This document provides information about biology topics covered in the second semester, including genetics and evolution. It discusses the structure and function of DNA, how DNA carries genetic information from parents to offspring, and its role in heredity and protein synthesis. It covers Mendel's laws of heredity and how they can be used to determine offspring traits. It also explains chromosomal mutations and genetic variation. The document outlines the process of DNA replication and the steps of transcription and translation in which DNA is copied and transcribed to mRNA and then translated to proteins with the help of tRNA and rRNA.

1. B io lo g y 2 nd
S e me s te r
D iv e r s it y ,
two lines, turns gene
G e nae t i c s
nd
E v o lu t io n

2. Big Ideas / Major
Understandings:

3. What determines structure and function of
cells?
The DNA molecule

4. Offspring receive genetic
information (DNA) from their
parents.

5. Chromosomal mutations
may lead to
genetic variation

6. Unity and Diversity

7. Explain
the structural properties of DNA
and the
role of DNA in
heredity
passing of traits to offspring
and
protein synthesis
production of protein

8. Assessment
Diagram and explain the role of DNA in heredity :
DNA replication replicating DNA
and protein synthesis
which includes
producing mRNA from
transcription DNA
translation making protein using tRNA
and ribosomes (rRNA)

9. Explain
Mendel's laws of heredity
• the Law of Segregation and
• the Law of Independent Assortment
The Law of Segregation states that the members of each pair of
alleles separate when gametes are formed. A gamete will receive
one allele or the other.
The Law of Independent assortment states that two or more pairs
of alleles segregate independently of one another during
gamete formation.
And how can the laws
can be used to
determine the traits of
possible offspring

10. Assessment
Use Mendel's laws to predict
the potential offspring of two parents:
Both
phenotype
and
genotype

11. Explain possible causes of
chromosomal
mutations
and their effects on
genetic variation

12. Assessment
Name human chromosomal disorders
Sickle cell anemia
Down Syndrome
and describe the cause and symptoms of each Cystic Fibrosis

13. Week 21
DNA
and
Genes –
Let’s Make a
Protein!!
Ch 11.1-2 Pg 280 Week 21

14. DNA / Nucleus / Gene / Chromosomes / Protein
use these words in two sentences
nucleus chromosomes
In the ________ there are _____________ that are
made of ________________ acid. (aka (DNA))
Deoxyribonucleic
A section of DNA that codes for a protein is called a
gene
_______.

15. products
substrate
enzyme
activator
Enzymes
__________ are proteins that control
chemical reactions
_________ ___________.

16. Nucleotides
Nucleic Acids
are made of these
DNA RNA
They consist of 3 molecules bonded together
a phosphate group
a sugar,
and a nitrogenous base

17. DNA has 4 types of nitrogenous bases
A T G C
• Adenine (A) and
• Thymine (T)
• Guanine (G) and
• Cytosine (C)

18. Watson and Crick
_______________
proposed that DNA
is composed of two
strands twisted
together in a
helix
double ____.

19. DNA replication
A process in which DNA in the
chromosomes is copied (replicated)
Click to see

20. What are the 3 steps of DNA
replication
1 DNA unzips - enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds between bases
2. Bases pair
3. Bases bond

21. protein / polymer / amino acid
– write as sentence
polymers
Proteins are ___________composed of strands of
amino acids
40 or more ___________

22. 3 ways RNA differs from DNA
RNA is
• 1) single stranded (DNA is _________stranded)
double
• 2) has ribose sugar (DNA has ____________)
deoxyribose
Thymine
• 3) contains uracil (U) (DNA has __________ (T))
nucleic acid
nucleic acid

23. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Takes
instructions (a message)
for making proteins from the
DNA in the nucleus
to the
ribosomes (rRNA)
in the cytoplasm
rRNA

24. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• The assembly line for producing
proteins, bonds amino acids together

25. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• Supplies amino acids to the ribosomal
RNA (rRNA)

26. Transcription
When enzymes make an mRNA copy of a
section of DNA (gene)
RNA
gene

27. Sections of gene that are expressed
Exons
Sections of a gene that are NOT expressed
Introns
Not expressed
expressed

28. codon / base / amino acid
base
• A group of three nitrogenous _____s in
amino
a gene that code for an ______ acid is
codon
called a ______

29. protein
Amino
Translation tRNA
acid
After transcription, mRNA rRNA
goes to the ribosome
and begins a process
which converts mRNA mRNA
code into a protein

30. AND NOW THE QUIZ

31. 1
A process in which DNA in the
chromosomes is copied
Click to see

32. 2
1 DNA unzips - enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds between bases
2. Bases pair
3. Bases bond

33. 3
polymers
Proteins are ___________composed of strands
of 40 or more ___________

34. 4) 2 ways RNA differs from DNA
RNA is
• 1) ________ stranded
• 2) has _______ sugar
nucleic acid

35. 5
Takes
instructions (a message)
for making proteins from the
DNA in the nucleus
to the
ribosomes (rRNA)
in the cytoplasm
rRNA

36. 6
nucleus
In the ________ there are _____________ that are
made of ________________ acid. (aka (DNA))
Deoxyribonucleic
A section of DNA that codes for a protein is called a
_______.

37. 7_________ are proteins that control
chemical ___________.
_________ reactions

38. 8
The two kinds of
nucleic acids,
DNA and RNA
are made of these
They consist of 3 molecules bonded together
a phosphate group
a sugar,
and a nitrogenous base

39. 9
• Supplies amino acids to the ribosomal
RNA (rRNA)

40. 10
• The assembly line for producing
proteins, bonds amino acids together

41. 11
When enzymes make an mRNA copy of a
section of DNA (gene)
RNA
gene

42. Sections of gene that are expressed
12
Sections of a gene that are NOT expressed
Introns
Not expressed
expressed

43. 13
_______________
proposed that DNA
is composed of two
strands twisted
together in a
helix
double ____.

44. 14
The two kinds of
nucleic acids,
DNA and RNA
are made of these
They consist of 3 molecules bonded together
a phosphate group
a sugar,
and a nitrogenous base

45. codon / base / amino acid
base
• A group of three nitrogenous _____s in
amino
a gene that code for an ______ acid is
15
called a ______

46. protein
Amino
16 tRNA
acid
rRNA
A process which
converts mRNA
into a protein mRNA

47. Mahalo!