1) The structure of DNA was determined in the 1950s by Watson and Crick to be a double helix with complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine.
2) DNA replication occurs through unwinding of the DNA double helix, followed by synthesis of new strands using the old strands as templates.
3) Gene expression involves transcription of DNA into mRNA in the nucleus, followed by translation of mRNA into proteins with the help of tRNA and rRNA in the cytoplasm.
Types and functions of RNA. Of the many types of RNA, the three most well-known and most commonly studied are messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA),
Types and functions of RNA. Of the many types of RNA, the three most well-known and most commonly studied are messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA),
These slides may be helpful for grabbing basic knowledge regarding Nucleic acids for the students of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Nursing, Agriculture, Veterinary,Pharmacy..etc
Introduction to molecular genetic. ADN an ARN, structure and function.
Central dogma of molecular biology. Replication, transcription and translation.
Mutation, causes and classification
These slides may be helpful for grabbing basic knowledge regarding Nucleic acids for the students of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Nursing, Agriculture, Veterinary,Pharmacy..etc
Introduction to molecular genetic. ADN an ARN, structure and function.
Central dogma of molecular biology. Replication, transcription and translation.
Mutation, causes and classification
An Instructional Material utilized in professional Education Subject, The Teaching Profession. Prepared by;
CHRISTOPHER H. PUNZALAN
Bachelor of Technical Teacher Education
Technological University of the Philippines- Cavite
2015
Brief Concepts and Questions EXAM 2 Chapter 8 DNA RNA Protein What i.pdfmckenziecast21211
Brief Concepts and Questions EXAM 2 Chapter 8: DNA RNA Protein What is DNA? a
phosphate Structure of DNA: Building blocks are called nucleotides Each nucleotide is
composed of three br uithofenas bee. What makes DNA so special? Provide 4 reasons, below
DNA DNA (Replication): Where does DNA replication take place? When does DNA replication
take place? Explain steps involved in DNA replication: DNA RNA Protein (Gene Expression)
Involves 2 processes: 1. Transcription 2. Translation Explain the Synthesis of Proteins (Gene
Expression): o DNA RNA Protein What is RNA? What is \"codon What is \"anticodon\" What is
a protein molecule? DNA mutation; Change in nucleotide bases of DNA Duplex Point mutation
Frame shift mutation
Solution
Question
Answer
Where does DNA replication take place:
It takes place in the nucleus in case of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm in case of
prokaryotic cells
When does DNA replication take place:
DNA replication occurs during the S-phase during cell cycle, so that cell can make an extra copy
of genetic material.
Explain steps involved in DNA replication:
Initiation: During initiation, the proteins will bind to the origin of replication; helicase unwinds
the DNA helix which results in the formation of two replication forks.
Elongation: A RNA primer sequence will be added to this the DNA pol III will add the
nucleotides in 5’ to 3’ direction and chain will elongate.
Termination: In case of bacteria, termination of replication occurs whenever two replication
forks meet each other from the opposite end of the parental chromosome.
Transcription
Gene expression first step is transcription, here a particular segment of DNA will be copied into
RNA with the help of the enzyme RNA polymerase
Translation
Translation is the final step of the gene expression. Here mRNA will be used to synthesize the
polypeptide chain. The information present in the mRNA in the form of codon will code for the
amino acids needed for polypeptide chain synthesis.
What is RNA?
RNA is ribonucleic acid and is found in all living cells. It acts as the messenger carrying
instructions from DNA for the synthesis of proteins.
Few viruses will have RNA as their genetic material.
What is codon?
Codon is a sequence of three nucleotides and they together form a unit of genetic code in either
DNA or RNA.
What is anticodon?
It is found on tRNA and it is a sequence of three nucleotides which forms a genetic code on
tRNA, and these anticodon is complementary to the codons found on messenger RNA.
What is a protein molecule?
During translation, when amino acids are added in a sequential manner, the condensation of
amino acids will form a peptide bond in between them and finally forms a polypeptide chain. It
is the DNA through mRNA directs the protein synthesis.
Point mutation
In point mutation, only one or very few nucleotides will be affected or mutated in a gene
sequence.
Frame shift mutation
Either insertions or deletion can result in frame shift mutation, due to th.
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https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
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Genetics. dna rep.
1. DNA Structure and
Replication
Submitted by:
Esguerra, Joanna Marie
Evaristo, Roselle
AAPD2G
1
2. In the early 1900s, scientists knew that
chromosomes are made up of DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) and proteins,
contained genetic information.
However, they did not know whether the DNA or
the proteins was the actual genetic material.
2
3. In the 1940s, various researchers
showed that DNA was the genetic
material
In the 1950s, the structure of DNA was
determined.
3
4. Structure of DNA
The structure of DNA was determined by
James Watson and Francis Crick in
the early 1950s.
DNA is a polynucleotide; nucleotides are
composed of a phosphate, a sugar, and a
nitrogen-containing base. 4
5. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose
The four different bases in DNA are:
adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine
(G), and cytosine (C).
5
7. Watson and Crick showed that DNA is a double
helix in which
A is paired with T
G is paired with C
This is called complementary base pairing
because a purine is always paired with a
pyrimidine.
7
9. When the DNA double helix unwinds, it resembles a
ladder.
The sides of the ladder are the sugar-phosphate
backbones, and the rungs of the ladder are the
complementary paired bases.
The two DNA strands are anti-parallel – they run
in opposite directions.
9
11. Replication of DNA
DNA replication occurs during chromosome
duplication.
An exact copy of the DNA is produced with the aid of
DNA polymerase.
Hydrogen bonds between bases break and enzymes
“unzip” the molecule.
11
12. Each old strand of nucleotides serves
as a template for each new strand.
New nucleotides move into
complementary positions are joined by
DNA polymerase.
12
15. Gene Expression
A gene is a segment of DNA that specifies the amino
acid sequence of a protein.
Gene expression occurs when gene activity leads to
a protein product in the cell.
A gene does not directly control protein synthesis;
instead, it passes its genetic information on to RNA,
which is more directly involved in protein synthesis.
15
16. RNA (ribonucleic acid ) is a single-
stranded nucleic acid in which
(adenine) A pairs with U (uracil )
(guanine) G pairs with C. (cytosine)
16
17. messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic
information to the ribosomes,
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is found in the ribosomes,
transferRNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the
ribosomes, where the protein product is
synthesized.
17
19. Two processes are involved in the synthesis of
proteins in the cell:
Transcription makes an RNA molecule
complementary to a portion of DNA.
Translation occurs when the sequence of
bases of mRNA directs the sequence of
amino acids in a polypeptide.
19
20. The Genetic Code
DNA specifies the synthesis of proteins
because it contains a triplet code: every
three bases stand for one amino acid.
Each three-letter unit of an mRNA
molecule is called a codon.
20
21. Most amino acids have more than one
codon; there are 20 amino acids with a
possible 64 different triplets.
The code is nearly universal among
living organisms.
21
23. Central Concept or " The Central Dogma"
The central concept of genetics involves the DNA-
to-protein sequence involving transcription and
translation.
DNA has a sequence of bases that is transcribed into
a sequence of bases in mRNA.
Every three bases is a codon that stands for a
particular amino acid.
23
25. During transcription in the nucleus, a segment
of DNA unwinds and unzips, and the DNA serves as
a template for mRNA formation.
RNA polymerase joins the RNA nucleotides so
that the codons in mRNA are complementary to
the triplet code in DNA.
25
27. Translation
Translation is the second step by which gene
expression leads to protein synthesis.
During translation, the sequence of codons in mRNA
specifies the order of amino acids in a protein.
Translation requires several enzymes and two other
types of RNA: transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA.
27
28. Review of Gene Expression
DNA in the nucleus contains a triplet
code; each group of three bases stands
for one amino acid.
During transcription, an mRNA copy of
the DNA template is made.
28
29. The mRNA is processed before leaving the
nucleus.
The mRNA joins with a ribosome, where
tRNA carries the amino acids into position
during translation.
29