This document discusses different types of long span structures with spans larger than 20m. It describes various beam types used in long span structures like castellated beams, tapered beams, stub girders, and lattice beams. It also discusses other structural elements like trusses, arches, and cables that can be used to create long spans. Specific types of trusses and arches are defined along with examples of famous long span structures from around the world that use these elements.

1. LONG SPAN
STRUCTURE
S T R U C T U R E W I T H S PA N L A R G E R T H A N 2 0 M C A N B E
R E G A R D E D A S L O N G S PA N S T R U C T U R E
By Prashant Borge

2. TYPE OF STRUCTURE
Classification based on
• beams
• Trusses
• Arch
• Cable
• Tent
• Pnumatic

3. TYPE OF BEAMS
• Castellated beams.
• Tapered beam.
• Stub girders.
• Lattice beam.

4. BASIC EQUATION

5. CASTELLATED BEAM.

11. ADVANTAGE
• They are light and strong.
• They are cheap.
• Easy to assemble at the construction site.
• The openings in the web simplify the work of the installer and
the electrician, since taking pipes across beams presents no
problems. After all, the web of the beam already has many wide
openings by nature.
• ceiling systems, can also be installed easily. And castellated
beams are ELEGANT.
Most architects rate the aesthetic value of a castellated beam
highly.

12. TAPERED BEAM

13. BASIC PRINCIPLE

16. STUB GIRDER

18. LATTICE BEAM
• A lattice girder is a girder where the flanges are connected by
a lattice web.

20. TRUSSES
• A truss is essentially a triangulated system of (usually) straight
interconnected structural elements; it is sometimes also referred
to as an open web girder. The individual elements are
connected at nodes; the connections are often assumed to be
nominally pinned. The external forces applied to the system and
the reactions at the supports are generally applied at the nodes.
When all the members and applied forces are in a same plane,
the system is a plane or 2D truss.

21. TYPE OF TRUSS
• Pitched roof trusses.
• Parallel chord trusses.
• Trapezoidal trusses.

22. PITCHED ROOF TRUSSES

23. PARALLEL CHORD TRUSS

24. TRAPEZOIDAL TRUSS

25. ADVANTAGES
• Long span
• Lightweight
• Reduced deflection (compared to plain members)
• Opportunity to support considerable loads.

36. ARCH
• A usually curved structure forming the upper edge of an open
space and supporting the weight
above it, as in a bridge or doorway.
• A structure, such as a freestanding monument, shaped like an i
verted U.
• A curve with the ends down and the middle up: the arch of a
raised eyebrow.

39. TYPE OF ARCHES
Geometrical classification
• Parabolic arch
• Unsymmetrical arch
• Semi circular arch
• Segmental arch
Support conditions
• Three hinged arch
• Two hinged arch
• Fixed arch

44. GEOMETRY OF ARCH
• Parabolic arch : y= 4rx(L-x)
L²
• Segmental arch :y(2R-y)=(L²/4)
• Semi Circular arch: y= R
• Unsymmetrical arch: y=kx²

45. IDUKKI ARCH DAM,KERALA.
HEIGHT 168.91 M
LENGTH365.85 M

46. HOOVER DAM ,COLORADO[1935].
SPAN 379M,HT.221M

49. ORIENTE_STATION_LISBOA/PORT
UGAL

50. TAMA ART UNIVERSITY LIBRARY,
TOKYO, JAPAN

51. LOS ANGELES AIRPORT IN1961

52. WIMBLEY STADIUM , 134-METRE-
HIGH