This document provides an overview of a training course on biodiesel engine and fleet performance presented by the National Biodiesel Board. The objectives are to provide expert answers on biodiesel use, introduce diesel technician training resources, and discuss fleet experiences with biodiesel. Key topics covered include biodiesel properties, engine manufacturer positions on biodiesel blends, and technical guidance from a biodiesel evaluation team on ensuring proper fuel quality and maintenance practices when adopting biodiesel.
Comparative Study for Biodiesel Properties and Standards for Gas TurbineJOACHIM AGOU
Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, decrease of the conventional oil reserves,
environmental and economic concerns, bio-fuels have gathered a significant attention
as alternative fuels for the future. Their applications in automobiles, industrial gas
turbines and aviation are increasing day by day. This article will discuss bio-diesels and
will provide an overview of their physical properties and compositions, which play an
important role in their injection, atomization, combustion performance and emissions.
Furthermore, it will be judicious to mention the conformity of bio-diesels and their
blends with the standards and regulations. Consequently, the purpose of this study will
be to reveal the acceptance criteria imposed by the standards in order to determine
which bio-diesels will be the most adequate.
Comparative Study for Biodiesel Properties and Standards for Gas TurbineJOACHIM AGOU
Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, decrease of the conventional oil reserves,
environmental and economic concerns, bio-fuels have gathered a significant attention
as alternative fuels for the future. Their applications in automobiles, industrial gas
turbines and aviation are increasing day by day. This article will discuss bio-diesels and
will provide an overview of their physical properties and compositions, which play an
important role in their injection, atomization, combustion performance and emissions.
Furthermore, it will be judicious to mention the conformity of bio-diesels and their
blends with the standards and regulations. Consequently, the purpose of this study will
be to reveal the acceptance criteria imposed by the standards in order to determine
which bio-diesels will be the most adequate.
Emission Measurements of Various Biofuels using a Commercial Swirl-Type Air-A...JOACHIM AGOU
A joint university-industry research program funded by Rolls-Royce Canada, NSERC and CRIAQ is actually pursued at Université Laval to characterize the combustion performance of liquid (biodiesel blends) and gaseous (syngas blends) biofuels in terms of emissions & smoke and lean blow out. The final objective of the proposed research is to characterize the most promising liquid and gaseous novel biofuels for use in industrial gas turbines in order to reduce greenhouse gases and potentially operation costs. These combustion tests allowed the characterization of standard diesel fuel as a baseline plus two biodiesel blends as well as standard methane as a baseline plus ten syngas blends (CH4, H2, CO and CO2) in order to evaluate the emissions of the main pollutants (CO, CO2, NOx, UHCs and smoke). Combustor exit and wall temperature measurements were also taken to characterize adequately the boundary conditions for future CFD simulations. The flame was contained in a quartz tube combustor operating at ambient outlet conditions and the fuel was delivered through a commercial swirl-type, airblast dual fuel atomizer. The air mass flow rate was kept constant for all fuels to maintain the same pressure drop (ΔP) across the fuel injector while the fuel flow was varied to cover equivalence ratios from 0.5 to 1. A probe connected to a FTIR/FID/O2 gas analyzer system and a smoke filter was fixed to a 3D-axis traverse in order to sample combustion products in a cross pattern at the combustor exit. This way, concentrations of various emissions were obtained at five radial positions. Burned gases and wall temperatures were measured with thermocouples along the test rig. This paper reports the findings of these experimental tests and presents the comparisons of the biofuels with baseline fuels to identify some benefits of these novel biofuels while maintaining an acceptable overall combustion performance.
Emission Measurements of Various Biofuels using a Commercial Swirl-Type Air-A...JOACHIM AGOU
A joint university-industry research program funded by Rolls-Royce Canada, NSERC and CRIAQ is actually pursued at Université Laval to characterize the combustion performance of liquid (biodiesel blends) and gaseous (syngas blends) biofuels in terms of emissions & smoke and lean blow out. The final objective of the proposed research is to characterize the most promising liquid and gaseous novel biofuels for use in industrial gas turbines in order to reduce greenhouse gases and potentially operation costs. These combustion tests allowed the characterization of standard diesel fuel as a baseline plus two biodiesel blends as well as standard methane as a baseline plus ten syngas blends (CH4, H2, CO and CO2) in order to evaluate the emissions of the main pollutants (CO, CO2, NOx, UHCs and smoke). Combustor exit and wall temperature measurements were also taken to characterize adequately the boundary conditions for future CFD simulations. The flame was contained in a quartz tube combustor operating at ambient outlet conditions and the fuel was delivered through a commercial swirl-type, airblast dual fuel atomizer. The air mass flow rate was kept constant for all fuels to maintain the same pressure drop (ΔP) across the fuel injector while the fuel flow was varied to cover equivalence ratios from 0.5 to 1. A probe connected to a FTIR/FID/O2 gas analyzer system and a smoke filter was fixed to a 3D-axis traverse in order to sample combustion products in a cross pattern at the combustor exit. This way, concentrations of various emissions were obtained at five radial positions. Burned gases and wall temperatures were measured with thermocouples along the test rig. This paper reports the findings of these experimental tests and presents the comparisons of the biofuels with baseline fuels to identify some benefits of these novel biofuels while maintaining an acceptable overall combustion performance.
this presentation has a business plan for setting up a Bio diesel plant in Laos. it includes all the operational, financial and legal considerations that are to be followed for starting such kind of business
by: El-Adly,R.A, M. Adel Yossef, Enas A. Ismail, Modather, F. Hussein and Dalia M. Abbas
in workshop on Workshop on Oleochemicals at the SemiRamis Intercontinental Hotel.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) restrictions implemented by California’s South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) sent the metalworking industry scrambling to get compliant by the January 1, 2012 implementation date.
Houghton experts delivered this presentation at the “Metalworking Fluids & VOC, Today and Tomorrow,” a symposium sponsored by the SCAQMD and the Independent Lubricant Manufacturers Association on March 8, 2012.
The Houghton team has intimate knowledge of the test method used to determine VOCs in metalworking fluids, and we are prepared to educate manufacturers and distributors, as well as help them comply with the SCAQMD regulations
Lubrication Reliability by Lubretec : a 10 step approach to World Class Maint...Toon Van Grunderbeeck
A complete step by explanation on how to implement Lubrication Reliability in industrial plants. Description of the ten important components like : contamination control, training, assessment, environmental issues, lubricant condition monitoring, labeling, tranfer & application of grease and oils, cleanliness control, oil level monitoring, lube protection. Presentation includes a checklist.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Designing Great Products: The Power of Design and Leadership by Chief Designe...
Bio 3A: Biodiesel fleet engine performance
1. Biodiesel
Technical
Training
Course
BIO
3A:
Biodiesel
Engine
and
Fleet
Performance
Presented by the
National Biodiesel Board
2. Learning
Objec-ves
• Provide
access
to
industry
experts
for
more
detailed
ques-ons
and
answers
about
biodiesel
• Introduce
the
Na-onal
Biodiesel
Board’s
Diesel
Technician
Training
program
and
the
program
resources
to
the
audience
• Provide
informa-on
regarding
engine
performance
and
fleets
using
biodiesel
and
biodiesel
blends
across
the
US
2
3. Learning
Outcomes
• Be
able
to
iden-fy
which
public
and
private
fleets
use
biodiesel
and
why
• Be
able
to
explain
the
key
changes
made
to
a
fleet
preventa-ve
maintenance
program
when
switching
to
biodiesel.
• Be
able
to
properly
diagnose
and
make
recommenda-ons
regarding
biodiesel
use
and
vehicle
performance
3
4. Key
Resources
• Department of Energy (DOE)
• B100 & Blends
• Material Compatibility
• Engine Performance
• Diesel and Biodiesel Emissions
6. Fuel
proper-es
effects
on
Common
Rail
FIE
Specified Fuel properties: chemical, contamination, physical
Density Aromatics Flash Pt Viscosity
Cetane # Sulfur
& Volatility • Leakage control
• Startability • Corrosion • Fire Hazard
• Pressure
• Accurate SOI control • Elastomeric • Acid oxidation • Spill • Pressure control
compatibility Hazard
• Controlled HR • Quantity • Catalyst poisoning • Durability/Fatigue
control • Cavitation • Spark
damage • Smoke & Particulates Hazard • Filter plugging
Hard Particle and ash Water Oxidation Fatty Acid
Lubricity
contamination contamination Stability Methyl Esters
• Wear
• Abrasive Wear • Rough running • Gumming, sticking • Gumming, sticking
(misfire) • Scuffing
• Deposits • Deposits
• Filter plugging • Corrosion • Seizure
• Filter plugging • Filter plugging
OTC and Refiner Additives • Wear
• Corrosion & Wear • Corrosion / Wear
• Anticorrosion
• Cetane improvers Refining process Distribution and storage process
contaminants contaminants
• Cold flow improvers • Catalysts • tank bottoms * pumps, pipes
• Lubricity improvers • Desulfurization agents • microbial * corrosion
• Conductivity improvers • Cross contamination • algae *varnish/sludge
7. Biodiesel
Delivers
Important
Diesel
Proper-es
• Auto-‐igni-on
=
Cetane
Number
over
50
• BTU
Content
=
Similar
to
#1,
less
than
#2
• Viscosity
=
Values
in
diesel
fuel
range
• Cloud
Point
=
Current
biodiesel
higher
than
#2
• Lubricity
=
Naturally
high
in
lubricity
• Sulfur
=
Naturally
less
than
15
ppm
• Cleanliness
=
ASTM
specs
same
as
petrodiesel
• Stability
=
Spec
set
for
6
month
min.
shelf
life
• Emissions
significantly
less
for
PM,
HC,
CO
8. Biodiesel
and
Engine
Manufacturers
• A]er
the
first
passage
of
ASTM
D6751
in
2001,
even
though
engine
manufacturers
voted
posi-ve
at
ASTM
most
were
not
yet
willing
to
put
their
name
behind
B20
• Na-onal
Biodiesel
Board
set
forth
on
intensive
effort
to
work
with
OEM’s
to
address
any
issues
and
concerns
• B20
Fleet
Evalua-on
Team
Formed:
Interna'onal,
John
Deere,
Na'onal
Biodiesel
Board,
Na'onal
Renewable
Energy
Lab,
Parker
–
Racor,
Siemens
Diesel
Systems,
Stanadyne
Corp,
Volkswagen
AG,
Volvo
Truck,
Fleetguard,
Bosch,
Case
New
Holland,
Caterpillar,
Cummins,
DaimlerChrysler,
Delphi
Diesel
Systems,
Department
of
Defense,
Engine
Manufacturers
Associa'on,
Ford
Motor
Co,
General
Motors
• Develop
fact
based
informed
posi-on
on
B20
• B20
Failure
Mode
and
Effects
Analysis
(FMEA)
• Detailed
iden-fica-on
of
everything
that
can
go
wrong
when
using
B20
• Rank:
Severity,
Occurrence,
Detec-on
modes
• Develop
RIN:
Risk
Iden-fica-on
Number
• Develop
plan
to
address
high
RIN
areas
9. B20 FET - Technical Guidance
and Recommendations
• Ensure
the
B20
blend
meets
proper-es
for
ASTM
D
975,
Standard
Specifica-on
for
Diesel
Fuel
Oils
or
the
ASTM
specifica-on
for
B20
once
it
is
approved.
• Ensure
your
B20
supplier
provides
a
homogenous
product.
Avoid
long
term
storage
of
B20
to
prevent
degrada-on.
Biodiesel
should
be
used
within
six
months.
• Prior
to
transi-oning
to
B20,
it
is
recommended
that
tanks
be
cleaned
and
free
from
sediment
and
water.
Check
for
water
and
drain
regularly
if
needed.
Monitor
for
microbial
growth
and
treat
with
biocides
as
recommended
by
the
biocide
manufacturer.
See
the
NREL
Biodiesel
Storage
and
Handling
Guidelines
for
further
informa-on.
10. B20 FET - Technical Guidance
and Recommendations
• Fuel
filters
on
the
vehicles
and
in
the
delivery
system
may
need
to
be
changed
more
frequently
upon
ini-al
B20
use.
Biodiesel
and
biodiesel
blends
have
excellent
cleaning
proper-es.
The
use
of
B20
can
dissolve
sediments
in
the
fuel
system
and
result
in
the
need
to
change
filters
more
frequently
when
first
using
biodiesel
un-l
the
whole
system
has
been
cleaned
of
the
deposits
le]
by
the
petrodiesel.
• Be
aware
of
B20’s
cold
weather
proper-es
and
take
appropriate
precau-ons.
When
opera-ng
in
winter
climates,
use
winter
blended
diesel
fuel.
If
B20
is
to
be
used
in
winter
months,
make
sure
the
B20
cloud
point
is
adequate
for
the
geographical
region
and
-me
of
year
the
fuel
will
be
used.
11. B20 FET - Technical Guidance
and Recommendations
• Perform
regularly
scheduled
maintenance
as
dictated
by
the
engine
opera-on
and
maintenance
manual.
If
using
B20
in
seasonal
opera-ons
where
fuel
is
not
used
within
6
months,
consider
storage
enhancing
addi-ves
or
flushing
with
diesel
fuel
prior
to
storage.
• These
recommenda-ons
on
use
of
B20
are
preliminary
and
are
not
provided
to
extend
or
supplant
warranty
limita-on
provided
by
an
individual
engine
or
equipment
supplier.
Use
of
B20
blends
is
solely
at
the
discre-on
and
risk
of
the
customer
and
any
harm
effect
caused
by
the
use
of
B20
are
not
the
responsibility
of
the
engine
or
equipment
maker.
12. B20 FET - Technical Guidance
and Recommendations
• Biodiesel
is
the
pure,
or
100
percent,
biodiesel
fuel.
It
is
referred
to
as
B100
or
“neat”
biodiesel.
• A
biodiesel
blend
is
pure
biodiesel
blended
with
petrodiesel.
Biodiesel
blends
are
referred
to
as
BXX.
The
XX
indicates
the
amount
of
biodiesel
in
the
blend
(i.e.,
a
B20
blend
is
20
percent
by
volume
biodiesel
and
80
percent
by
volume
petrodiesel
).
• Ensure
the
biodiesel
meets
the
ASTM
specifica-on
for
pure
biodiesel
(ASTM
D
6751)
before
blending
with
petrodiesel.
Purchase
biodiesel
and
biodiesel
blends
only
from
companies
that
have
been
registered
under
the
BQ-‐9000
fuel
quality
program.
13. Today’s Fleet examples
B20
Fleet
Evalua-on
Team
NREL/NBB
B20
Bus
Fleet
Evalua-on
B20
Cummins
1000
hr.
Durability
Test
US
Postal
Service,
St.
Louis
Bus
System
Denver
Regional
Transit
Bus
System
Las
Vegas
Valley
Water
District
Clark
County,
NV
School
District
Connec-cut
DOT;
Keene,
NH;
NC
DOT;
Cedar
Rapids,
IA
Buses,
etc.
etc.
etc.
14. Cummins
1000
Hour
Durability
B20
Study
The
objec-ve
was
to
operate
the
engine
for
1000
hr
using
B20
biodiesel
fuel,
and
do
a
compara-ve
analysis
with
engines
that
have
operated
under
the
same
type
of
condi-ons
using
#2D
diesel
fuel.
Accelerated, high-load
durability cycle
hr
0 25 50 125 1000
15. Test
Engine
Cummins
prototype
2007
ISL
Six
cylinder
8.9
liter
Rated
power
of
330
BHP
Peak
torque
of
1150
]•lb
at
1300
rpm
Diesel
Oxida-on
Catalyst
(DOC)
Diesel
Par-culate
Filter
(DPF)
Post
injec-on
(in-‐cylinder)
for
ac-ve
regenera-on
Variable
geometry
turbocharger
Exhaust
gas
recircula-on
(EGR)
with
cooler
Cummins
fuel
injec-on
system
16. Test
Cycles
Durability
Tes-ng
Accelerated
High Idle
High-‐load
Peak Low Idle
Power
Transient
cycle
Varying
load
and
speed
Peak
Torque
Cycle
repeated
for
1000
hr
>70% of durability
cycle at full load
Emissions
Tes-ng
Federal
Test
Procedure
(FTP)
One
cold
start
transient
FTP
test
Three
hot
start
transient
FTP
test
One
SET
Ramped
Modal
Cycle
17. Durability
&
Emission
Results
Approximately
17,000
gallons
of
B20
biodiesel
fuel
was
used
during
the
durability
test.
Test
went
well
and
was
successful.
There
were
no
biodiesel
related
failures
during
the
test,
and
no
reported
significant
changes
in
performance
of
the
engine.
Engine
performance
was
essen-ally
the
same
when
tested
at
125
&
1000
hr
of
accumulated
durability
opera-on.
Emission
results
indicate
that
THC,
CO,
and
PM
levels
were
not
significantly
different
between
the
B20
and
ULSD.
~The
emission-‐grade
B20
test
resulted
in
≈6%
higher
NOx
(within
expected
range)
Fuel
consump-on
was
observed
to
be
≈3%
higher
than
the
2007
cer-fied
ULSD
test
(within
expected
range).
18. Overhead
Components
Top of cylinder head No Bottom of cylinder head
sludge deposits Deposits comparable to #2D
Results are typical for this type of
test with #2D diesel fuel
Intake Valves Exhaust Valves
19. Power
Transfer
Components
Component
Comments
Crancksha]
Gear
Meets
rebuild
spec
Cam
Gear
Meets
rebuild
spec
Cam
Bushing
Meets
rebuild
spec
Fuel
Pump
Gear
Meets
rebuild
spec
Crancksha]
Meets
rebuild
spec
During teardown, the crankshaft was found
Lower
&
Upper
Normal
wear
to be in very good condition, and results
Bearings
were comparable to #2D diesel fuel test.
Connec-ng
Rod
Meets
rebuild
spec
Connec-ng
Rod
Meets
rebuild
spec
Bushing
20. Power
Cylinder
Components
Crosshatch visible in all six cylinders.
Component
Comments
Minor staining
Piston
Normal
light
wear
and
deposits.
Cylinder
Liners
Normal
light
wear.
Ring Grooves
Anti-Thrust Side
Top
rings
Normal
uniform
face
wear.
Cylinder 1
Top
and
booom
side
look
typical.
Middle
rings
Normal
face
wear.
Top
and
booom
sides
OK,
and
light
Top Piston
carboning.
Piston Bowl Front
Cylinder 1
Oil
rings
Looked
good.
Very
liole
wear.
Results comparable to #2D diesel fuel test.
21. Cooling
and
Lube
Components
Cylinder 1 Top
Component
Comments
Cylinder 6 Bottom
Oil
pump
No
issues
Oil
cooler
head
No
issues
Oil
cooler
cover
No
issues
Bottom (Oil) Piston Rings
Oil
pressure
No
issues
regulator/bypass
There were no failures found on the
Piston
cooling
No
problems
due
to
cooling and lube components. The
nozzles
B20.
wear and deposits found on the parts
were normal and consistent with
Oil
Pan
Normal
findings found on parts that ran with #2
Oil
suc-on
tube
Gasket
showed
good
diesel fuel in similar tests.
imprint
of
seal
Turbo
coolant/oil
Normal
lines
22. Air
Handling
Components
Component
Comments
Exhaust
Manifold
No
issues.
EGR
Cooler
No
cracks,
light
coa-ng
of
soot
on
inlet
and
outlet
tubes.
No
soot
in
inlet
diffuser.
Findings
good
overall.
EGR
Valve
Looked
good.
Normal
soot
accumula-on.
EGR
gaskets,
hoses,
No
issues
found
due
to
Carbon deposit layer was generated on the
tubes,
shield,
moun-ng
running
with
B20.
passage and inside parts of the EGR valve, but
plate,
crossover
thickness was very thin and condition was dry
which is normal for this durability test.
23. A]ertreatment
Components
Component
Comments
Diesel
Oxida-on
Looked
good.
No
face
plugging.
Catalyst
(DOC)
Blockages
found
appeared
like
debris
and
substrate
material.
Debris
was
analyzed
under
Electron
Dispersive
Spectroscopy
(EDS),
and
all
debris
found
is
expected
in
a
typical
DOC
a]er
1000
hr
of
opera-on,
whether
fueled
with
ULSD
or
biodiesel.
Diesel
Par-culate
Inlet
face
showed
signs
of
ash
build
up,
but
similar
to
diesel
fuel
for
Filter
(DPF)
this
type
of
test.
Outlet
looked
good
with
no
signs
of
soot.
No
failure
found.
Inlet
and
outlet
Looked
good.
sec-on
Gaskets
Looked
good.
24. Fuel
System
Pictures
Stage 1 Plunger Needle
Plunger Needle – Top View
No marks on
needle
surface or
the edge.
Some slight staining.
Plunger Orifice
not clogged with oil
sludge or deposits Stage 2 Plunger Needle
has some wear, but
normal for this type of
aggressive test.
25. Fuel
System
Components
Rail
and
fuel
lines
Rail
–
No
abnormal
wear.
End
Fi?ng
–
No
unusual
wear.
HP
Fuel
Lines
–
No
visible
structural
deteriora-on
or
cracks
observed.
Mechanical
Dump
No
unusual
wear,
deteriora-on
or
sludge
buildup
observed
on
plungers,
Valve
(MDV)
plunger
seats
or
orifice.
1)
Stage
One
Plunger
–
No
wear
visible
on
the
needle
surface
or
the
edge.
Some
slight
staining
seen
on
plunger
base.
2)
Stage
Two
Plunger
–
Some
wear,
but
normal.
Plunger
orifice
not
clogged
with
oil
sludge
or
deposits.
Injectors
Injector
performance
test
and
photos
indicate
that
the
injectors
were
consistent
with
injectors
that
ran
with
#2D
diesel
fuel.
So]
Lines
No
visible
damage
to
any
sec-on
of
the
internal
wall
of
the
used
fuel
tubes
indica-ng
that
the
tubing
liner
material
is
resistant
to
the
B20
temperatures
and
pressures
during
the
engine
performance
test.
Overall
There
were
no
signs
of
severe
or
aggressive
corrosion
pirng
damage
on
any
of
the
surfaces.
26. Summary
A
Cummins
2007
prototype
8.9
liter
ISL
diesel
engine
equipped
with
DOC,
DPF,
VGT,
and
EGR
with
cooler
was
operated
successfully
at
SwRI
using
a
high-‐load
accelerated
durability
cycle
for
1000
hr
with
a
B20
blend
of
soy-‐based
biodiesel
and
ULSD.
During
the
durability
tes-ng,
no
biodiesel
related
failures
occurred.
Engine
performance
was
essen-ally
the
same
when
tested
at
125
and
1000
hr
of
accumulated
durability
opera-on.
Emissions
measurements
indicate
the
HC,
CO,
and
PM
were
not
significantly
different
between
the
B20
and
ULSD
tests,
and
NOx
increased
with
B20
fuel.
Fuel
consump-on
also
increased
with
B20
fuel.
A
thorough
engine
teardown
evalua-on
of
the
overhead,
power
transfer,
cylinder,
cooling,
lube,
air
handling,
gaskets,
a]ertreatment,
and
fuel
system
parts
was
performed.
There
were
no
failures
found
on
the
engine
components
that
were
directly
aoributable
to
running
biodiesel
B20.
The
wear
and
deposits
found
were
normal
and
consistent
with
findings
from
parts
that
ran
with
#2
diesel
fuel
in
similar
tests.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36. Biodiesel
Resources
www.biodiesel.org
• Biodiesel
Training
Toolkit
• News
Releases
&
Informa-on
Resources
• Technical
Library,
Spec
Sheets
&
Videos
• OEM
Warranty
Posi-ons
on
Biodiesel
•
U.S.
Diesel
Vehicle
List
www.BQ-‐9000.org
Rachel
Burton
NBB
Diesel
Technician
Training
Prog
• Lis-ng
of
BQ-‐9000
Cer-fied
Companies
wrenchwench@blast.com
Tel:
919-‐444-‐3495
www.biotrucker.com
Call
NBB
at
1-‐800-‐841-‐5849
• Lis-ng
of
BioTrucker
retail
sites
Visit
www.biodiesel.org
www.biodieselautomoNve.org
36
• Dedicated to information exchange for biodiesel & diesel
technicians