a space frame or space structure is a rigid, lightweight, truss-like structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior support
a space frame or space structure is a rigid, lightweight, truss-like structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior support
A presentation that explains the various systems and techniques of employing steel and concrete to support long span structures. The range varies from conventional beams, to trusses and portal frames.
The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture." Hybrids. Hybrids include a varied category of structures where the basic concept of tube is used, and supplemented by other structural support(s).
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Shell structure, In building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface.
This presentation is an attempt of a comprehensive study about Gridshell Structures.To understand the structure and it's principles we are going to take a look at it's definition. advantages, form development,materials, construction process and joint connections
In order to gain a better understanding of the structure, existing Gridshells have been analysed and studied in depth. Structures Analysed are The Savill Building, Mannheim Multihalle and Centre Pompidou Metz.
Study of Folded Plates for understanding their use, types, technology along with suitable case studies. This is a specific type of Methodology adopted for construction over long spans column free spaces. How structurally Folded plates surpases the need of column grids and conventional methods of construction with the proper design and technology is the motive of this study.
A presentation that explains the various systems and techniques of employing steel and concrete to support long span structures. The range varies from conventional beams, to trusses and portal frames.
The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture." Hybrids. Hybrids include a varied category of structures where the basic concept of tube is used, and supplemented by other structural support(s).
framed tube structure
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interesting civil engineering topics
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Shell structure, In building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface.
This presentation is an attempt of a comprehensive study about Gridshell Structures.To understand the structure and it's principles we are going to take a look at it's definition. advantages, form development,materials, construction process and joint connections
In order to gain a better understanding of the structure, existing Gridshells have been analysed and studied in depth. Structures Analysed are The Savill Building, Mannheim Multihalle and Centre Pompidou Metz.
Study of Folded Plates for understanding their use, types, technology along with suitable case studies. This is a specific type of Methodology adopted for construction over long spans column free spaces. How structurally Folded plates surpases the need of column grids and conventional methods of construction with the proper design and technology is the motive of this study.
The aim of this power point presentation is to give an overview of significance of the cables in cable net structures.
It accounts the type of cable net structures, structure of the cables and their applications.
The fixing of cables to membrane or cable to ground plays a significant role in keeping a structure in equilibrium. This paper considers the various fixing elements for the junction of these structural members and the termination of the cables.
It talks about general problems dealt with by cables net structures. It describes the various possibilities of anchoring the cable structures to ground. This paper takes a general preview of an application of cables in Lightweight membrane structures right from its design to installation.
A stressed ribbon bridge (also stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is a tension structure (similar in many ways to a simple suspension bridge). The suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports. Unlike the simple span, the ribbon is stressed in traction, which adds to the stiffness of the structure (simple suspension spans tend to sway and bounce).
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The influence of cable sag on the dynamic behaviour of cable stayed suspensio...eSAT Journals
Abstract The demand of long span bridge is increasing with infrastructure magnification. To achieve maximum central span in bridges is a motivating rational challenge. The bridge with more central span can be achieved using high strength materials and innovative forms of the bridges. The cable-stayed bridge has better structural stiffness and suspension bridge has ability to offer longer span thus combination of above two structural systems could achieve very long span cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge. To distinguish behaviour and check the feasibility of this innovative form of hybrid bridge, 1400m central span and 312m side span cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge is considered for analysis. The suspension portion length in central span is also playing important role in behaviour of the entire bridge. Bridge behaviour is presented for variable length of suspension portion in form of suspension portion to main span ratio. The main cable sag in central span is playing important role on behavior of the entire bridge. It directly influences the inclination angles of the main cables, the height of pylon and thus forces in pylon. The axial force in main cable is directly depending on the sag of main cable. The effects of main cable sag is studied by considering dimensionless parameter as sag to main span ratio as 1/9, 1/10 and 1/11. Paper also discusses results of nonlinear static analysis and modal analysis carried out using SAP2000 v14.0.0. The time period of bridge is used to present the behavior of bridge. Key Words: Cable supported long span bridge; cable stayed suspension hybrid bridge; cable sag to main span ratio; dynamic analysis
Dynamic analysis of steel tube structure with bracing systemseSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays, competition towards rise of tall steel structures made certain factors are compulsory like serviceability and comfort of human relating to lateral loads caused by wind or earthquake. Earthquake is dangerous to the living beings in terms of its effects on manmade structures. Structures like tall buildings are built to resist gravity loads. However many tall buildings are not so resistant in lateral loads due to earthquake so need an improvement in resisting lateral loads. So there are many structural systems which resist lateral loads by varying orientation, addition of different structural systems. Like steel tubular structural system is considered and compared for their results against lateral forces and also by providing mega bracing system and diagrid bracing system. In this dissertation work, four structural systems are considered in which one is framed structure and rest are tubular system with addition of different bracing systems as mega bracing and diagrid bracing system. For the purpose 45 storey steel structure with rectangular plan of dimension 44mx24m uniform throughout the height is considered and analyzed for gravity and lateral loads using ETABS software. Its intention is to obtain the functioning characteristics like displacements, storey shear, time period, frequency, peak displacement and peak acceleration in both x and y direction to get most economical structure in all ways. Results shows that the steel tubular structure with mega bracing system performance is much better than the framed structure, tubular and tubular structure with diagrid bracing system. Keywords: Steel Tube Structure, Mega Bracing, Diagrid Bracing, Dynamic Analysis, ETABS, Time and History Analysis.
A Stress Ribbon Bridge is a tension structure (similar in many ways to a simple suspension bridge). The suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports.
This presentation provides a brief explanation about the site planning techniques and methods involved along with the landscaping techniques.
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Intelligent buildings are buildings that through their physical design and IT installations are responsive, flexible and adaptive to changing needs from its users and the organizations that inhabit the building during its life time.
Green Architecture also known as “sustainable architecture” and “green building” is an approach to architectural design which emphasizes the place of the buildings with both local ecosystems & global environment.
Presentation on the building bye laws of Amritsar and shall apply to the entire area of Municipal Council or to such other areas, as the State Government may extend by notification in the official gazette.
Padma Shri Achyut P. Kanvinde is a quite known name in the list of contemporary Architects. He is considered as one of forefathers of modern Indian architecture. Kanvinde was born in 1916 in a small village on the Konkan coast raised in a joint family in the village. His mother died when he was two and his father was an arts teacher in Mumbai. Kanvinde was a influenced by his father, who was a portrait and landscape painter.
Louis Henry Sullivan was born in Boston, Massachusetts in 1856. He studied architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for one year. He worked as a draftsman for Furness and Hewitt in Philadelphia and for William Le Baron Jenney in Chicago. In July 1874, Sullivan traveled to Europe where he studied in the Vaudremer studio at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris.
For more information and detailed presentation on other Legendary Architects, visit us at - www.archistudent.net/architects-and-their-works/
Raj Rewal was born in Hoshiarpur, Punjab in 1934 and was among those who first encountered the application of advanced western theories of urban and building technologies in their country.
Here is a presentation on the life and works of Legendary Indian Architect Raj Rewal
The Building Bye-laws are defined as the standards & specifications designed to grant minimum safeguards to the workers during construction, to the health & comfort of the users & to provide enough safety to the public in general.
Sikh Architecture is an amalgamation of religious architecture of the buildings of the faith and traditional Indo-Sarsenic style. It includes all the buildings serving the devotional, ritualistic and religious functions of the Sikh Community. We can spot any Sikh temple from distance by seeing a flag mast (Nishan Sahib) which is draped in yellow or blue with triangular flag with the Sikh insignia fluttering in the breeze. Its dome is different from domes of mosques or Hindu temples, so are its arches, balconies, columns, interiors and general layout.
Uttam Chand was born in 1934 in Melwara, Rajasthan. He completed his schooling at jodhpur Rajasthan. He graduated in architecture with I class honors in 1958 at Indian institute of technology, Kharagpur where he was a merit scholar throughout.
For more information on UC Jain and other legendary architects, visit us at www.archistudent.net
Charles Edouard Jeanneret is popularly known as Le Corbusier. Corbusier was born on 6th October 1887 at La Chaux De Fonds in Swissjura Mountains Kms from French Border
For more presentations on Legendary Architects visit at www.archistudent.net
A science museum is an institution which assembles, studies and conserves the objects, in order to set them before public for communication & knowledge.
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Passive cooling techniques are least expensive means of cooling a home which maximizes the efficiency of the building envelope without mechanical devices.
For more information on energy conversation concepts and green architecture, follow us at - www.archistudent.net
Arch is a curved structure designed to carry loads across a gap mainly by compression. The mechanical principle of the arch is precisely the same as that of the portal frame. The straight pieces of material joined by sharp bends are smoothed into a continuous curve. This increases the cost of construction but greatly reduces the stresses.
For more detail on Arch Systems and architecture engineering,
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Library study sanitary requirements of different buildingsArchistudent Portal
Sanitary requirements of all types of buildings is well explained in NBC and should be referred while designing stage. For more information, visit www.archistudent.net
Transforming Brand Perception and Boosting Profitabilityaaryangarg12
In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
You could be a professional graphic designer and still make mistakes. There is always the possibility of human error. On the other hand if you’re not a designer, the chances of making some common graphic design mistakes are even higher. Because you don’t know what you don’t know. That’s where this blog comes in. To make your job easier and help you create better designs, we have put together a list of common graphic design mistakes that you need to avoid.
Between Filth and Fortune- Urban Cattle Foraging Realities by Devi S Nair, An...Mansi Shah
This study examines cattle rearing in urban and rural settings, focusing on milk production and consumption. By exploring a case in Ahmedabad, it highlights the challenges and processes in dairy farming across different environments, emphasising the need for sustainable practices and the essential role of milk in daily consumption.
Book Formatting: Quality Control Checks for DesignersConfidence Ago
This presentation was made to help designers who work in publishing houses or format books for printing ensure quality.
Quality control is vital to every industry. This is why every department in a company need create a method they use in ensuring quality. This, perhaps, will not only improve the quality of products and bring errors to the barest minimum, but take it to a near perfect finish.
It is beyond a moot point that a good book will somewhat be judged by its cover, but the content of the book remains king. No matter how beautiful the cover, if the quality of writing or presentation is off, that will be a reason for readers not to come back to the book or recommend it.
So, this presentation points designers to some important things that may be missed by an editor that they could eventually discover and call the attention of the editor.
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A tale about our culture around the use of fertilizers and pesticides visiting small farms around Ahmedabad in Matar and Shilaj.
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Dive into the innovative world of smart garages with our insightful presentation, "Exploring the Future of Smart Garages." This comprehensive guide covers the latest advancements in garage technology, including automated systems, smart security features, energy efficiency solutions, and seamless integration with smart home ecosystems. Learn how these technologies are transforming traditional garages into high-tech, efficient spaces that enhance convenience, safety, and sustainability.
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2. CABLE SYSTEMS
MAJOR SYSTEM → FORM ACTIVE STRUCTURE
SYSTEMS.
→ Non rigid, flexible matter
shaped in a certain way and secured by fixed ends, an support
itself & span space. The transmit loads only through simple
normal stresses; either tension or through compression.
Two cables with different points of suspension tied
together form a suspension system. A cable subject to external
loads will deform in a way depending upon the magnitude and
location of the external forces. The form acquired by the cable
is called the FUNICULAR SHAPE of the cable.
# Form Active Structure Systems redirect external
forces by simple normal stresses : the arch by compression,
the suspension cable by tension. The bearing mechanism of
form active systems vests essentially on the material form.
3. # The natural stress line of the form active tension
system in the funicular tension line.
# Any change of loading or support conditions
changes the form of the funicular curve.
Form active systems because of their dependence on
loading conditions are strictly governed by the natural ‘flow of
forces’ and hence cannot become subject to arbitrary free
form design.
4. LOADING MECHANISM :
# The high tensile strength of steel, combined with the
efficiency of simple tension, makes a steel cable the ideal
structural element to span large distances.
# Cables are flexible because o their large shall lateral
dimensions in relation to their lengths. As uneven stresses true
to bending are prevented by flexibility the tensile load is evenly
divided among the cable strands.
In order to understand the mechanism by means of
which a cable supports vertical loads, one may first consider a
cable suspended between two fixed points, located at the
same level and carrying a single load at mid span. Under the
action of the load the cable assumes a symmetrical triangular
shape and half the load is carried to each support by simple
tension along he two halves of the cable.
5. CABLE SAG :
The triangular shape acquired by the cable is
characterized by the SAG : the vertical distance between the
supports and the lowest point in the cable. Without the sag the
cable cannot carry the load, since the tensile forces in if would
be horizontal and horizontal forces cannot balance the vertical
load. The undivided pull of the sagging cable on each support
may be split into two components :
• a downward force equal to half the load
• a horizontal inward pull or thrust.
The thrust is inversely proportional to the sag; halving
the sag doubles the thrust. This raises an interesting question
of economy through.
6. OPTIMAL SAG :
A large sag increases the
cable length, but reduces the tensile
force & allows a reduction of cross-
section. A similar sag requires a
larger cross-section. Hence the total
volume of cable (product of cross-
section & length), must be minimum
for some optimal value of sag →
Optimal sag equal half the
span for a given horizontal distance
& corresponds to a symmetrical 45
o
–
triangle cable configuration with
thrust = p/2.
7. FUNICULAR POLYGONS :
# As the number of loads increases, the funicular polygon approaches a
geometrical curve – the PARABOLA large number of loads are evenly
spaced horizontally.
CATENARY :
If the equal loads are distributed evenly along the length of the cable, rather
than horizontally, the funicular curve differs from a parabola, through it has
the same general configuration. It is a catenary.
A cable carrying its own weight ad a loads evenly distributed horizontally,
acquires a shape that is intermediate between a parabola & catenary. This
is the shape of cables in the central span of suspension bridges.
GEOMETRIC FUNICULAR FORMS :
If the load is shifted from mid span position, the cable changes shape.
# If two equal loads are set on the cable in symmetrical positions the cable
adapts itself by acquiring a new configuration with three straight video.
8.
9. SPECIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:
(And Corrective Measures)
Lightness of the flexible suspension cable is the demerit of the
system, which can be largely eliminated through pre-stressing so that
it can receive frictional forces that also may be upward directed.
Cable structures are more correctly categorize into either suspension
structures or cable-stayed structured suspension structures can be
typically sub-classified into :
1. Single Curvature Structures
2. Double Curvature Structures
3. Double Cable Structures
A critical problem in the design of any cable roof structure is the
dynamic effect of wind, which causes an undesirable fluttering of the
roof.
DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF WIND ON TYPICAL
FLEXIBLE ROOF STRUCTURE :
10. PREVENTIVE MEASURES :
There are only several fundamental ways to combat
flutter.
• One is to simply increase the deal load on the roof.
• Another is to provide anchoring guy cables at periodic
points to tie the structure to the ground.
• To use some sort of crossed cable on double-cable
system.The principal methods of providing stability are the
following:
(i) Additional permanent load supported on, or suspended from, the roof,
sufficient to neutralize the effects of asymmetrical variable actions or uplift
Figure 14a).
This arrangement has the drawback that it eliminates the lightweight
nature of the structure, adding significant cost to the entire structure.
(ii) Rigid members acting as beams, where permanent load may not be
adequate to counteract uplift forces completely, but where there is
sufficient flexural rigidity to deal with the net uplift forces, whilst availing of
cables to help resist effects of gravity loading (Figure 14b).
11.
12.
13. LIMITATIONS DUE TO VIBRATIONS &
CHANGING LOADS :
The limitations in the application of cables stem directly
from their adaptability to changing loads : CABLES are
unstable and stability is one of the basic requirements of
structural systems. The trusses hanging from the cables of a
suspension bridge not only support the roadway but also
stiffen the cables against motions due to moving or changing
loads.
14. STIFFENING TRUSSES :
Stiffening trusses are
usually rigid in the direction of
bridge axis, but less so in
transverse directions. Modern
suspension bridges are made
sage against lateral wind
displacements by using
stiffening GUY WIRES OR
STAYS which have the
double role of supporting the
truss & stabilizing it.
A cable truss system has a triangulated structural form
which increases stiffness, particularly under non-symmetric
loading.
17. DESIGN OF SUPPORTING ELEMENTS :
In addition to actual roof cables, other structural elements
egs: masts, guy cables are needed to make a building structure.
The elements typically support the cable in space and provide
means of transferring its vertical & horizontal thrusts to the ground.
The design of these elements is as crucial as the cable design.
APPLICATIONS OF CABLE SYSTEMS :
The earliest use of cables in buildings dates back to A.D. 70
to roof a Roman amphitheater by a rope cable structure. Rope
cables anchored to masts spanned in a radial fashion across the
open structure supported a movable sunshade that could be drawn
across to cover the arena. The span was 620 ft. along major axis
and 513 ft. along minor axis.
18. Today the longest suspension bridge has a span of 1410 m. (4226 ft.); the
longest suspension roof; the Burgo Paper Mill in Mantcia has a span of 163
m. (535 ft.). The roof was designed like a suspension bridge. The cable
flexibility is not wholly advantageous as in bridge. Excessive vibrations can
not be tolerated in a building. Water proofing of the roof is difficult. Most
suspension roofs are therefore prestressed to reduce their flexibility & some
also have concrete roofs.
The first modern roof was an Arena. Load bearing cables are suspended
from two intersecting arches, anchored against one another. At night
angles to the load bearing are secondary cables prestressed to ensure
tautness even on a hot day. Corrugated sheets supported on the cable
network.
20. Structures using suspended cables have a functional advantage for arenas,
because the shape is better suited to an array of banked seats than that of a
dome. A suspension roof requires a smaller volume of air than a dome. This
can produce imp. economics in air-conditioning & heating.
Memorial Auditorium in Litica, New York. Span –
73 m (240 ft.). Two sets of cables, are separated
by struts that cause them to act in conjunction. The
amount of prestress for upper and lower cables
varied. Vibrations in one set of cables are different
or out of phase with the other and the opposing
forces damp the vibration of the structure.
21. Roof over sports arena, Munich
by Fvei Offo. Approximate span of
the structure is 130 m. (430 ft.).
The tentlike simplicity of this
prestressed cable structure is
deceptive.
The roof-over the entire sports arena cost about $48 million. The design
required a great deal of theory as well as model analysis.
A double layer of cables
covered with pre-cast
concrete slabs. These were
loaded temporarily with a
large weight of building.
Materials to prestress the cables, and the joints between concrete slabs
were then filled with cement mortar to auction the prestress. Rainwater was
pumped off the roof.
22. Cable-stiffened cantilever roof. The structure is several
100% stronger than the cantilever on its own. The cable
provides the tensile component of the resistant moment, so
that the cantilever becomes the compression member, and
the distance between the cantilever & cable of the support
provides the lever arm of the resistance moment.
Other applications of cable structures can be for
exhibition pavilions, sports complexes, army shelters etc.
Cables can be used to increase the span of cantilevers and is
particularly useful for aircraft hangars and other buildings than
require large entrances as well as unobstructed interior span.
23. MATERIALS :
Steel, nylon ropes or plasticated cables may be used for
different structures.
• Steel Cables : The high tensile strength of steel
combined with the efficiency of simple tension, makes a steel
cable the ideal structural element to span large distances.
• Nylon and plastics are suitable only for temporary
structures, spanning small distances.
other structural members like masts, compression rings,
arches or beams and compression struts may be of concrete
or steel preferably. Struts may also be of timber.
Suspension Cables, because of their being stressed
only by simple tension – with regard to weight/span are the
most economical system of spanning space.
24. Because of their identity with the natural flow of forces,
the form active structure system is a suitable mechanism for
achieving long spans and forming large spaces.
Suspension cables are the elementary idea for any
bearing mechanism and consequently the very symbol of
man’s technical Seizure of space.
Before of their long span qualities, they have a particular
significance for mass civilization and its demand for large
scale spaces. They are potential structure forms for future
building.