This slide covers briefly how intracellular and extracellular bacteria elicits an immune response, how bacteria evade from the immune system, what complement system is, opsonization, neutralisation, septic shock, sepsis, superantigens, phagocytosis, interleukins, Toll-like receptors, a list of diseases caused by bacterias and their names etc.
This is a presentation containing all notes for exams on the topic on immunology. It is mainly useful for Cambridge Medical students but some summaries may also be helpful for others!
The main parts of the immune system are: white blood cells, antibodies, the complement system, the lymphatic system, the spleen, the thymus, and the bone marrow. These are the parts of your immune system that actively fight infection.
This slide covers briefly how intracellular and extracellular bacteria elicits an immune response, how bacteria evade from the immune system, what complement system is, opsonization, neutralisation, septic shock, sepsis, superantigens, phagocytosis, interleukins, Toll-like receptors, a list of diseases caused by bacterias and their names etc.
This is a presentation containing all notes for exams on the topic on immunology. It is mainly useful for Cambridge Medical students but some summaries may also be helpful for others!
The main parts of the immune system are: white blood cells, antibodies, the complement system, the lymphatic system, the spleen, the thymus, and the bone marrow. These are the parts of your immune system that actively fight infection.
immunity, types,Innate immunity and Adaptive Immunity, primary and secondary immune response, structure and functions of antibodies, immunoglobulins, hypergammaglobulinemia, multiple myeloma, bence jones protein, electrophoretic pattern of multiple myeloma.
immunity with cells and organs of the immune system. an insight on the mechanism of antigen presentation to the immune system and a little introduction to organ transplant.google and slideshare helped a lot in making this presentation
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Immunology and Immunity
• Immunity: refers to the ability of an organism to recognize
and defend itself against infectious agents
• Susceptibility: opposite of immunity, is the vulnerability of
the host to harm by infectious agents
• Immunology: the study of adaptive immunity and how the
immune system responds to specific infectious agents and
toxins
• Immune system: consists of various cells, especially
lymphocytes, and organs such as the thymus gland, that help
provide the host with specific immunity to infectious agents
3. Types of Immunity
• Innate immunity (genetic): exists because of genetically
determined characteristics
• All humans have immunity to many infectious agents that
cause disease in pets and domestic animals
• Adaptive immunity (acquired): immunity obtained in some
manner other than heredity
• Naturally acquired adaptive immunity is most often obtained
by having a specific disease
• Artificially acquired adaptive immunity is obtained by
receiving an antigen by injection of vaccine or immune serum
4. The various types of immunity: nonspecific immunity is
largely innate, whereas specific immunity is acquired
5. Characteristics of the Immune System
• Antigen: a substance the body identifies as foreign and toward
which it mounts an immune response
• Large, complex proteins can have several epitopes, or antigenic
determinants (areas on the molecule to which antibodies can bind)
• Hapten: a small molecule can act as an antigen if it binds to a
larger protein molecule
• Antibody: a protein produced in response to an antigen that is
capable of binding specifically to the antigen
• Titer: the quantity of a substance needed to produce a given
reaction
6. A typical antigen-antibody reaction: antibodies bind to
specific chemical groups or structures, called epitopes or
antigenic determinants
7. A typical antigen: antibody reaction: gram-negative bacterial
pathogen may have several antigens, or immunogens (flagella,
pili and cell wall)
8. Cells and Tissues of the Immune System
• Specific immune responses are carried out by lymphocytes
which develop from stem cells as do other white blood cells,
red blood cells, and platelets
• B lymphocytes (B cells): lymphocytes are processed and
mature in tissue, referred to as bursal-equivalent tissue
• T lymphocytes ( T cells): stem cells migrate to the thymus,
where they undergo differentiation into thymus-derived cells
• Natural killer cells (NK): found in tissues and circulating in
blood and nonspecifically kill cancer cells and viral-infected
cells
9. Differentiation of stem cells into B cells and T cells.
This occurs in the bone marrow and thymus.
10.
11.
12. The Bursa of Fabricus
In chickens this is where B cells develop
13. Dual Nature of the Immune System
• Lymphocytes give rise to two major types of
immune responses
1. Humoral immunity: carried out by
antibodies circulating in the blood
2. Cell mediated immunity: carried out by T
cells and occurs at the cellular level
14. Clonal selection hypothesis: One of many B cells responds
to a particular antigen and begins to divide, thereby
producing a large population of identical B cells (a clone)
15.
16.
17. Recognition of Self vs. Nonself
• For the immune system to respond to foreign substances, it
must distinguish between host tissues and substances that are
foreign to the host
• Self is normal host and nonself are foreign substances
• The clonal selection hypothesis (figure 17.5) and clonal
deletion hypothesis (figure 17.6)
• This mechanism removes lymphocytes that can destroy host
tissues and thereby creates tolerance for self
18. Clonal Delection: this process,which takes place in the bone
marrow and thymus, removes those lymphocytes that have
receptors for self antigens
19. Properties of Antibodies (Immunglobulins)
• Y-shaped protein molecules composed of four
polypeptide chains – two identical light (L) chains and
two identical heavy (H) chains
• Constant regions: determines the particular class that
an immunoglobulin belongs to
• Variable regions: each chain have a particular shape
and charge that enable the molecule to bind a
particular antigen
23. Classes of Immunoglobulins
• Five classes of immunoglobulins have been identified in
humans and other higher vertebrates
1. IgG: the main class of antibodies found in the blood
accounts for as much as 20% of all plasma proteins
2. IgA: occurs in small amounts in blood and in larger
amounts in body secretions (tears, milk, saliva and mucus)
3. IgM: found as a monomer on the surface of B cells and is
secreted as a pentamer by plasma cells
4. IgE: has a special affinity for receptors on the plasma
membranes of basophils in blood or mast cells in tissues
5. IgD: found mainly on B-cell membranes and is rarely
secreted
30. Primary and Secondary Responses
• In humoral immunity the primary response to an
antigen occurs when the antigen is first recognized by
host B cells
• Primary response of B cells can occur by two
mechanisms:
1. B cells can be activated by binding antigen,
proliferating and forming plasma cells (T-independent
antigens)
2. Produces IgM antibody and no B memory cells are
formed (T-dependent antigens)
• Secondary response: when an antigen recognized by
memory cells enters the blood
35. Monoclonal Antibodies
• Antibodies produced in the laboratory by a clone of
cultured cells that make one specific antibody
• Myeloma cells (malignant cells of immune system) are
mixed with sensitized lymphocytes
• Lymphocytes are used because each makes a
particular antibody
• Hybridoma: when two cell types are mixed in
cultures, they can be made to fuse with one another to
make this cell type
36. Production of monoclonal antibodies: only the hybridoma cells grown in
culture will survive, because any unfused spleen cells cannot divide, and any
unfused mouse myeloma cells cannot get the nutrients they need to grow
37.
38.
39. Cell-Mediated Immunity
• Involves the direct actions of T cells
• T cells interact directly with other cells that display
foreign antigens
• Involves the differentiation and actions of different
types of t cells and production of chemical mediators
(cytokines)
• Cytokines: lymphokines and interleukins
42. Cell-Mediated Immune Reaction
• Involves the response of T lymphocytes
• T cells cannot be activated directly by antigens
• Macrophages that have processed an antigen secrete
the lymphokine interleukin-1 (IL-1), which activates
T helper cells
• T helper cells secrete interleukin-2 (IL-2) and
activate delayed hypersensitivity cells and cytotoxic
killer cells
• IL-1 and IL-2 cause undifferentiated cells to become
natural killer cells
43. Types of T cells: After T cells are challenged by antigens, the
cells differentiate into one of several types of functioning T cells
45. • Active immunization is the process of inducing active
immunity
• Can be conferred by administering vaccines or toxoids
• Vaccine: a substance that contains an antigen to which
the immune system responds
• Toxoid: an inactivated toxin that is no longer harmful,
but retains its antigenic properties
Immunization
46. Recommended Immunizations
• Three vaccines that immunize against seven
diseases are currently recommended in the
U.S
1. DTaP vaccine: contains diphtheria toxoid,
acellular pertussis (whooping cough), and
tetanus toxoid
2. Poliomyelitis vaccine
3. MMR vaccine contains live rubella, rubeola,
and mumps virus
47. Vaccination mark from inoculation with BCG vaccine: This
vaccine is used in some countries to immunize against
tuberculosis
48. Passive Immunization
• Ready-made antibodies are introduced into an
unprotected individual
• Because antibodies are found in serum, these
products are often called antisera
• Established by administering a preparation such as
gamma globulin, hyperimmune serum, or an
antitoxin that contains large numbers of ready-made
antibodies
49. Colorized SEM of a small T lymphocyte attacking
two large tumor cells
