This document summarizes different types of high-rise structures and provides case studies. It discusses braced frame structures, rigid frame structures, and infilled frame structures. Braced frames use diagonal bracing like X, K, or knee bracing to provide rigidity. Rigid frames have columns and girders joined together. Infilled frames use infill walls to stiffen and strengthen the structure. Case studies include the Central Plaza in Malaysia and Century Tower in Japan, which use K and knee bracing, and the Petronas Towers, which are a rigid frame structure.

1. A STUDY ON
HIGHRISE STRUCTURE WITH CASE STUDY
STUDENT ID:
1407201
1407212
1407218
1407239
GROUP-E

2. High-rise is physically defined as the multi-storied building, generally constructed with a
structural frame; provide high-speed elevators for vertical main circulation and combining
extraordinary height with ordinary space.
Buildings between 75 feet and 491 feet (23 m to 150 m) high are considered
high-rises. Buildings taller than 492 feet (150 m) are classified as skyscrapers.
520 feet
75 feet
491 feet
skyscraper

3. Demand on High-rise Structures
•General
•Vertical load
•Horizontal
•Unexpected Deflections
•Wind Loads
• Earthquake Loads
• Seismic load
•Temperature load etc.

4. Load : Load is the external forces acting on very small area on a particular point of a supporting
structural element .This load is classified in some points.
• Geophysical
• Man-made
Dead load: Dead loads may be defined
as the static force caused by the weight
of every element within the structure.
Live load:Loads caused by contents of
objects within or on a building are called
occupancy loads.This loads includes
allowance for the weights of people,
furniture, moveable partitions, mechanical
equipment etc.
Sources of building loads

5. General
•A high-rise is a tall building or structure
•The structures are high &leads to higher vertical loads and higher lateral loads (mainly due to
wind stress) in comparison with lower buildings.
Vertical Loads
•Dead loads arise from the weight of the individual construction
elements and the finishing loads.
Horizontal Loads
•It generally arises from unexpected deflections,
wind and earthquake loads.

6. Wind load: The mean wind velocity is generally increases with height.The formula of pressure
generated by the wind on abuilding.
Wind turbulance
Wind pressure

7. Seismic load: It is this wave motion that is known as earthquake., It is apparent that a fault
which has suffered from earthquakes in the past is most likely subject to future disturbances

8. Column : It is a structural member used to support axial
compressive loads applied at the member ends .
Types of Column Exposure:
The degree of exposure on any exterior column is critical to the
potential thermal movement caused by temperature effects.
Fig. shows the four basic types of column exposure in order of
increasing thermal response to ambient temperatures.

9. Three basic types of cladding details for a -partially exposed column are discussed below.
Simple Cladding:
Column insulation of this type is least effective because the air
surrounding the column responds readily to the temperature
of the metal cladding, which is highly susceptible to the effects
of exterior temperatures. Insulation of this type
should not be used in buildings more than 10 stories high.
Columns Encased in Concrete with Exterior Cladding :
A seamless composite skin is created, offering effective insulation
as well as increased structural rigidity.
Insulated Cladding
The insulation of the cladding controls the transition of
outside temperature to the column. Furthermore,
a non-ventilated air space is created between the cladding
and column providing good insulation
for the column.

10. Types and Effects ofTemperature-Induced Movement:
Many types of building movement are related to temperature effects.
Column Bending:
The interior to exterior temperature differential, called temperature
gradient, causes unequal stresses in exterior columns which cause
bending.Differential Movement Between Interior and Exterior
Columns.A vertical displacement occurs between the interior and
exterior columns as changes in the gradient temperature create
either expansion or contraction along the exterior column line.
Differential Movement Between Exterior Columns:
Differential vertical movement may appear between columns
having different external surface exposures suchas for corner
columns.

11. PHYSICAL RESTRAINT:
Compensating roof truss: Eliminates differential movement between
interior and exterior columns by providing compressive restraint for exterior
columns in expansion, and tension restraint when columns are in contraction
Thermal break: A compensating truss is placed at central points in the
structural frame, ensuring that the total thermal movement along the
exterior column line is greatly decreased
• Restraining floor system: Structural rigidity can be in
creased by applying restraint at each floor level. Restraint of this nature
requires deep floor systems .
• Rigid beam to column connections:When rigidly connected
beams span between exterior and interior columns, resistance to the free
movement of the exterior columns is provided.The amount of
counteraction offered by these beams is dependent on their
relative stiffness.

12. F0rced mechanical ventilation: Exterior columns can be
mechanically heated by either forced air ventilation or radiant electric
elements, to create a constant, uniform temperature around the column,
thus eliminating column movement due to temperature changes.
Gravity type vertical air circulation:
• In buildings exceeding 50 stories, temperature effects on exterior
columns.
• using non-ventilated air spaces.
• Gravity-type air circulation through the column air spaces provides a
uniform air temperature
• Openings at the top and bottom of the column shaft at each floor
permit a natural warm air.

13. Beam:
Beam is a rigid structural element which carries and transfer vertical
gravitational
forces but can also be used to carry horizontal
loads ( earth quake or wind) .
Material: steel,concrete,wood.
Type:
1) square beam –rectangular cross section in reinforced concrete beam.
2) I beam- steel frame structure.
Special type-
(a)L beam
(b)C (channel) beam
(c)Tube beam
Used in cylindrical shell or tube in case of special requirement.

14. Wall:
Upright construction , continuous surface ,serving as enclosure , protect an area.
Types:
1)Load bearing wall
2)Non load bearing wall
Depending on how these walls are arranged within the building, one may subdivide them into three
basic groups.
• The cross wall system consists of parallel linear walls running perpendicular to the length of the
building , thus does not interfere with the treatment of the main facade.
• The long wall system consists of linear walls running parallel to the length of the building , thus
forming the main facade wall.
• Two-way system consists of walls running in both direction.

15. The longitudinal walls carry the gravity loads and transfer the wind forces in
local bending to the floor.
The response of a shear wall to lateral loading depends greatly on its shape in plan, that is, the inertia
it provides against bending. Some common linear shear wall forms are presented.

16. Slab : A rigid planer usually monolithic structure that disperses applied loads in
multidirectional pattern with the loads generally following the shortest and stiffest
routes to the supports in the system of construction slabs are used to provide flat,
useful surface.A reinforced concrete slab is broad , flat plate , usually horizontal ,
with top and bottom surface parallel or nearby.

17. Type of High-Rise Structure
1. Braced Frame
2. Rigid Frame Structure
3. Infilled Frame Structure
4. Flat Plate and Flat Slab Structure
5. Shear wall structure
6.Wall-frame structure
7.The trussed tube
8. Core and Outtrigger system
9. Hybrid structure

18. 1. Braced Frame
It is a device used as a supporting beam in a building that imparts
rigidity and steadies the structure. It is extremely stiff.It helps
positioning, supporting, strengthening or restraining the
member of a structural frame.
The basic principles are as follows:
A. Each story may be fully braced
B.The bracing may run across several stories
C.Vertical K-bracing maybe used along the columns
D. Horizontal portal bracing may be applied along the
beams .

19. Types :
1. X- bracing. 2. K-bracing
3. XX-bracing 4. knee bracing
1. 2. 3. 4.
Materials:
• Are always composed of steel members.

20. Case study
Central plaza, Malaysia
Architect : KeanYeang
Height : 109.73m
Floor : 29 (above ground)
Structural system: Braced frame structure
Structure type: K Bracing
-Girders only participate minimally in the lateral bracing
action
-Floor framing design is independent of its level in the
structure
K Bracing

21. Century tower , Japan
Architect : Norman Foster
Height : 109.73m
Floor : 29 (above ground)
Structural system: Braced frame structure
Structure type: Knee Bracing
The girders participate only minimally in the lateral
loads, and thus, the floor framing remains
independent of height.
Knee Bracing

22. Swiss ReTower
Architect : Norman Foster
Height ; top of dome: 179.8 m
Floor :floor area (incl. lightwells): 74,300 m2
Structural system: Braced frame structure
Structure type: Double Diagonal Bracing
Double Diagonal
Bracing
Diagonal connections are expensive to fabricate and erect.
Structural plan near mid-height of
building (showing arrangement of
clear-span radial floor beams aligning
with perimeter column
positions and light well edges).
externally
exposed steelwork
Schematic
representation
of the perimeter
diagonal
structure.

23. 2. Rigid Frame Structure
• Consist of columns and girders joined
• The frame may be in plane with an interior wall of the building, or in
plane with the facade.
• Suitable for building up to 20 – 30 stories.
This study reveals several major frame categories:
A. Parallel cross frames.
B. Envelope frames.
C.Two-way cross frames.
D.Frames on polygonal grids

24. • Also used for steel frame buildings.
• Ideally suited for reinforced concrete buildings.
Materials:
Case study
MBf TOWER
Architect : KEN YEANG
Completion:1991
Height :391 m

25. Case study:
Petronas tower,Kualalampur,Malaysia
Location:Kualalampur,Malaysia
Architect :ceaser pelli & Associates
Completion:1997
Height :492 m (1482 ft)
Use: Services, office,entertainmaint

26. 3. Infilled Frame Structure
• For tall buildings up to 30 stories
economical way of stiffening and
• strengthening the structure.
• The complex interactive behavior
of the infill in the frame
• The complex interactive behavior of the infill in
the frame, and the rather random quality of
masonry.
• the stiffness and strength of an infilled frame
Materials: Reinforced concrete & steel.

27. Case study
Limestoneinfills&facing
Empire state building
Architect: John jockerbag
Completion:1980
Height:250m

28. 4. Flat Plate and Flat Slab Structure
• Is the simplest and most logical of all structural forms in that it consists of uniforms
slabs, connected rigidly to supporting columns.
• Economic for spans up to about 25 ft (8m),above which drop panels can be added to
create a flat-slab structure for span of up to 38 ft (12m).
• Suitable for building up to 25 stories height.

29. Banco de bilbau, Spain
Architect: F.J. Saenz de Oiza
Completion: 1979
Height: 102 m (334 ft)
Use :Bank office
Case study
Flat plate & slab

30. Case study
Bel tower
Architect: Nahas ahmed khalil
Flat plate & slab
Flat plate & slab

31. 5. Shear wall structure
• Vertical walls
• Very high in plane stiffness and strength
• Act as vertical cantilevers in the form of separate planar walls
• excellent acoustic and fire insulators between rooms and apartments.
• Minimum shrinkage restraint reinforcement
• Shear wall vertical movements will continue throughout the life of the building.
Shear wall

32. Case study
Trump international hotel & tower,Chicago,USA
Architect: Petschnigg
Height:140 m (460 ft)
Completion:1970
Materials: Reinforced concrete

33. 6.Wall-frame structure
• Shear walls are combined with rigid frames
• The walls and frame interact horizontally, especially at
the top, to produce stiffer and stronger structure.
• appropriate for the building in the 40 – 60 story range
• The braced frames behave with an overall flexural
tendency to interact with the shear mode of the rigid
frames.
Materials:
Reinforced concrete & steel

34. Majestic building, New zealand
Architect :Manning and Associates
Completion:1991
Height:116 m
Use: offices
Case study
Shear wall
Rigid frame

35. 7.The trussed tube
• similar to the framed tube but have fewer exterior
columns space
• it forms a rigid box which is capable of
resisting lateral loads
• it is possible to have a lot of clear spaces for
window
• diagonals interact with the perpendicular
face trusses to make the structure tubular
Exterior trusses

36. Hancock tower Building ,Chicago ,USA
Architect: Henry N. Cobb
Height: 240.8m
Floor Area: 2059997 sq ft
Floors: 60
Case study
Load path of join

37. TUBULAR SYSTEMS
• Tubular systems are so efficient that in most cases the amount of structural material used per square
foot of floor space is comparable to that of used in conventionally framed buildings half the size.
• The outer tube carries 100% of the lateral loads, and 75 to 90% of the
gravity loads.
Subdivision of tube:
Tube inTube
Bundle tube
Framed tube
Lattice trussed tube
Tube with Parallel ShearWalls
ModifiedTube
Modular tube
Column-diagonal trussed tube

38. Tube inTube
• improved by using the core not only for gravity loads but to
resist lateral loads.
• exterior and interior tubes
together, and they respond as a unit to lateral forces.
• tube system to wind is similar to that of a frame
• exterior tube is much stiffer than a rigid frame.

39. DG bank-headquarters
Location: Frankfurt, Germany
Architect :Kohn, Pedersen, Fox & Associates
Completion:1993
Height :201 m (660 ft)
Use: Services, office
Case study

40. Bundled tube
• The concept allows for wider column spacing in the tubular walls
• interior frame lines without seriously compromising interior space
planning.
• The ability to modulate the cells vertically can create a powerful
vocabulary for a variety of dynamic shapes.
• offers great latitude in architectural planning of at all building.

41. Case study
Sears tower, Chicago, USA
Architect:Bruce Graham of SOM Skidmore,Owings &Merrill
Completion:1974
Height :443 m (1454 ft)
Use :Office, observation deck

42. Framed Tube
• earliest application of the tubular concept
• exterior walls of the building, consisting of a closely
connected together
• resist lateral loads through cantilever tube action
without using interior bracing.
• The interior columns are assumed to carry gravity loads.
• Rigidly forces to the perimeter walls.
Case study
Aon centre, Chicago
Architect : Edward Durrell Stone
Height :346.3 m (1136 ft)
Floor area: 3599,968 sq ft
Structural System: framed tube

43. • closely spaced diagonals with no vertical columns.
• The diagonals act as inclined
columns, carry all gravity loads, and stiffen the structure against wind.
• The diagonals tied together by horizontal beams.
LatticeTrussedTube
Case study
WesthafenTower, Germany
Architect : Rem cool hass
Height :300 m
Floor area: 3567,975 sq ft
Structural System:Lattice trussed tube

44. • Stiffened by incorporating interior shear walls into the plan.
• One can visualize the exterior tube walls as the flanges of a huge built-up
beam
system
• shear walls represent the webs.
• stresses in the exterior tube walls are primarily axial, since shear lag
is minimized.
Tube with Parallel Shear Walls
One First National Plaza

45. • Most efficient in round and nearly square
buildings.
• Buildings deviating from these forms present
special structural considerations when tubular action is
desired
ModifiedTube

46. • The latest development in tubular design.
• The exterior framed tube is stiffened by interior cross diaphragmsin
• The interior diaphragms act as webs of a huge cantilever
beam in resisting shear forces,
• they contribute strength against bending.
ModularTube

47. Column-diagonal trussed tube
• flexibility of its spandrel beams.
• Its rigidity is greatly improved by adding diagonal members.
• The shear is now primarily absorbed by the diagonals, not by the spandrels.
• The diagonals carry the lateral forces directly in predominantly axial action.
• This reduction of shear lag provides for nearly pure cantilever behaviour .
Column- diagonal Trussed Load distribution

48. 8. Core and Outtrigger system
• Outrigger serve to reduce the
overturning moment in the core
that would otherwise act as a pure
cantilever.
• economical 120 stories
• reduce the critical connection
• Time-consuming and costly
• Expensive and intensive field work
connection
• reduction of the base core
over-turning moments and the
associated reduction in the
potential core uplift forces.
• Their potential interference with
occupiable and rentable space.
Materials:
steel,concrete or composite construction.

49. Case study
Petronas twin towers
Architect: cesar pelli & associates
Height:240m
Completion:1970

50. section

51. 9. Hybrid structure
•Combination of two or even more of basic structural forms
•This systems provide in-plane stiffness, its lack ofTorsional
stiffness requires
•Hybrid structures are likely to be the rule rather than the
exception for future very tall buildings.
Materials:
Steel with concrete
walls to stair & core.

52. Al Faisaliyah Center
Location Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Architect:Foster & Partners
Constructed:2000
Use: Commercial
Materials: RCC & Steel
Case study
Trussed frame
Core

53. Case study
Overseas union bank center,Singapore
Architect:Hentrich,Petschnigg & Partners Completion
Use:Bank
Height:319 m

54. Highrise Case study on Bangladesh context
Bangladesh city centre
Location:Motijhil,Dhaka
Architect:Orion group
Height:171 m
Floor area:482413 sq ft
Completion:2012

55. Bangladesh bank building
Location:Motijhil,Dhaka
Height:115m
Completion:1985
Material:Reinforced concrete

56. Futuristic Architecture
Nothing could be more stunning than the latest generation of skyscrapers,known as the
supertalls.A tower has to be over 300 meters high to qualify as aWe are intering the era of
the “megatall”.This term is now officially being used by the council to describe buildings over
600 meters in height, or double the height of a supertall.
Case study

57. A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors.
When the term was originally used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors but
now describes one of at least 40–50 floors. Mostly designed for office, commercial and
residential uses, a skyscraper can also be called a highrise, but the term "skyscraper" is often
used for buildings higher than 50 m (164 ft). For buildings above a height of 300 m (984 ft), the
term "supertall" can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m (1,969 ft) are classified
as "megatall".
Case study
The rotating tower,Dubai
Architect:David Fisher
Height:720 m

58. • Skyscrapers,high-rise & long bridges are
susceptible to resonance created
by high winds and seismic activity.
• buildings and bridges can be shaken to
the ground, as is witnessed anytime an
earthquake happens.
• Damping systems use friction to absorb some
of the force from vibrations.
• The size of the dampers depend on the size
of the building.
Damper

59. There are three classifications for dampening systems:
Passive:
This is an uncontrolled damper, which requires no input power to operate. unable to
adapt to changing needs.
Active:
Active dampers are force generators that actively push on the structure to counteract
a disturbance.They are fully controllable and require a great deal of power
Semi-Active :
Combines features of passive and active damping. Rather than push on the structure
they counteract motion with a controlled resistive force to reduce motion.

60. THE END