Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune response is termed an "autoimmune disease".
Secondary Immunodeficiency
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
Reference: Included in Slides
Include causes of secondary immunodeficiency including AIDS and other viral infections
The presentation includes an overview of hypersensitivity and type 1 hypersensitivity with certain pictures elaborating the mechanism. The presentation also talks about asthma very briefly as an example of type 1 hypersensitivity.
Through this presentation you will be able to learn detailed information about hypersensitivity reactions, its type and clinical manifestation of all types of hypersensitivity reactions and related diseases.
Immune tolerance, or immunological tolerance, or immunotolerance, is a state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to substances or tissue that have the capacity to elicit an immune response in a given organism. Immune tolerance is important for normal physiology. Central tolerance is the main way the immune system learns to discriminate self from non-self. Peripheral tolerance is key to preventing over-reactivity of the immune system to various environmental entities (allergens, gut microbes, etc.).
https://nabeelbeeran.blogspot.com/
PHAGOCYTOSIS- History • Introduction • Phases of phagocytosis :- a) Margination b) Diapedesis c) Chemotaxis d) Opsonization or Attachment e) Engulfment orIngestion f) Secretion or Degranulation g) Killing or Degradation • Applied Aspects • Recent Advances
Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune response is termed an "autoimmune disease".
Secondary Immunodeficiency
By Dr. Usama Ragab Youssif
Reference: Included in Slides
Include causes of secondary immunodeficiency including AIDS and other viral infections
The presentation includes an overview of hypersensitivity and type 1 hypersensitivity with certain pictures elaborating the mechanism. The presentation also talks about asthma very briefly as an example of type 1 hypersensitivity.
Through this presentation you will be able to learn detailed information about hypersensitivity reactions, its type and clinical manifestation of all types of hypersensitivity reactions and related diseases.
Immune tolerance, or immunological tolerance, or immunotolerance, is a state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to substances or tissue that have the capacity to elicit an immune response in a given organism. Immune tolerance is important for normal physiology. Central tolerance is the main way the immune system learns to discriminate self from non-self. Peripheral tolerance is key to preventing over-reactivity of the immune system to various environmental entities (allergens, gut microbes, etc.).
https://nabeelbeeran.blogspot.com/
PHAGOCYTOSIS- History • Introduction • Phases of phagocytosis :- a) Margination b) Diapedesis c) Chemotaxis d) Opsonization or Attachment e) Engulfment orIngestion f) Secretion or Degranulation g) Killing or Degradation • Applied Aspects • Recent Advances
Immunology is the study of the immune system and how it protects us from infection and disease123. It is a branch of biology and medicine2. Are you looking for something specific about immunology?
This is a powerpoint presentation on the Topic of Diseases of the immune system, part 1 - Chapter 6, based on Robbin's textbook of pathology. Prepared by Dr. Ashish Jawarkar, who is Assistant professor at Parul institute of medical sciences and research, Vadodara. Please subscribe to our youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwjkzK-YnJ-ra4HMOqq3Fkw . Our facebook page: facebook.com/pathologybasics. Instagram handle @pathologybasics
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. Outline
▪ The Normal Immune Response
▪ Cells and Tissues of the Immune System
▪ Overview of Lymphocyte Activation and Adaptive Immune
Response
▪ References
3. Immune System
▪ Immunity refers to protection against infections.
▪ The immune system is the collection of cells and molecules that are
responsible for defending the body against the countless pathogens that
individuals encounter.
▪ Immunodeficiency Diseases; Defects in the immune system render
individuals easy prey to infections
▪ Hypersensitivity Disorders; when the immune system is itself capable of
causing tissue injury and disease.
4. Normal Immune Response
▪ Defense against pathogens consists of two types of reactions
▪ Innate immunity (Natural or Native immunity) is mediated by cells and
proteins that are always present poised to react against infectious
pathogens.
▪ Called into action immediately in response to infection
▪ Provide the first line of defense.
▪ Some of these mechanisms also are involved in clearing damaged
cells and tissues.
▪ A major reaction of innate immunity is inflammation
5. Normal Immune Response
▪ Many pathogens have evolved to resist innate immunity,
▪ Adaptive Immunity (Acquired/ Specific); More specialized and
powerful mechanisms of protection against these infections
▪ Adaptive immunity is normally silent and responds (or adapts) to
the presence of infectious agents by generating potent
mechanisms for neutralizing and eliminating the pathogens.
▪ The terms immune system and immune response generally refer
to adaptive immunity.
6.
7. Innate Immunity
▪ The major components of innate immunity are:
▪ Epithelial barriers that block the entry of microbes.
▪ Phagocytic cells (mainly neutrophils and macrophages)
▪ Dendritic cells (DCs)
▪ Natural killer (NK) cells
▪ Other innate lymphoid cells, and several plasma proteins, including the
proteins of the complement system
8. Innate Immunity
▪ Phagocytes, dendritic cells and many other cells express receptors that
sense the presence of infectious agents and substances released from dead
cells.
▪ The microbial structures recognized by these receptors are called pathogen-
associated molecular patterns;
▪ They are shared among microbes of the same type, and they are essential
for the survival and infectivity of the microbes
▪ The substances released from injured and necrotic cells are called damage-
associated molecular patterns.
▪ The cellular receptors that recognize these molecules are often called
pattern recognition receptors.
▪ It is estimated that innate immunity uses about 100 different receptors to
recognize 1000 molecular patterns.
9.
10. Reactions of Innate Immunity
▪ The innate immune system provides host defense by the following
two main reactions:
▪ Inflammation. Cytokines and products of complement activation,
are produced during innate immune reactions and trigger the
vascular and cellular components of inflammation.
▪ Anti-viral defense. Type I interferons produced in response to
viruses act on infected and uninfected cells and activate enzymes
that degrade viral nucleic acids and inhibit viral replication.
11. Adaptive Immunity
▪ The adaptive immune system consists of lymphocytes and their products,
including antibodies.
▪ The adaptive immune system can recognize a vast array of foreign
substances.
▪ Humoral immunity, mediated by soluble proteins called antibodies that
are produced by B lymphocytes
▪ Cell-mediated (or cellular) immunity, mediated by T lymphocytes
▪ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes; directly killing infected cells
▪ Helper T Cells; activating phagocytes to kill ingested microbes, via the
production of soluble protein mediators called cytokines
12. Cells and Tissues of the Immune System
▪ The cells of the immune system consist of lymphocytes, most of which
have specific receptors for antigens and mount adaptive immune
responses.
▪ Specialized APCs, which capture and display microbial and other
antigens to the lymphocytes.
▪ Various effector cells, whose function is to eliminate microbes and
other antigens.
13. Lymphocytes
▪ Present in the circulation and in various lymphoid organs.
▪ Although all lymphocytes are morphologically similar, they actually
consist of several functionally and phenotypically distinct populations
▪ Lymphocytes develop from precursors in the generative (primary)
lymphoid organs;
▪ T lymphocytes mature in the thymus, whereas B lymphocytes mature in
the bone marrow.
▪ Each T or B lymphocyte and its progeny, which constitute a clone,
express a single antigen receptor
▪ The total population of lymphocytes (numbering about 1012 in
humans) can recognize tens or hundreds of millions of antigens.
14. Lymphocytes
▪ All mature lymphocytes go through distinct phases during their lives
▪ Naïve lymphocytes; express antigen receptors but have not responded to
antigens and do not serve any functions.
▪ Effector lymphocytes are induced by lymphocyte activation and perform the
functions that eliminate microbes.
▪ Memory lymphocytes induced during activation survive in a functionally silent
state even after the antigen is eliminated and respond rapidly upon
subsequent encounters with the antigen.
15. T Lymphocytes
▪ Thymus-derived T lymphocytes develop into the effector cells of
cellular immunity and “help” B cells to produce antibodies against
protein antigens.
▪ T cells constitute 60% to 70% of the lymphocytes in peripheral
blood and are the major lymphocyte population in splenic peri-
arteriolar sheaths and lymph node inter-follicular zones.
▪ T cells cannot recognize free or circulating antigens;
▪ The vast majority (>95%) of T cells sense only peptide fragments
of proteins displayed by molecules of the major histocompatibility
complex (MHC).
16.
17. B Lymphocytes
▪ B (bone marrow–derived) lymphocytes are the cells that produce
antibodies, the mediators of humoral immunity.
▪ B cells make up 10% to 20% of the circulating peripheral lymphocyte
population.
▪ They also are present in bone marrow and in the follicles of peripheral
(secondary) lymphoid organs.
▪ After stimulation, B cells differentiate into plasma cells.
▪ Which secrete large amounts of antibodies.
▪ There are five classes, or isotypes, of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgM, and IgA
constitute more than 95% of circulating antibodies.
▪ IgA is the major isotype in mucosal secretions.
18. B Lymphocytes
▪ IgE is present in the circulation at very low concentrations
▪ Also is found attached to the surfaces of tissue mast cells
▪ IgD is expressed on the surfaces of B cells but is secreted at very
low levels.
19. Natural Killer Cells
▪ NK cells are innate immune cells, as they are functional without prior
activation and do not express highly variable and clonally distributed
receptors for antigens.
▪ NK cells have two types of receptors; inhibitory and activating.
▪ Inhibitory receptors recognize self class I MHC molecules, which are
expressed on all healthy cells
▪ Activating receptors recognize molecules that are expressed or
upregulated on stressed or infected cells
▪ Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are populations of lymphocytes that lack
TCRs but produce cytokines similar to those that are made by T cells.
20. Dendritic Cells
▪ Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most important antigen presenting cells for
initiating T-cell responses against protein antigens. Plasmacytoid
▪ They have numerous fine cytoplasmic processes that resemble dendrites.
▪ These cells are located at the right place to capture antigens—under epithelia,
the common site of entry of microbes and foreign antigens, and in the
interstitia of all tissues, where antigens may be produced. DCs within the
epidermis are called Langerhans cells.
▪ DCs express many receptors for capturing and responding to microbes (and
other antigens), including TLRs and C-type lectin receptors.
▪ In response to microbes, DCs are recruited to the T-cell zones of lymphoid
organs, where they are ideally positioned to present antigens to T cells.
▪ DCs express high levels of MHC and other molecules needed for antigen
presentation and activation of T cells.
21.
22. Lymphoid Tissues
▪ The tissues of the immune system consist of the generative
(primary, or central) lymphoid organs.
▪ In which T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes mature and become
competent to respond to antigens.
▪ The peripheral (or secondary) lymphoid organs, in which adaptive
immune responses to microbes are initiated.
▪ The principal generative lymphoid organs are the thymus, where T
cells develop.
▪ The bone marrow, the site of production of all blood cells and
where B lymphocytes mature.
23. Lymph Nodes
▪ Encapsulated, highly organized collections of lymphoid cells and innate
immune cells that are located along lymphatic channels throughout the
body.
▪ As lymph passes through lymph nodes, resident APCs are able to
sample antigens that are carried to the node in lymph derived from the
interstitial fluids of tissues.
▪ DCs transport antigens from nearby epithelial surfaces and tissues by
migrating through lymphatic vessels to the lymph nodes.
▪ Thus, antigens become concentrated in draining lymph nodes
24. Adaptive Immune Response Steps
1. Antigen recognition;
2. Activation, proliferation and differentiation of specific
lymphocytes into effector and memory cells
3. Elimination of the antigen.
4. Decline of the response, with memory cells being the long-lived
survivors