This document provides information about a study on the analysis and design of high-rise buildings. It defines what constitutes a high-rise building and explores the various factors driving demand for them. It examines the history of tall buildings and provides a chart showing increases in building heights over time. It also discusses structural systems and loads, including gravity, lateral and special loads. Core functions, parking considerations and case studies of high-rise projects are presented.

1. TALL BUILDING: STUDY REPORT
SITE & ACTIVITY: STUDY &
ANALYSIS
SOUTHEAST UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

2. What is a high-rise building?
“A building whose height creates different
conditions in the design, construction, and use
than those that exist in common buildings of a
certain region and period.”

3. • Scarcity of land in urban areas
• Increasing demand for business
and residential space
• Economic growth
• Technological advancements
• Innovations in Structural Systems
• Desire for aesthetics in urban
settings
• Concept of city skyline
• Cultural significance and prestige
• Human aspiration to build higher
Demand for High-Rise Buildings
•Buildings between 75 feet and
491 feet (23 m to 150 m) high
are considered high-rises.
Buildings taller than 492 feet
(150 m) are classified as
skyscrapers.
•The materials used for the
structural system of high-rise
buildings are reinforced concrete
and steel. Most American style
skyscrapers have a steel frame,
while residential tower blocks are
usually constructed out of
concrete.

4. • The great pyramid of
Giza, 2560 bc, was 146
meters tall and its height
was unsurpassed until at
least the 14th century ad.
• The two towers of
bologna in the 12th
century reached 97.2
metres in height.
• The 16th-century city of
shibam consisted entirely
of over 500 high-rise
tower houses.
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
•
HISTORY
EARLY PERIOD
•An early development
was oriel chambers in
liverpool.
•Designed by local
architect peter ellis in
1864,
• The building was the
world's first iron-framed,
glass curtain-walled
office building.

6. Mete
r
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
World’s Tallest Buildings
Chart

7. STRUCTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS
the floor slab & its supporting beams are on the 10th or
100th storey. Since each floor carries more or less the
same load. This is not the case with the core’s columns,
which carry the weights of all the floors above. The
lower-floor columns carry much larger than those at the
top. The topmost columns carry only the load of the roof
& their own weight.
What is Structure
Efficiency
- Materials
- Gravity
System
- Lateral
System
-Foundation
Constructability
- Simplicity
- Time

8. Equilibrium
Stability
StrengthS
T
R
U
C
T
U
R
E

9. Stiffness Human Comfort
Structure under earthquake : Global Ductility

11. Structural Systems
Analyses of structural loads are generally given
precedence in calculations/design measurements
For high-rises. A structural equivalent load is often
used to analyze the dynamic influence and yet
dynamic are often especially important both for
construction and operation.

12. STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM

13. Types of floor systems
•In concrete floor systems, slabs of
uniform thickness are often used with
spans of 3m to 8m.
•Beam and slab system is used with
beams spaced at 3m to 8m. Beam
depths of L/15 to L/20 are used.
Concrete floor system
Concrete floor
Steel Floor Systems
•In steel floor systems, we use reinforced
concrete slabs on steel beams. Thickness
of slabs is in the range of L/30 to L/15 of
the span.
•The stub lengths are 1.5m to 2m long.
Stub girders are of composite
construction.
•Concrete • Prestressed concrete
• Steel • Composite

14. Prestressed concrete is a method for
overcoming concrete’s natural weakness in
tension. It can be used to produce beams ,
floors or bridges
Prestressed concrete Composite

15. 1.Braced Frame
2.Rigid Frame Structure
3.Infilled Frame Structure
4.Flat Plate and flat slab
Structure
5.Shear wall structure
6.Coupled wall structure
7.Wall-frame structure
8.Framed tube structure
9.The trussed tube
10.Tube in tube or Hull core
structure
11.Bundled tube structure
12.Hybrid structure
13.Core and Outrigger
system
Type of High-Rise Structure

16. Shear Frame System
• Resists lateral deformation by
joint rotation
• Requires high bending stiffness of
columns and beams
• Rigid joints are essential for
stability
• Not effective for heights over 30
stories
Braced Frame System
• Lateral forces are resisted by
axial actions of bracing and
columns
• Steel bracing members or
filled-in bays
• More efficient than a rigid
frame
Frame-shear truss interaction
Braced Frame System

17. Wall-Frame Structure
•The walls and frame interact
horizontally, especially at the top, to
produce stiffer and stronger structure.
The interacting wall-frame combination
is appropriate for the building in the 40
–60 story range, well beyond that of
rigid frames or shear walls alone.
•The braced frames behave with an overall
flexural tendency to interact with the shear
mode of the rigid frames.
Rigid Frame Structure
•Consist of columns and girders
joined by moment resistant
connections. Lateral stiffness of
a rigid frame bent depends on
the bending stiffness of the
columns, girders, and
connection in the plane of the
bents.
•It suited for reinforced concrete
buildings and steel frame

18. Flat-Plate and Flat Slab Structure
•it consists of uniforms slabs, connected
rigidly to supporting columns.
•Economic for spans up to about 25 ft
(8m),above which drop panels can be
added to create a flat-slab structure for
span of up to 38 ft (12m).
•Suitable for building up to 25 stories
height.
In-filled Frame Structure
make it difficult to predict with
accuracy the stiffness and
strength of an in-filled frame.
In-filled Frame Structure
In-filled

19. Shear Wall Structure
•Technology exists to pump and to place
high-strength concrete at high elevation.
•Fire rating for service and passenger
elevator shafts is achieved by simply
placing concrete of a determined
thickness.
•Shear wall formed around elevator and
service riser requires a concentration of
opening at
ground level where stresses are critical.
•Shear wall vertical movements will
continue throughout the life of the
building.
Coupled Wall Structure
•Consist of two or more shear walls in the
same plane, or almost the same plane,
connected at the floor levels by beam or
stiff slabs.
•Suited for residential construction where
lateral-load resistant cross walls, which
separate the apartments, consist of in-
plane coupled pairs, or trios, of shear walls
between which there are corridor or
window openings.
Shear wall structure
Shear wall
Coupled wall
Coupled Wall Structure

20. The Trussed tube
•Interconnect all exterior columns to
form a rigid box, which can resist lateral
shears by axial
• Making the diagonal intersect at the
same point at the corner column.
•This creates the x form between corner
columns on each façade.
•Relatively broad column spacing can
resulted large clear spaces for windows,
a particular characteristic of steel
buildings.
Example of trussed tube
Tube-in-Tube or Hull Core Structure
•consists of an outer frame tube, the “Hull,”
together with an internal elevator and service
core.
•The Hull and core act jointly in resisting both
gravity and lateral loading.
•The outer framed tube and the inner core
interact horizontally as the shear and flexural
components of a wall-frame structure, with the
benefit of increased lateral stiffness.

21. Bundled-Tube structures
•The concept allows for wider
column spacing in the tubular walls
than would be possible with only
the exterior frame tube form.
•It modulate the cells vertically can
create a powerful vocabulary for a
variety of dynamic shapes
Core and Outrigger Systems
•The outrigger systems may be formed in any combination of steel,
concrete, or composite construction.
•the complete elimination of uplift and net tension forces
throughout the column and the foundation systems.
•Exterior framing can consist of “simple” beam and column
framing without the need for rigid-frame-type connections,
resulting in economies.
•Locating outrigger in mechanical and the natural
sloping lines of the building profile

22. Vertical Loads
LOADS ON THE HIGHRISE STRUCTURES
•Dead loads arise from the
weigh to the individual
construction elements and
the finishing loads.
•Live loads are dependent
on use depending on the
number of stories; live
loads can be reduced for
load transfer and the
dimensioning of vertical
load-bearing elements.
· However, the reduction of
the total live load on a
construction element may
not exceed 40%.
Horizontal loads
•Calculation of
lateral loads should
be carefully
scrutinized.
•It generally arises
from unexpected
deflections, wind
and earthquake
loads
Vertical load
Horizontal load
Ground surface
Steel beam
Foundation
Steel column

23. Structural Loads
• Gravity loads
– Dead loads
– Live loads
– Snow loads
• Lateral loads
– Wind loads
– Seismic loads
• Special load cases
– Impact loads
– Blast loads
Earthquake Load
Blast
Load
Wind Load
Impact
Load
Snow Load
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind
load

25. High pressure
Law pressure
Wind direction
Ground floor
Wind flow system

26. STUDY ON HIGH RISE BUILDING: PARKIN
Parking is the act of stopping a vehicle and
leaving it unoccupied for more than a brief
time . Parking facilities are constructed in
combination with most buildings ,to facilities
the coming and going of the buildings
users.
5’6”
5’3”
14’
Measurement of car

27. FIG:
CHANGE
OF
GRADIENT
ON RAMPS
FIG: CAR TURNING RADIU
TRACK

28. PARKING LAYOUT
PARKING
FOR ONE-
WAY
TRAFFIC
WITH
SPACES
FOR
PLANTS
30
DEGREE
OBLIQUE
SPACES,
ONE
WAY
TRAFFIC
PARKING
PARALLEL TO
THE ROAD
45 DEGREE
OBLIQUE PARKING,
ONE WAY TRAFFIC
60 DEGREE
OBLIQUE PARKING,
ONE WAY TRAFFIC
45 DEGREE ANGLED
PARKING,
ONE WAY TRAFFIC
8
’

29. Parking layout
90 DEGREE
ENTRY/EXIT
TO
PARKING
SPACES
FOR TWO
WAY
TRAFFIC

30. 1. SURFACE PARKING
2. BASEMENT PARKING
3. MULTI-STORIED PARKING
4. MECHANIZED & AUTOMATED
PARKING
TYPES OF PARKING
SURFACE PARKING. BASEMENT PARKING
MULTI-
STORIED
PARKING
MECHANIZED &
AUTOMATED
PARKING
10’
14’
One way traffic
Two way traffic

31. 8’6”
16’
GROUND FLOOR PLAN SEMI BASEMENT PLAN
50’ 50’
16’
Measurement of basement ramp

32. Core of High-rise building
In tall buildings in particular, the
service core can provide the principal
structure
Element for both the gravity load-
resisting system and lateral load-
resisting system,
With the latter becoming increasingly
important as the height of the building
increases.
Function of core
Vertical circulation 1.Lift
2.Lobby
3.Fire stair
4.Toilet zone
5.Duct
6.Mechanical room
-Elevators
-Escalators
-Stairs
-Ramp

33. Plan of Core
Core

34. Central core Split core End core Atrium core
Plan
Single tenant
Double tenant
Multiple tenant
Detail of Core

35. Diagram of elevators (three zone system in which
Users have to change floors after each zone
Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 1
Mechanical
Mechanical
Mechanical

36. Elevator
Escalators are "moving stairs" where
the tread moves on a track at an incline
or decline to transport people from one
floor to another.
Escalators
Stair
6”
10”
6”
Elevator shafts are demanding areas within
a building., especially when it involves
measuring the dimensions.

37. 1. Reception for 3 person 40 sft
2. Lobby for 50 person 300 sft
3. Waiting room for 30 person 200 sft
4. Auditorium for 200 person 4000 sft
Green room, Toilet, Stage, Stair
5. Prayer room for 50 person 300 sft
6. Café for 80 person 1700 sft
7. Storage room 500 sft
8. Substation room 1000 sft
9. Guard room 120 sft
10. Bank space 4500 sft
TOWER FUNCTION
1. official space, (5000-6000sft)
service core per floor
BASEMENT FUNCTION
1. 3 floor
2. Parking car, Parking bike
3. Generator room 300 sft
4. Water machine room 400 sft
5. Chiller room 250 sft
6. Control room 80 sqft
7. Security room 120 sqft
8. Drivers waiting room 150 sft
SERVICE CORE/ FLOOR
1. Lift
2. Stair
3. Fire exit
4. Toilet zone 500 sft
5. Kitchen room 80sft
6. Ac duct 100 sft
7. Electrical room 150 sft
PODIUM FUNCTION 1- 3 FLOOR
Top of the Tower
Machine room [chiller & aver ]

38. STAIR, RAMP & FIRE EXIT OFFICIAL BUILDING
STAIR
Minimum required Stair wide 1.5 meter
RAMP
Minimum required for car 1:8
Maximum required for car 1:15
FIRE EXIT
Per head user person floor area -------------------------10 gross
50> ------------------------1.1m
FIRE EXIT PASSAGE
<50 ------------------------0.9m
150 > ------------------------1.8m
LIFT
Per lift lobby space -------------------------1.5*1.5m
TOILET
Per floor total gross area ------------------------------5% toilet area
Minimum toilet volume ------------------------------ 1.5*1.5meter
PAGE-3051
PAGE-3070
PAGE-3065
PAGE-3075
PAGE-3075
Means of Escape, has three parts : 1. Exit Access, 2 . Exit, 3. Exit Discharge

39. FIRE EXIT
Per head user person width of exit ------------------------- without sprinkler system
Stair , Ramp & Corridor , Door 8 mm , 5 mm , 4 mm.
With sprinkler system -------------------- Stair , Ramp & Corridor , Door
PAGE-3066
5mm , 4 mm , 4 mm.
FIRE EXIT PASSAGE WAY DISTANCE PAGE-3067
Maximum required for 50 person -------------------- 23 m

40. Design Criteria:
01 Maximum ground coverage (MGC) 50%
02 Basic FAR ( for 12 m road width ) 9.5
03 Podium 75% OF
LAND AREA
04 Additional ground coverage for Parking, Drive way, Paved
area
(25% of land
area)
05 Mandatory green area (25% of land
area)
Floor Area Ratio (FAR) = Total Floor Area / Land Area
Total Floor Area = Floor Area Ratio (FAR) * Land Area
= 9.5 * Land Area
FAR ANALYSIS

41. CASE STUDY

42. Project status: December 2012

43. PROJECT OVERVIEW
 Project name: Babylonia
 Architect: Mustapha Khalid
Palash
 Location: Bir Uttam Mir
Shawkat Sarak, Tejgoan
 Land area: 40 katha, 28818
sq.ft
 Occupancy type: commercial
 Building stories: 12 stories + 3
basement
 No of floor: 14
 Size of spaces: 4363-14566
sq.ft
 No of lift: 5
 Car parking :128+

44. Concept
The concept is to relate is to office space
with its surrounding environment and
cityscape through urban scaled gigantic
windows, let insiders enjoy the city
specifically the northern greener Dhaka.
The hanging garden of Babylon, the most
impressive example of ancient
architecture still
so relevant and so adaptable for
modern building concept of Green
Architecture.

45. Structural Design
Criteria
•Structural design parameters to be
based on BNBC, ACI and ASTM
code.
•For all service connections British /
Amerian / BNBC building code will
be followed
•Consider wind load up to 210km/hr.
•Building is design to sustain
earthquake load with return period of
100 years.
•All RCC works will withstand
crushing strengths of 4500 psi after
28 days curing period and for column
and 30000 psi for other member.
General Floors and terraces
Best quality homogeneous tiles (RAK or equivalent 24“ * 24“
/ 16“ * 16") on general floors with good quality terrace tiles
(As per design)

46. Lift Lobby
Stair
Fire Exit
Toilet Block
Toilet Block Lift LobbyFire Exit Stair
Functions Of Core

47. Basement 1
Functions
1) Lift lobby
2) Stair
3) Stair
4) Generator room
5) Substation
6) Ramp
7) Driver’s waiting
Car parking – 34 car
1
3
1
2
4
6 6
7

48. Basement 2
Functions
3
1
2
4
5
4
1) Lift lobby
2) Stair
3) Chiller room
4) Driver’s waiting
5) ) Ramp
Car parking – 48 car

49. Basement 3
Functions
1. Stair
2. Pump Room
3. Drivers Waiting
4. Water Reservoir
5. Car Parking- 46 car

50. GROUND FLOOR PLAN
1. Lift Lobby
2. Stair
3. Fire Exit
4. Toilet Block
5. Commercial space 423 sq.ft
6. Commercial Space 5311 sq.ft
7. Void Above
8. Water Body
9. Entry Plaza
18ft wide internal drive way Control
Room

51. BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (AS PER DESIGN)
 Air Distribution System.
 Ventilation System
 The ventilation for car parking lot.
 cooling plant (includes chiller, condenser pump, chiller water pump & extant
fan from chiller room) will be monitored & controlled by chiller management
system (CMS) in coordination with BMS.
 Public area lighting via lighting control system.
 air conditioning system such as AHUs, VAV, pumps, fans etc.
 Chillers. heat exchanges & pumps via chiller manager with high level
interface.

52. •Metering (main utility meters) including
gas, water & electricity.
•Generators (monitoring).
•fire alarms (high level interface).
•Smoke control fans (monitoring)
•Main power supply system (monitoring)
•Lifts (high level interface)
•Security system(monitoring)
•Fire & domestic water level in water tanks
(monitoring)
•Sufficient height of basement one to
arrange multi level car parking in future.
1.Lift Lobby
2.Stair
3.Fire Exit
4.Toilet Block
5.Commercial space

53. CASE STUDY-02
FIELD SURVAY, DHAKA
A.Bangladesh chemical industry corporation
(BCIC).
Architect: Bashirul haq.
B.Babiloniya, Tajgao.
Architect: khan Md. Mostafa kahled Polas

54. SUMME
R
WIND
FLOW
SUNPATH DIAGRAM(BCIC)
N
W
S
E
BCIC
TowerLocation: Motijheel,Dhaka
Land area: 25710 sq ft
Built area: 292214 sq ft
Architect: Bashirul haq
Building Types: Official
Height Total: 240ft
Stories: 19
Basement: 1

57. CASE STUDY-02
FIELD SURVAY, DHAKA
A.Bangladesh chemical industry corporation
(BCIC).
Architect: Bashirul haq.
B.Babiloniya, Tajgao.
Architect: khan Md. Mostafa kahled Polas

58. SUMME
R
WIND
FLOW
SUNPATH DIAGRAM(BCIC)
N
W
S
E
BCIC
TowerLocation: Motijheel,Dhaka
Land area: 25710 sq ft
Built area: 292214 sq ft
Architect: Bashirul haq
Building Types: Official
Height Total: 240ft
Stories: 19
Basement: 1

65. • Reinforced concrete
– large net tension forces exist can negate the inherent efficiency of concrete in compression
resistance
– Walls become thick
• Concrete
– Fire-resistance, in particular of lift and piping shafts, is good
– Execution is efficient
– Lateral forces can be transmitted employing the surrounding skeleton
– sufficient stiffness
Materials:

66. CASE STUDY-03
LITARATURE SURVAY, FOREIGN
A.EDDIT TOWER , SINGAPORE
Architect: Dr.Ken yeang
B.Babiloniya, Tajgao.
Architect: khan Md. Mostafa kahled Polas

67. Architect : T.R. Hamzah & Yeang Sdn
Bhd
Client:
URA (Urban Redevelopment
Authority) Singapore (Sponsor)
EDITT (Ecological Design in The
Tropics) (Sponsor)
NUS (National University of
Singapore) (Sponsor)
Location: Junction of Waterloo Road
and Victoria Street, Singapore
Nos. of Storeys: 26
Date Start:1998 (Competition: design)
Completion Date: Pending Areas:
Total gross area: 6,033 sqm
Total nett area: 3,567.16 sqm
Total area of plantation: 3,841.34 sqm
Site Area: 838 sqm
Plot Ratio: 7.1EDITT Tower – Project Team
Principal-in-charge: Dr. Ken Yeang
Project Architect: Andy Chong
Design Architects: Ridzwa Fathan (PIC), Claudia Ritsch,
Azman Che Mat
Design Team: Azuddin Sulaiman, See Ee Ling
Drafting: Sze Tho Kok Cheng
C&S and M&E Engineers: Battle McCarthy (London)
Embodied Energy Expert: Bill Lawson (University of
Sydney)
Swan & Maclaren Architects: James Leong (Architect-of-
Record)
EDITT Tower – Building Information

68. Design Features
Our design sets out to demonstrate an
ecological approach to tower design. Besides
meeting the Client’s program requirements for
an exposition tower (i.e. for retail, exhibition
spaces, auditorium uses,etc.), the design has
the following ecological responses
Loose- fit design (e.g Sky courts,
removable partition,
Removable floor, mechanical-jointing,
flexible design).(Increase space function
reusability over the-150 years Life span) .

69. Level-2:
Service core, food court.
Level-3:
Service core, Art & craft stalls.
Level-4:
Same of ass level 3
Dr. Yeang is among the leaders who
seek to prove not only that wind,
rain, sun and nature can and should
be in harmony with human
development, but that the
ecologically balanced urban
environment is itself a living
organism

70. Level-5:
Service core, food court.
Level-6:
Service core, Cafe.
Level-9:
Service core, Auditorium, Seating area.
Level-10:
Service core, sky park, seating, upper
link.
The architects have completed a study
of the embodied energy and
greenhouse-gas efficiency of the
building materials as well, but have
opted in some cases for higher energy
intensity construction materials,
especially the solar panels due to their
payback in energy during the life of
the building and recyclable building
materials such as steel and
aluminium. Composite timber-floor
cassettes will replace the commonly
used concrete floors to achieve gains
in energy-efficient construction.

72. The building will have over 55% water self-sufficiency
based on collection or rainwater and water reuse relying on
built-in filter systems. In a country which captures less
than 60% of its own fresh water needs and is currently
reliant on its neighbor, Malaysia, for water, this is an
especially important feature.

73. The EDITT tower will achieve
almost 40% energy self-
sufficiency through a system of
solar panels.The 26-story high-rise will boast
photovoltaic panels, natural
ventilation, and a biogas generation
plant all wrapped within an
insulating living wall that covers half
of its surface area. The verdant
skyscraper was designed to
increase its location’s bio-diversity
and rehabilitate the local ecosystem
in Singapore’s ‘zero culture’
metropolis.

74. SOM: Diagonal tower yongsan
international business district

75. Structural columns will be concealed within the building's faceted glass skin,
while a series of shading fins will help to reduce solar gain.

76. Diagonal Tower
Structure in General
skyscraperBuilding type
Building status planned [approved]
Facade material glass
Usage
Main usage commercial office
Side usage shop(s)
Location
Address as text Yongsan International
Business District
City Seoul
Province Seoul Metropolitan City
Country South Korea
Technical Data
Height
(architectural)
343.00 m
Floors (above
ground)
64
Construction end 2016
Involved Companies
Architect:
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
Features & Amenities
Sky lobby is present
Identification
Name Diagonal Tower
Daniel libeskindArchitect

77. aerial view night view
Aerial view Night view

78. auditorium night view
sky lobby cafeteria
sky lobby fitness center

79. Tower base
Auditorium from south east
Interior lobby
A small auditorium will be
housed in an adjacent glazed
cube covered in matching
netting.

80. RENDERED SITE PLAN

84. (left) typical square tower form
(middle) rotated to address seoul
landmarks
(right) diagonal mega frame increase
structural efficiency

85. (left) faceted form decreases effects of the wind
(right) louvers spacing and orientation varies for
optimal shading on each facet

87. Diagonal Tower is a 343-meter-tall office building in the Yongsan International Business
District,
62-story tower provides over 145,000 square meters of open office space, two double-height sky lobbies
with a cafeteria and fitness center, and a penthouse executive lounge.
includes two retail pavilions and a multifunctional auditorium, cubic in dimension, directly to
the west of the tower.
rotated 45 degrees at one third the height of the tower and then rotated again at two thirds the height of
the tower.
A megaframe carries loads diagonally
vertical columns running along the facade at 12 meter spacing.
The structural diagonal grid mitigates wind and seismic forces and uses 25% less steel than a
conventionally framed building.
Located to the west of the tower, a perfectly cubic 40m x 40mx 40m glass auditorium provides
multifunctional space

88. Akramul haque : 2013200600018
Tazrina akter: 2012200600017
Abdul alim :2012200600001
Tania akter suny: 2012100600008