- Bacteriocins are protein or peptide toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit similar or closely related bacterial strains. They are a potential alternative to antibiotics due to their narrow spectrum of activity, lack of toxicity, and ability to avoid development of resistance. The document discusses various classes and modes of action of bacteriocins, as well as their production, detection, and applications in food preservation, livestock, aquaculture, and medicine. Overcoming challenges like instability requires approaches like hurdle technology, antimicrobial packaging films, and microencapsulation.
-Introduction
-About bacteriocins
-Classification of bacteriocins
-Role in food preservation
-How to add bacteriocins in foods
-Advantages and disadvantages
-Conclusion.
-Introduction
-About bacteriocins
-Classification of bacteriocins
-Role in food preservation
-How to add bacteriocins in foods
-Advantages and disadvantages
-Conclusion.
Bacteriocin are produced from lactic acid bacteria .
various lactic acid bacteria produces different kinds of bacteriocin .
Bacteriocin can be used as food preservative
Food safety ( Basic steps in detection of food borne pathogens )SurbhiRai8
It consists of basic structure of steps for analysis of food borne pathogens in various ways and about these ways . what do we mean by food borne pathogens and why there is a need for their detection . then it has a little brief about each and every method . then we have covered 4 basic pathogens found in food and their detection methods . we are very thankful for all the sources from which we got this data . some of them are research papers and google books but it helped us to learn more .
Fermentation
Bread Definition
History
Types of bread
Steps in yeast bread production
Protocols
Steps in bread making
Components of bread
Benefits of bread
References
AMR & Alternative Stratergies - MicrobiologySijo A
Antibiotic resistance poses one of the most important health challenges of the 21st century.
The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria has already led to a significant increase in human disease and death.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that approximately 2.8 million people worldwide are infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, accounting for 35,000 deaths each year in the U.S. and 700,000 deaths around the globe.
Bacteriocin are produced from lactic acid bacteria .
various lactic acid bacteria produces different kinds of bacteriocin .
Bacteriocin can be used as food preservative
Food safety ( Basic steps in detection of food borne pathogens )SurbhiRai8
It consists of basic structure of steps for analysis of food borne pathogens in various ways and about these ways . what do we mean by food borne pathogens and why there is a need for their detection . then it has a little brief about each and every method . then we have covered 4 basic pathogens found in food and their detection methods . we are very thankful for all the sources from which we got this data . some of them are research papers and google books but it helped us to learn more .
Fermentation
Bread Definition
History
Types of bread
Steps in yeast bread production
Protocols
Steps in bread making
Components of bread
Benefits of bread
References
AMR & Alternative Stratergies - MicrobiologySijo A
Antibiotic resistance poses one of the most important health challenges of the 21st century.
The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria has already led to a significant increase in human disease and death.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that approximately 2.8 million people worldwide are infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, accounting for 35,000 deaths each year in the U.S. and 700,000 deaths around the globe.
Antibiotic resistance : A global concern Rohan Jagdale
As we belongs to pharma field., I curiously presented this slide for better understanding about this problem. As the world running out of antibiotics., we need to see this as one of a serious issue right now. So we need to overcome this by knowing bacterial mechanisms. They are well adapted and complicated. We as future pharmacist need to develop new antibiotics and hence we again need to look into the soils and environment in search of new bacterias for producing new antibiotic drugs.
Antibiotic selection /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
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Superbugs are strains of bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi that are resistant to most of the antibiotics and other medications commonly used to treat the infections they cause. A few examples of superbugs include resistant bacteria that can cause pneumonia, urinary tract infections and skin infections.
Drug resistance (antimicrobial resistance) is a naturally occurring phenomenon that can be slowed, but not stopped. Over time, germs such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi adapt to the drugs that are designed to kill them and change to ensure their survival. This makes previously standard treatments for some infections less effective, and sometimes ineffective. Researchers continue to evaluate how these germs develop resistance. They also study how to diagnose, treat and prevent antimicrobial resistance.
Certain actions may step up the appearance and spread of antimicrobial-resistant germs, such as:
Using or misusing antibiotics
Having poor infection prevention and control practices
Living or working in unclean conditions
Mishandling food
To protect yourself from harmful germs and lower the risk of illnesses:
Wash your hands often with soap and water, or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer
Handle food properly, such as separating raw and cooked food, cooking food thoroughly, and using clean water
Avoid close contact with people who are ill
Make sure your vaccinations are up to date
You can also help tackle antibiotic resistance by:
Using antibiotics as directed and only when needed
Completing the full treatment course, even if you feel better
Not sharing antibiotics with others
Not using leftover prescriptions.
No doubt that antibiotics are the life saver for us but taking them without prescription of doctor or not completing its course can turn them against us ,more precisely it makes the bacteria more powerful and hard to cure. They are not affected with antibiotic anymore this is known as Antibiotic Resistance
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-importance of TB day,classification of Mycobacterium species,Details on Mycobacterium tuberculosis-morphology,culture,resistance,biochemical reactions,antigenic characters,mode of transmission,pathogenesis,complications,lab diagnosis,treatment,DOTS Strategy and prophylaxis
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Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
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solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
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THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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4. • The accidental discovery of Penicillin from the fungus
Penicillium notatum was capable of killing a wide range
of harmful bacteria such as Streptococcus ,
Meningococcus and Diphtheria.• However contrary to what the US Surgeon William H
Steward , reported in 1967 “….that we had essentially
defeated infectious diseases and could close the book of
them….”, the golden era did not even last for half a
century.• The Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA)
reported that the majority of bacterial pathogens that
cause fatal infections are likely to be resistant to at least
one of the drugs, so we experience an increased
concern in worldwide public health because of
emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogens.• So, there is an urgent need for new antimicrobial agents
and new strategies to overcome problematic resistant
pathogens.
5. HOW RESISTANCE?
Bacteria employ different strategies to resist
antibiotics:
• Spontaneous mutation in the gene encoding the
target protein.
• Transfer of antibiotic resistant genes from other
bacteria.
Hence there is an urgent need to develop novel
classes of potent antibacterial agents with new
inhibitory mechanisms, to compact problematic
pathogens and their antibiotic resistant derivatives.
6. STRATEGIES TO COMPACT
RESISTANT PATHOGENS
Proper education of physicians regarding
relationship between antibiotic resistance and
improper use of antibiotics.
Appropriate prescribing of antibiotics and use of
specific diagnostic test to differentiate between
bacterial and viral infections.
Hygiene of the hospitals and working
environments.
Public awareness of the negative consequences
of antibiotic resistance and shortage of effective
anti-infective agents.
A desirable approach is the use of Anti-Microbial
Peptides (AMPs) from bacteria –
7. WHAT ARE
BACTERIOCINS?
Bacteriocins are proteinaceous or peptidic toxins
produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of
similar or closely related bacterial strains.
They have low molecular weight rarely over 10kD
Undergo post translational modifications.
They are cationic and amphipathic molecules.
8. DIFFERENCES
BACTERIOCINS ANTIBIOTICS
• Narrow spectrum
activity.
• Ribosomally
synthesized.
• Are non-toxic.
• Have no side effects.
• Broad spectrum
activity.
• Usually are secondary
metabolites.
• Are toxic.
• Exhibit side effects.
9. MICROBIAL ORIGIN
1. Bacteriocins of Eukarya
• Eukaryotic AMPs contribute to innate immunity and is
part of the first defense line against harmful
microorganisms.
• Micro molar concentrations are only required for their
activity when compared to bacterial AMPs which
require Pico to Nano molar concentrations.SL.No Antimicrobial Peptides
(AMPs)
Source
1. Histatins Human saliva
2. Defensins Mammalian
neutrophils
3. Trichorzins Trichoderma
4. Mellitin Bee venom
10. 2. Bacteriocins of Archaea
• Archaea synthesize bacteriocin like AMPs named
archaeocins.
• The Halocin S8 from halobacteria is the first
discovered archaeocin.
3. Bacteriocins of Gram negative bacteria
• Bacteriocins are initially isolated from Gram negative
bacteria.
• The first discovered bacteriocin was Colicin from
E.coli by Gratia in 1925.SL.N
o
Organism Bacteriocin
1. Klebsiella pneumonia Klebicins
2. Pseudomonas Pyocins
3. Hafnia alvei Alveicins
11. COLICINS
• Colicins are proteins produced by some strains of
Escherichia coli that are lethal for related strains
of E.coli.
• Colicin peptides are plasmid encoded.
Structure
12. 4. Bacteriocins of Gram positive bacteria
• Bacteriocins are also produced by a number of
gram positive bacteria.
• The most important among them is the Lactic
Acid Bacteria (LAB), which produce a wide range
of potent and useful bacteriocins.
• The most important among them is Nisin.
SL.N
o
Organism Bacteriocin
1. Lactococcus lactis Nisin A
2. Streptococcus uberis Nisin U
3. Streptococcus salivarius Salivaricin A
13. NISIN
• Nisin is a polycyclic antibacterial peptide
produces by Lactococcus lactis that is used as
food preservative.
14. BIOSYNTHESIS
• Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized and the
genes necessary for their production and
immunity are usually arranged as operons.
• These operons can be located on conjugative
transposable elements , on plasmids etc.
Biosynthesis of Nisin
• The genes involved in the biosynthesis of nisin
are located on a 70 kb conjugative transposon.
• It is encoded by a cluster of 11 genes-nis A, nis B,
nis T, nis C, nis I, nis P, nis R, nis K, nis F, nis E,
nis G.
16. CLASSIFICATION(gram positive
bacteria)
1. Class I
• Also called as lantibiotics.
• Undergo post translational modifications.
• Nisin is the most well known example.
• The varients of nisin are nisin A, nisin Z, nisin U etc..
2. Class II
• Simpler than lantibiotics.
• Do not have post translational modifications.
• Divided into 3 subclasses:
i) Class II -A
ii) Class II-B
iii) Class II-C
3. Class III
• Have complex activity and protein structure.
19. BACTERIOCIN DETECTION
AND QUANTIFICATION
METHODS
1. Biological tests
• Most commonly used bioassays are Agar diffusion
test and Turbidometric methods.
2. Genetic tests
• Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) or Southern
Blotting are genetic test that can determine if a
bacterial strain has the genetic potential to encode a
specific bacteriocin.
3. Immunological tests
• Method of choice for detecting and quantifying
bacteriocins.
• Based on antigen-antibody reaction.
24. 3.Application of bacteriocin in medicine
SL.N
o
Group of bacteriocins Pharmaceutical
applications
1.
Lantibiotics
Blood pressure treatment,
inflammation and allergy
treatment, skin infection
treatment, mastitis
infection treatment, dental
carries treatment.
2.
Colicins
Hemolytic uremia
syndrome treatment,
urogenital infection
treatment, hemorrhagic
colitis treatment
3. Microcins Salmonellosis treatment.
25. ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
• Easy to find.
• Highly specific.
• Low MIC.
• Little to no toxicity to
human cells.
• No allergic reactions.
• Active against dividing
and non dividing cells.
• Ease of genetic
manipulation and
production.
• Reduced resistance
levels.`
• High cost for
production of purified
bacteriocin.
• Instability in biological
matrices(extreme pH,
salt).
• Narrow range of
activity.
• Consumer
acceptance
challenges.
26. OVERCOMING THE
CHALLENGES
1. Hurdle technology
Hurdle technology refers to the intelligent combination of
hurdles to secure safety, nutritive and economic aspects of
food product.
EXAMPLES:
1. Calderon-Miranda et al investigated the use of Pulse
Electric Field (PEF) and nisin in combination to
inactivate Listeria innocua in skim milk. The results
showed an additive effect on the inactivation of L.
innocua when the pathogen was exposed to PEF and
the sensitized cells treated with nisin.
2. Nilsson et al investigated the combined action of nisin
and carbon dioxide on Listeria monocytogens cells.
Nisin brought about a two log reduction in the wild type
Listeria monocytogens cells and acted synergistically
with carbon dioxide to give a four log reduction in cell
27.
28. 2. Antimicrobial packaging film
• The aim of antimicrobial packaging is to reduce,
inhibit or retard the growth of microorganisms in
the packaged food or packaging material itself.
• Based on the amphiphilic nature bacteriocins
have successfully coated on to packaging
material, hence prevent microbial growth on food
surface.
EXAMPLES:
1. Nisaplin containing cellophane based coatings
for controlling total aerobic bacteria in chopped
meat.
29.
30.
31. 3. Microencapsulation
Microencapsulation is another method to deliver
antimicrobial agents such as nisin into food
systems.
EXAMPLES:
1. Benech et al, reported that nearly 90%of the
nisin activity was retained in cheese made with
encapsulated nisin Z liposomes after 6 months
compare to 12% of the nisin activity in cheese
made with nisin producing starter.
32.
33. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
PERSPECTIVE
• The alarming increase in antibiotic resistant
bacterial infections is a serious threat to humans
and animals worldwide.
• In this respect AMPs such as bacteriocins are
promising therapeutic tools because of their rapid
and specific killing activity against pathogens.
• Studies to extend the detailed understanding on
how AMPs function in medical settings, how their
mode of action, toxicity and immunogenicity are
carried out in humans will be crucial for the further
development of bacteriocins into particular use in
medicine.
