic” III” synthetic” GROUP III, Group I, YUBASE 7 HVI 95 Group VI Saturates Sulfur Other Typical Manufacturing I 80-120 <90% > 0.03% Solvent processing II 80-120 >90% < 0.03% Hydro processing III >120 >90% < 0.03% Wax isomerization IV PAO V Lain2 26
- 27. Ref. Infineum InternationalLimited, 2006 BASE STOCK PROPERTIES and TYPICAL INSPECTIONS or…. What to ask when somebody tries to sell you base stock 27
- 28. Ref. Infineum InternationalLimited, 2006 KEY BASE STOCK INSPECTIONS - 1 ¡ ¡ Viscosity l l Defines base stock grade Defines base stock grade l l Affects viscometrics of finished blend Affects viscometrics of finished blend l l Controlled by distillation Controlled by distillation ¡ ¡ Viscosity Index l l Defines rate of change of viscosity with temperature Defines rate of change of viscosity with temperature l l Affects Cold Cranking Simulator (CCS) viscosity for Affects Cold Cranking Simulator (CCS) viscosity for Winter (“W”) grade engine oils Winter (“W”) grade engine oils l l Affects amount of VM required Affects amount of VM required l l Increases with solvent extraction or hydrocracking Increases with solvent extraction or hydrocracking ¡ ¡ Pour Point l l Affects borderline pumping temperature in MRV Affects borderline pumping temperature in MRV l l Controlled by crude source and dewaxing severity Controlled by crude source and dewaxing severity 28
- 29. Ref. Infineum InternationalLimited, 2006 KEY BASE STOCK INSPECTIONS - 2 ¡ ¡ Volatility l l Affected by the presence of light (small) molecules Affected by the presence of light (small) molecules l l Measured as % off at 371°C (D2887, D5481) or Measured as % off at 371°C (D2887, D5481) or by NOACK by NOACK l l Affects oil consumption and piston deposits Affects oil consumption and piston deposits l l Controlled by distillation (minor effect of SE and/or HC) Controlled by distillation (minor effect of SE and/or HC) ¡ ¡ Flash Point l l Temperature at which vapors can ignite Temperature at which vapors can ignite l l Used to indicate safety and handling precautions Used to indicate safety and handling precautions l l Related to volatility Related to volatility 29
- 30. Ref. Infineum InternationalLimited, 2006 KEY BASE STOCK INSPECTIONS - 3 ¡ ¡ Saturates Saturates l l Measures paraffins and naphthenes vs. aromatics Measures paraffins and naphthenes vs. aromatics l l Affects oxidation, solvency and additive compatibility Affects oxidation, solvency and additive compatibility l l Can depend on crude source Can depend on crude source l l Increases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment Increases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment ¡ ¡ Sulfur content Sulfur content l l Relates to “natural antioxidant” content Relates to “natural antioxidant” content l l Depends strongly on crude source and hydrotreatment Depends strongly on crude source and hydrotreatment l l Decreases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment Decreases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment ¡ ¡ Nitrogen and Basic Nitrogen Nitrogen and Basic Nitrogen l l Relates to pro-oxidant species Relates to pro-oxidant species ¡ Can ¡ Can be important for industrial oils be important for industrial oils ¡ Usually ¡ Usually overwhelmed by fuel oxidation products overwhelmed by fuel oxidation products l l Decreases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment Decreases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment 30
- 31. ¡ Terimakasih 31