This paper involves study of Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (SVAWT) blades. In
past few years more research works are carried out to increase efficiency of Vertical Axis Wind
Turbine. Review of all these papers shows that the experiments are conducted only on semi
cylindrical bucket shape blades, twisted blades, blades with end flap edges and blades having frames
with cavity vanes, for two blades, three blades and four bladed Savonius Vertical Axis Wind
Turbine(SVAWT) to increase performance. They also conducted experiments by providing curtains or
flow guide to the rotor, increasing in the stages of rotor and combining both Savonius and Darrieus
rotor (i.e. hybrid rotors) to increase the efficiency of rotor. Research work or experiments on semi
cylindrical bucket rotor blade edges, having extrusion or leading edges with different angles are not
carried out. Development of these designs includes a multidisciplinary design optimization approach
for optimizing the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine blade, considering both structural and fluid flow
performance requirements. Weighted Property Method, Cost Property Method, limits Property
Methods are used for Selection of suitable material. ANSYS and Computational Fluid Dynamics are
used for structural analysis and fluid flow performance of newly designed blade.
Design and testing of a vertical axis turbine drivenby automotive drag as an ...Jomar Basto
Undergraduate thesis submitted by B.S Mechanical Engineering Students of University of Perpetual Help System Laguna (2016-2017). For reference purpose only.
Train Mounting T Box for Wind Power Generationijtsrd
Today many industries are rapidly growing to the wind energy generation. Nowadays, the need of energy resources is increasing at a much faster rate. We need to capitalize all the available options to complete all our needs with ease. For this, inventions such as T BOX are very helpful. As it needs only wind from passing trains to produce the energy. Since fasting is going on for alternative forms of treatment, T box has created hope. This device introduces a new generation of wind energy generator producing very prominent in techno buffs. That's it however, it is important to remember, that the design is still in a conceptual state, so that in the future, the ‘use and maintenance of this device has not been resolved. Our evolution shows that i Constructing electricity Using the concept of rotation of wind turbine by hawking rail. ii Using air tight coat to reduce large pressure and use it to control wind flow. The mouth of casing provided with valve to control the wind flow. To provide full mechanical support to the Train. Vaghela P. M | Thorat P. D | Lakudzode K. B | Prof. Udamle S. R ""Train Mounting T-Box for Wind Power Generation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23933.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23933/train-mounting-t-box-for-wind-power-generation/vaghela-p-m
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical power and then electricity. They work in opposition to fans by using wind to generate electricity rather than using electricity to create wind. Modern wind turbines are generally horizontal-axis turbines with key components including blades to capture the wind's energy and convert it to rotational motion, a drive train with a gearbox and generator to produce electricity, a tower to support the rotor and drive train, and other equipment. Larger wind farms consist of multiple turbines grouped together to generate bulk power for the electrical grid. Future improvements may enable technologies like airborne wind energy systems that harness higher altitude winds without heavy tower infrastructure.
This document discusses the advantages and challenges of wind energy. It outlines several key advantages, including that wind energy is a clean and renewable resource that does not pollute the air or use water. Wind power also provides economic benefits through jobs and additional income for farmers. However, the document notes there are also challenges to greater adoption of wind energy, including the need for technology improvements and lowering costs.
1) The document is a student assignment on wind energy submitted by Shrutidhar to their professor Er. Jaya Sinha.
2) It discusses the origins and mechanics of wind energy, explaining how wind turbines convert kinetic wind energy into electrical energy.
3) India has strong wind energy potential estimated at 302 GW, but has only realized about 25% of this potential so far, indicating significant room for growth in wind power in India.
The document proposes designing and fabricating a prototype 30W buoyant air turbine to convert wind energy to electricity. It would consist of a helium-filled shell to provide lift, a horizontal-axis wind turbine fixed within the shell, and tethers to hold the turbine in place and transmit power to the ground. The design, fabrication, and testing of the shell, turbine, tethers, and ground control system are described. Performance would be evaluated at various altitudes to identify parameters for improved efficiency. Cost estimates are provided for turbines of different outputs and gas options. High-altitude winds are discussed as being steadier, faster, and providing more power than near-ground winds.
This document discusses pitch angle control of variable speed wind turbines. It begins with an introduction to wind turbines and their components. The main types are horizontal axis and vertical axis turbines. Variable speed turbines allow control of power output through adjustment of the pitch angle. At low wind speeds, the pitch angle is high to accelerate the turbine. At rated wind speed, the pitch angle is controlled by a PI controller to regulate power output. The document presents the modeling of a pitch controlled wind turbine system in MATLAB/Simulink, including a wind turbine block, pitch controller, and actuator dynamics. Pitch control is important for optimizing power capture and limiting loads at high wind speeds.
Wind energy is playing a critical role in the establishment of an environmentally sustainable low carbon economy. This paper presents an overview of wind turbine generator technologies and compares their advantages and drawbacks used for wind energy utilization. Traditionally, DC machines, synchronous machines and squirrel-cage induction machines have been used for small scale power generation. For medium and large wind turbines (WTs), the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is currently the dominant technology while permanent magnet (PM), switched reluctance and high temperature superconducting generators are all extensively researched and developed over the years. In this paper, the topologies and features of these machines are discussed with special attention given to their practical considerations involved in the design, control and operation. It is hoped that this paper provides quick reference guidelines for developing wind turbine generation systems.
Design and testing of a vertical axis turbine drivenby automotive drag as an ...Jomar Basto
Undergraduate thesis submitted by B.S Mechanical Engineering Students of University of Perpetual Help System Laguna (2016-2017). For reference purpose only.
Train Mounting T Box for Wind Power Generationijtsrd
Today many industries are rapidly growing to the wind energy generation. Nowadays, the need of energy resources is increasing at a much faster rate. We need to capitalize all the available options to complete all our needs with ease. For this, inventions such as T BOX are very helpful. As it needs only wind from passing trains to produce the energy. Since fasting is going on for alternative forms of treatment, T box has created hope. This device introduces a new generation of wind energy generator producing very prominent in techno buffs. That's it however, it is important to remember, that the design is still in a conceptual state, so that in the future, the ‘use and maintenance of this device has not been resolved. Our evolution shows that i Constructing electricity Using the concept of rotation of wind turbine by hawking rail. ii Using air tight coat to reduce large pressure and use it to control wind flow. The mouth of casing provided with valve to control the wind flow. To provide full mechanical support to the Train. Vaghela P. M | Thorat P. D | Lakudzode K. B | Prof. Udamle S. R ""Train Mounting T-Box for Wind Power Generation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23933.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23933/train-mounting-t-box-for-wind-power-generation/vaghela-p-m
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical power and then electricity. They work in opposition to fans by using wind to generate electricity rather than using electricity to create wind. Modern wind turbines are generally horizontal-axis turbines with key components including blades to capture the wind's energy and convert it to rotational motion, a drive train with a gearbox and generator to produce electricity, a tower to support the rotor and drive train, and other equipment. Larger wind farms consist of multiple turbines grouped together to generate bulk power for the electrical grid. Future improvements may enable technologies like airborne wind energy systems that harness higher altitude winds without heavy tower infrastructure.
This document discusses the advantages and challenges of wind energy. It outlines several key advantages, including that wind energy is a clean and renewable resource that does not pollute the air or use water. Wind power also provides economic benefits through jobs and additional income for farmers. However, the document notes there are also challenges to greater adoption of wind energy, including the need for technology improvements and lowering costs.
1) The document is a student assignment on wind energy submitted by Shrutidhar to their professor Er. Jaya Sinha.
2) It discusses the origins and mechanics of wind energy, explaining how wind turbines convert kinetic wind energy into electrical energy.
3) India has strong wind energy potential estimated at 302 GW, but has only realized about 25% of this potential so far, indicating significant room for growth in wind power in India.
The document proposes designing and fabricating a prototype 30W buoyant air turbine to convert wind energy to electricity. It would consist of a helium-filled shell to provide lift, a horizontal-axis wind turbine fixed within the shell, and tethers to hold the turbine in place and transmit power to the ground. The design, fabrication, and testing of the shell, turbine, tethers, and ground control system are described. Performance would be evaluated at various altitudes to identify parameters for improved efficiency. Cost estimates are provided for turbines of different outputs and gas options. High-altitude winds are discussed as being steadier, faster, and providing more power than near-ground winds.
This document discusses pitch angle control of variable speed wind turbines. It begins with an introduction to wind turbines and their components. The main types are horizontal axis and vertical axis turbines. Variable speed turbines allow control of power output through adjustment of the pitch angle. At low wind speeds, the pitch angle is high to accelerate the turbine. At rated wind speed, the pitch angle is controlled by a PI controller to regulate power output. The document presents the modeling of a pitch controlled wind turbine system in MATLAB/Simulink, including a wind turbine block, pitch controller, and actuator dynamics. Pitch control is important for optimizing power capture and limiting loads at high wind speeds.
Wind energy is playing a critical role in the establishment of an environmentally sustainable low carbon economy. This paper presents an overview of wind turbine generator technologies and compares their advantages and drawbacks used for wind energy utilization. Traditionally, DC machines, synchronous machines and squirrel-cage induction machines have been used for small scale power generation. For medium and large wind turbines (WTs), the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is currently the dominant technology while permanent magnet (PM), switched reluctance and high temperature superconducting generators are all extensively researched and developed over the years. In this paper, the topologies and features of these machines are discussed with special attention given to their practical considerations involved in the design, control and operation. It is hoped that this paper provides quick reference guidelines for developing wind turbine generation systems.
The document provides information about wind energy and biomass energy. It discusses various topics related to wind energy sources and potentials in India, types of wind turbines including horizontal axis and vertical axis turbines, their performance characteristics, Betz criteria, and factors affecting wind turbine performance. It also covers biomass energy sources, principles of bioconversion including thermo-chemical and bio-chemical conversion processes like anaerobic digestion and gasification.
The document outlines the design and development of a vertical axis micro wind turbine. It discusses the need for alternative energy sources and aims to investigate micro wind turbines for residential, commercial, and industrial use. The main components of a vertical axis wind turbine are described as the blades or rotor, generator, bearings, gears, and shaft. Experimental components considered include different types of rotors, generators like bicycle dynamos and motorcycle alternators, mounted bearings, and planetary gears. The conclusion states that an array of counter-rotating horizontal axis micro wind turbines can be prototyped using optimized fan blades, axial flux permanent magnet generators, planetary gears for counter-rotation and increased generator speed, and robustly designed shafts and mounted bear
A Look at High-Altitude Wind Power GenerationRoger Walker
Fossil fuels currently provide most of the world's energy but have environmental impacts and limited reserves, while energy demand is increasing. High-altitude wind power could provide a large, renewable source of energy, as winds are stronger and more consistent at higher altitudes. However, current designs for harvesting high-altitude winds have technological issues like equipment failure and challenges connecting to the electric grid. Further development is needed to solve these problems and fully explore high-altitude wind power's potential to provide a major new source of clean energy.
The document discusses wind energy and wind turbines. It provides information on the different types of wind turbines (horizontal axis, vertical axis, old windmills), how wind power is used (powering homes, communities, industry), and wind power plants (offshore and onshore). It also gives statistics on wind capacity and generation in countries like China, Germany, India, and provides details on environmental impacts of wind turbines like noise pollution, effects on birds, and comparison to greenhouse gas emissions from traditional energy sources.
This document provides an overview of energy kites as a revolutionary technique for power generation. It describes energy kites as airborne wind turbines tethered to the ground that can fly in crosswinds and circular trajectories to generate electricity. The key components of an energy kite system include the kite itself, a tether, and a ground station. The document discusses the operating principles, design capacity from Makani's prototype energy kite models, advantages over traditional wind turbines, and concludes that energy kites could significantly reduce air pollution and global warming by making more effective use of winds at higher altitudes.
This document discusses airborne wind turbines as an alternative to traditional wind turbines. It begins by asking what airborne wind turbines are and why they are important. It then explains that airborne wind turbines harness wind power from devices in the air, connected to the ground by tethers, rather than mounted on towers. Various types are described - kite-based, balloon-based, combinations of kites and balloons, and auto gyro types. Advantages are discussed, such as access to stronger higher altitude winds and not requiring towers. Disadvantages include high installation costs and limited locations for use. The document compares airborne wind turbines favorably to traditional turbines, which provide inconsistent power and have environmental and aesthetic impacts.
The document discusses the design and components of a wind turbine for power generation. It describes the key parts of a wind turbine including the generator, blades, hub, tower, and how it is connected to the electric grid. The generator converts the kinetic energy of the rotating blades into electrical energy. Blades are made of composite materials and their shape and count are optimized for aerodynamic efficiency. The tower needs to be tall to access stronger winds higher above the ground.
These slides will make you understand about wind energy and also will clear your doubt.
In these slide share you will also understand the fundamental on wind energy.
I will suggest you to read once for your benefits.
Offshore Wind Energy – Potential for India
This presentation analyze energy demand scenario, especially that of almost unlimited wind energy and highlight vast potential of offshore wind energy for India in territorial water along its long coastline. Challenges to exploit this potential, financial viability of such offshore energy projects, social, environmental, and other related issues are discussed in Indian context to serve as a useful tool for policymakers to allocate resources for detailed studies for estimation and its ultimate utilization to add to growing pool of renewable energy
This is report prepared by me on Airborne Wind Turbines (AWT). It consists of the types of wind turbines used today. Types of prototypes in the airborne sector, and a brief working of them.
This document discusses harnessing wind power from high altitude winds using tethered wind turbines. It describes two designs - a four-rotor tethered craft and the HK design, which is an array of small units each with four rotors. Both designs use generators and conductive tethers to transmit the generated electrical power to the ground. Projections indicate the cost of energy from these systems would be competitive at $0.01-$0.02/kWh. Harnessing high-altitude winds is a promising renewable energy source due to the strong, persistent winds and limited environmental impacts.
what is air borne wind energy system and how it is work and types of wind energy system history of air borne wind energy system mathematical calculation related to awes all are in this pdf
This document is a project report on wind power in India submitted by Agile Vinod Kumar Reddy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report provides an overview of the history of wind energy use, how wind farms generate power, the technology behind wind turbines, advantages and limitations of wind farms, and India's potential and policies related to wind power. It discusses topics such as India's large wind resource, government support for the industry, capacity installed to date, and the role of wind power in addressing energy security, environmental, and economic issues in India.
The document provides an overview of the Indian power sector and economics of wind energy in Tamil Nadu. It summarizes that Tamil Nadu has significant wind power potential and is a leading state in India for installed wind capacity. Wind energy is an important renewable source that can help meet India's growing energy demands in a sustainable manner. The economics analysis shows that wind energy projects in Tamil Nadu are financially viable due to available incentives and low operation and maintenance costs.
Wind energy has great potential in India given its abundant wind resources and growing energy needs. India has set ambitious targets to add at least 2000 MW of wind energy annually and reach 20% renewable energy production by 2020. This will require continued technology advancements to develop larger, more efficient wind turbines suitable for low wind speed sites, as well as improvements to grid infrastructure and integration capabilities. Wind energy offers benefits as a clean, domestic source that can help meet energy demand in a sustainable manner if these challenges are adequately addressed.
IRJET- Electricity Generation by Maglev WindmillIRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed design for an electric generator using a vertical axis maglev windmill. Some key points:
- It uses magnetic levitation between the wind turbine shaft and base to eliminate mechanical friction, allowing it to operate in low winds.
- Permanent magnets on the base and bottom of the turbine create magnetic repulsion to levitate the shaft. Rotating turbine blades turn a shaft connected to coils to generate electricity.
- The electricity is stored in a battery and can power loads directly or through an inverter. By reducing friction, the maglev design aims to increase efficiency over traditional wind turbines.
- It has advantages like operating in variable wind directions and speeds as low as
This document discusses wind power plants and wind energy. It explains that wind is a free, clean and renewable energy source. It then discusses the origin of global and local winds. Some key factors that affect wind energy distribution on Earth's surface are discussed, such as mountains, trees, and climate changes. The document outlines important considerations for selecting wind plant sites, such as wind speed data, access roads, terrain and population density. It also classifies wind power plants based on axis orientation and size. Environmental impacts of wind plants are summarized, including effects on birds, noise, communications and ecosystem stresses.
This technical report provides an overview of airborne wind turbines (AWT) as an emerging renewable energy technology. It discusses how AWTs can harness wind energy at high altitudes where winds are stronger and more consistent. The report categorizes four major AWT designs and finds that kite-type designs have shown the most growth and potential. While some companies have developed prototypes, the technology still faces challenges to commercialization like control and safety issues. Overall the report concludes that AWTs could be a promising renewable energy source but require further research and development to realize their advantages over traditional wind turbines.
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. There are two main types of wind turbines: horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT). HAWTs have taller towers for access to stronger winds and are more efficient than VAWTs, but also have higher costs. VAWTs have lower construction costs, can operate in lower wind speeds, and do not need to be pointed at the wind. Both turbine types have advantages and disadvantages for efficiency, costs, and environmental impacts. Overall, wind energy provides clean, renewable power but also faces challenges from noise, aesthetics, and competition with conventional energy sources.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE IAEME Publication
This document describes the design and construction of a vertical axis wind turbine. It aims to generate enough electricity for domestic use in remote areas with minimal costs. The turbine is designed to be 1m in diameter and 1m in height to generate 35W of power. It uses a J-type drag configuration with 3 blades made of galvanized iron sheet. Testing showed the turbine achieved efficiencies of up to 23.3% and was able to generate up to 26.39W of power, meeting expectations. Future work may aim to further improve efficiencies and develop designs using other materials.
This document describes a student project to design and build a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). It provides background on wind energy and different types of wind turbines. It then details the design and construction process for the VAWT, including conceptual designs, fabrication of blades and supports, and testing specifications. The summary concludes that VAWTs provide an efficient and low-cost way to harness wind power for small-scale energy production.
The document provides information about wind energy and biomass energy. It discusses various topics related to wind energy sources and potentials in India, types of wind turbines including horizontal axis and vertical axis turbines, their performance characteristics, Betz criteria, and factors affecting wind turbine performance. It also covers biomass energy sources, principles of bioconversion including thermo-chemical and bio-chemical conversion processes like anaerobic digestion and gasification.
The document outlines the design and development of a vertical axis micro wind turbine. It discusses the need for alternative energy sources and aims to investigate micro wind turbines for residential, commercial, and industrial use. The main components of a vertical axis wind turbine are described as the blades or rotor, generator, bearings, gears, and shaft. Experimental components considered include different types of rotors, generators like bicycle dynamos and motorcycle alternators, mounted bearings, and planetary gears. The conclusion states that an array of counter-rotating horizontal axis micro wind turbines can be prototyped using optimized fan blades, axial flux permanent magnet generators, planetary gears for counter-rotation and increased generator speed, and robustly designed shafts and mounted bear
A Look at High-Altitude Wind Power GenerationRoger Walker
Fossil fuels currently provide most of the world's energy but have environmental impacts and limited reserves, while energy demand is increasing. High-altitude wind power could provide a large, renewable source of energy, as winds are stronger and more consistent at higher altitudes. However, current designs for harvesting high-altitude winds have technological issues like equipment failure and challenges connecting to the electric grid. Further development is needed to solve these problems and fully explore high-altitude wind power's potential to provide a major new source of clean energy.
The document discusses wind energy and wind turbines. It provides information on the different types of wind turbines (horizontal axis, vertical axis, old windmills), how wind power is used (powering homes, communities, industry), and wind power plants (offshore and onshore). It also gives statistics on wind capacity and generation in countries like China, Germany, India, and provides details on environmental impacts of wind turbines like noise pollution, effects on birds, and comparison to greenhouse gas emissions from traditional energy sources.
This document provides an overview of energy kites as a revolutionary technique for power generation. It describes energy kites as airborne wind turbines tethered to the ground that can fly in crosswinds and circular trajectories to generate electricity. The key components of an energy kite system include the kite itself, a tether, and a ground station. The document discusses the operating principles, design capacity from Makani's prototype energy kite models, advantages over traditional wind turbines, and concludes that energy kites could significantly reduce air pollution and global warming by making more effective use of winds at higher altitudes.
This document discusses airborne wind turbines as an alternative to traditional wind turbines. It begins by asking what airborne wind turbines are and why they are important. It then explains that airborne wind turbines harness wind power from devices in the air, connected to the ground by tethers, rather than mounted on towers. Various types are described - kite-based, balloon-based, combinations of kites and balloons, and auto gyro types. Advantages are discussed, such as access to stronger higher altitude winds and not requiring towers. Disadvantages include high installation costs and limited locations for use. The document compares airborne wind turbines favorably to traditional turbines, which provide inconsistent power and have environmental and aesthetic impacts.
The document discusses the design and components of a wind turbine for power generation. It describes the key parts of a wind turbine including the generator, blades, hub, tower, and how it is connected to the electric grid. The generator converts the kinetic energy of the rotating blades into electrical energy. Blades are made of composite materials and their shape and count are optimized for aerodynamic efficiency. The tower needs to be tall to access stronger winds higher above the ground.
These slides will make you understand about wind energy and also will clear your doubt.
In these slide share you will also understand the fundamental on wind energy.
I will suggest you to read once for your benefits.
Offshore Wind Energy – Potential for India
This presentation analyze energy demand scenario, especially that of almost unlimited wind energy and highlight vast potential of offshore wind energy for India in territorial water along its long coastline. Challenges to exploit this potential, financial viability of such offshore energy projects, social, environmental, and other related issues are discussed in Indian context to serve as a useful tool for policymakers to allocate resources for detailed studies for estimation and its ultimate utilization to add to growing pool of renewable energy
This is report prepared by me on Airborne Wind Turbines (AWT). It consists of the types of wind turbines used today. Types of prototypes in the airborne sector, and a brief working of them.
This document discusses harnessing wind power from high altitude winds using tethered wind turbines. It describes two designs - a four-rotor tethered craft and the HK design, which is an array of small units each with four rotors. Both designs use generators and conductive tethers to transmit the generated electrical power to the ground. Projections indicate the cost of energy from these systems would be competitive at $0.01-$0.02/kWh. Harnessing high-altitude winds is a promising renewable energy source due to the strong, persistent winds and limited environmental impacts.
what is air borne wind energy system and how it is work and types of wind energy system history of air borne wind energy system mathematical calculation related to awes all are in this pdf
This document is a project report on wind power in India submitted by Agile Vinod Kumar Reddy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report provides an overview of the history of wind energy use, how wind farms generate power, the technology behind wind turbines, advantages and limitations of wind farms, and India's potential and policies related to wind power. It discusses topics such as India's large wind resource, government support for the industry, capacity installed to date, and the role of wind power in addressing energy security, environmental, and economic issues in India.
The document provides an overview of the Indian power sector and economics of wind energy in Tamil Nadu. It summarizes that Tamil Nadu has significant wind power potential and is a leading state in India for installed wind capacity. Wind energy is an important renewable source that can help meet India's growing energy demands in a sustainable manner. The economics analysis shows that wind energy projects in Tamil Nadu are financially viable due to available incentives and low operation and maintenance costs.
Wind energy has great potential in India given its abundant wind resources and growing energy needs. India has set ambitious targets to add at least 2000 MW of wind energy annually and reach 20% renewable energy production by 2020. This will require continued technology advancements to develop larger, more efficient wind turbines suitable for low wind speed sites, as well as improvements to grid infrastructure and integration capabilities. Wind energy offers benefits as a clean, domestic source that can help meet energy demand in a sustainable manner if these challenges are adequately addressed.
IRJET- Electricity Generation by Maglev WindmillIRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed design for an electric generator using a vertical axis maglev windmill. Some key points:
- It uses magnetic levitation between the wind turbine shaft and base to eliminate mechanical friction, allowing it to operate in low winds.
- Permanent magnets on the base and bottom of the turbine create magnetic repulsion to levitate the shaft. Rotating turbine blades turn a shaft connected to coils to generate electricity.
- The electricity is stored in a battery and can power loads directly or through an inverter. By reducing friction, the maglev design aims to increase efficiency over traditional wind turbines.
- It has advantages like operating in variable wind directions and speeds as low as
This document discusses wind power plants and wind energy. It explains that wind is a free, clean and renewable energy source. It then discusses the origin of global and local winds. Some key factors that affect wind energy distribution on Earth's surface are discussed, such as mountains, trees, and climate changes. The document outlines important considerations for selecting wind plant sites, such as wind speed data, access roads, terrain and population density. It also classifies wind power plants based on axis orientation and size. Environmental impacts of wind plants are summarized, including effects on birds, noise, communications and ecosystem stresses.
This technical report provides an overview of airborne wind turbines (AWT) as an emerging renewable energy technology. It discusses how AWTs can harness wind energy at high altitudes where winds are stronger and more consistent. The report categorizes four major AWT designs and finds that kite-type designs have shown the most growth and potential. While some companies have developed prototypes, the technology still faces challenges to commercialization like control and safety issues. Overall the report concludes that AWTs could be a promising renewable energy source but require further research and development to realize their advantages over traditional wind turbines.
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. There are two main types of wind turbines: horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT). HAWTs have taller towers for access to stronger winds and are more efficient than VAWTs, but also have higher costs. VAWTs have lower construction costs, can operate in lower wind speeds, and do not need to be pointed at the wind. Both turbine types have advantages and disadvantages for efficiency, costs, and environmental impacts. Overall, wind energy provides clean, renewable power but also faces challenges from noise, aesthetics, and competition with conventional energy sources.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE IAEME Publication
This document describes the design and construction of a vertical axis wind turbine. It aims to generate enough electricity for domestic use in remote areas with minimal costs. The turbine is designed to be 1m in diameter and 1m in height to generate 35W of power. It uses a J-type drag configuration with 3 blades made of galvanized iron sheet. Testing showed the turbine achieved efficiencies of up to 23.3% and was able to generate up to 26.39W of power, meeting expectations. Future work may aim to further improve efficiencies and develop designs using other materials.
This document describes a student project to design and build a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). It provides background on wind energy and different types of wind turbines. It then details the design and construction process for the VAWT, including conceptual designs, fabrication of blades and supports, and testing specifications. The summary concludes that VAWTs provide an efficient and low-cost way to harness wind power for small-scale energy production.
There are some really awesome vertical axis wind turbines designs that have been revealed in the last couple of years. We feature some of the best in this document. Visit: http://www.windgeneratorstoday.com
Renewable energy is generally electricity supplied from sources, such as wind power, solar power,
geothermal energy, hydro power and various forms of biomass. The popularity of renewable energy
has experienced a significant upsurge in recent times due to the exhaustion of conventional power
generation methods and increasing realization of its adverse effects on the environment. Wind energy
has been harnessed for centuries but it has only emerged as a major part of our energy solution quite
recently and this report focus on utilizing wind energy by using vertical axis wind turbine.
This presentation summarizes the design and operation of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) created by a group of students to generate 10 watts of DC power from wind. Key points include:
1) The VAWT was designed to operate efficiently in urban and suburban areas and does not need to be oriented into the wind.
2) It works at lower wind speeds than a horizontal axis turbine and can place the generator at ground level for easy access and maintenance.
3) The presentation outlines the turbine components, measurement of wind speed, advantages of VAWTs such as being omni-directional and producing less stress on support structures, and concludes with potential future improvements.
Flow Physics analysis of Three-bucket Helical Savonius rotor at 90 degree twi...BBIT Kolkata
This document analyzes the flow behavior of a helical Savonius rotor using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It constructs a 3D model of a three-bladed helical Savonius rotor with a 90 degree twist angle. CFD simulations are performed to obtain contours of static pressure and velocity around the rotor blades at different rotor angles. The simulations show that high performance is obtained when the advancing blade is upstream of the airflow at a rotor angle of 90 degrees, and maximum positive static pressure is obtained at a rotor angle of 0 degrees, which affects the positive coefficient of static torque.
The document discusses CFD simulations performed to analyze flow through an Invelox wind funnel from different directions. Key findings include:
1. Flow from the +x direction achieved a maximum velocity of 12.4 m/s and flow rate of 29.4 m^3/s through the funnel.
2. Rotating the funnel 45 degrees increased the maximum velocity to 13.9 m/s and flow rate to 36.4 m^3/s.
3. Flow from the +/-z direction had a maximum velocity of 10.2 m/s and flow rate of 23.49 m^3/s through the funnel.
SheerWind is a company based in Chaska, MN that was founded in 2010 to provide affordable wind energy solutions. Their mission is to provide clean electrical power to anyone, anywhere using their proprietary INVELOX technology. INVELOX applies hydro-power principles to wind energy by capturing, concentrating, and accelerating wind to increase turbine capacity and allow generation of electricity from low wind speeds safely at ground level. SheerWind has 4 patents on INVELOX in the US and patents filed internationally.
Experimental Comparison Study for Savonius Wind Turbine of Two & Three Blades...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
The document discusses vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) as an option for residential wind power generation. It provides information on several VAWT models available ranging from 500W to 20,000W capacity. State rebates of 30-60% are available in California, New Jersey, and New York to help reduce the cost of installing a VAWT. VAWTs have advantages over traditional horizontal axis turbines for residential use, such as being lower profile and able to generate power from any wind direction.
An Access Control Model for Collaborative Management of Shared Data in OSNSIJMER
This document presents a multi-party access control model for managing shared data in online social networks. It proposes that access control policies for shared data should be specified collaboratively by multiple associated users, not just the data owner. An access control policy format is defined that includes the controller, controller type, accessor, data specification, and authorization effect. A prototype application called MController is implemented that allows multiple users to specify access control policies and resolve conflicts for shared photos. An evaluation of MController found that users had a more positive view of its privacy controls compared to Facebook's default controls. Performance testing showed the policy evaluation mechanism scaled well as the number of controllers increased.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the structural performance of a propeller blade made of composite material compared to one made of nickel aluminum bronze (NAB) metal. Finite element analysis was used to model and analyze both materials. The results showed that the composite blade experienced lower maximum von Mises stress (44.032 MPa vs. 125.484 MPa) and deflection (0.897 mm vs. 0.597 mm) compared to the NAB blade under the same loading conditions. Modal analysis also found that the natural frequencies of the composite blade were around 22% higher than the NAB blade. Therefore, replacing NAB with composite material improved the structural performance and stiffness of the propeller blade.
This document analyzes the torsional behavior of asymmetric buildings during earthquakes. It studies a 4-story reinforced concrete building with an irregular plan in two cases: without considering torsion effects, and considering torsion effects by including an accidental eccentricity in the design. The building is modeled and analyzed using the ETab software. Results show that columns on the flexible side of the building require more reinforcement when torsion is considered compared to the stiff side. Several columns fail the design when torsion effects are included that did not fail without considering torsion. The study concludes it is important to consider torsional effects in the analysis and design of irregular asymmetric buildings.
Modeling and Reduction of Root Fillet Stress in Spur Gear Using Stress Relie...IJMER
A gear is a component within a transmission device that transmits rotational forces. Gears
are commonly used for transmitting power. Gear teeth failure due to fatigue is a common fact
observed. Even a small reduction in the root tensile stress results in great raise in the fatigue life of a
gear. They develop high stress concentration at the root and the point of contact. The repeated
stressing on the fillets causes the fatigue failure of gear tooth. For many years, gear design has been
improved by using better material, hardening surfaces with carburization and heat treatment, and shot
penning to improve surface finish etc. Few more hard work have been made to improve the durability
and strength by changing the pressure angle, using the asymmetric teeth, varying the geometry of root
fillet curve and so on. The majority of the above systems don't ensure the compatibility of the current
rigging frameworks. This work presents the possibilities of utilizing the stress redistribution techniques
by introducing the Stress relieving features in the stressed zone to the advantage of reduction of root
fillet stress in spur gear
This document discusses integrating natural language processing and parse tree query language with text mining and topic summarization methods to more efficiently extract relevant content from documents. It presents an approach that uses natural language processing to automatically generate queries from sentences, and then applies a topic summarization method called TSCAN to identify themes, segment events, and construct an evolution graph to show relationships between events. The integrated system aims to make content extraction more effective and easier to use for real-time applications. Evaluation of the methods showed benefits for tasks like information extraction.
Geotechnical Investigation of Soils: A Case Study of Gombe Town (Sheet 152NW)...IJMER
1. The document summarizes a study of the geotechnical properties of soils in Gombe town, Nigeria.
2. Samples were collected from 12 locations and tested for properties like moisture content, particle size, liquid limit, and compaction.
3. Based on the test results, soils from Pantame, Hamatatu, Tonde, Chongo and Kulalum were found to be clayey and unsuitable for construction, while soils from other areas like Kalshingi forest and Titi baba contained more sand and would make better subgrades.
This document discusses the selection and placement of various photographs in a magazine. It analyzes 6 different photos, describing where each would be placed and the reasons for choosing them. The reasons generally include liking the poses, costumes, framing, lighting, colors, composition and clarity of the images. Providing insight into the subjects and fitting nicely with the text or layout are also mentioned.
1. The document discusses the history and evolution of wireless communication technologies from 1G to 4G. It describes the standards and technologies that defined each generation including AM, FM, GSM, CDMA, WCDMA, LTE and WiMAX.
2. 4G is defined as providing broadband internet access with speeds up to 100 Mbps for mobile users and 1 Gbps for stationary users. Common 4G standards include LTE, WiMAX, HSPA+ and Wi-Fi.
3. 4G networks implement a 5-layer architecture including fixed, personal, hotspot, cellular and distribution layers to deliver high-speed internet access. Requirements for setting up 4G networks include the nature
The Effect of Design Parameters of an Integrated Linear Electromagnetic Moto...IJMER
This paper assess the influence of design parameters of ferromagnetic guide housing at the possess of pulling away the anchor from the holding device which is integrated in the design of the motor. The design of an integrated circuit and the equivalent magnetic circuit of the integrated LEMM on breakaway stage was built, mathematical models of system were laid out. An expression for its magnetic
induction, with which you can set the beginning of saturation of the shunt, defining moment of pulling
away anchor from the holding area. an expression is derived for its magnetic induction, with which you
can set the beginning of saturation of the shunt, define moment of anchor pulling away from the holding
area, the zone of permissible combinations of cross-sectional area of the upper magnetic shunt and
holding area, and the zone of change in the magnetic induction in the yoke at the pulling away moment of
the motor anchor
Study of Wind biomass hybrid model for rural electrificationIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on a proposed wind-biomass hybrid system for rural electrification in Leh Ladakh, India. The system aims to address energy challenges in the region by integrating wind turbines, biomass generators, and battery storage. A techno-economic analysis of the system was conducted using HOMER software to optimize component sizing and minimize costs. Preliminary results showed the hybrid system could meet community energy demands economically while providing a reliable off-grid power supply.
Resources of Renewable Energy in IndiaIJERA Editor
Renewable energy resources sector growth in India has been significant, even for electricity generation from
renewable sources. Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain,
tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). Even for the decentralized systems, the
growth for solar home lighting systems has been 300%, solar lanterns 99% and solar photovoltaic water pumps
196%. This is a phenomenal growth in the renewable energy sector mainly for applications that were considered
to be supplied only through major electricity utilities. Some large projects have been proposed, and a 35,000
km2 area of the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to generate 700 to 2,100 giga
watts. Renewable energy systems are also being looked upon as a major application for electrification of 20,000
remote and unelectrified villages and hamlets by 2007 and all households in such villages and hamlets by 2018.
This document discusses the future scope of wind energy in India. It begins by providing background on India's growing population and economy, and increasing energy demands. Wind energy provides an opportunity to meet these demands through a renewable source. The document then discusses current sources of wind energy production in India, including coastal regions and large wind farms. It explores future opportunities for offshore wind turbines and wind turbines placed along highways. Overall the document argues that wind energy will play a major role in India's energy future by providing a sustainable and domestic source of power.
The document discusses the future scope of wind energy in India. It begins by providing background on India's growing energy demands and current reliance on fossil fuels. It then outlines India's vast wind energy potential and growing installed wind capacity. Several methods for harnessing wind energy are examined, including offshore turbines, highway turbines, and turbines between railway tracks. Factors that could quadruple India's wind energy production to 89 GW by 2020 are noted, such as reinstating tax incentives and extending generation-based incentive programs. Challenges to increasing wind energy include the intermittent nature of wind, transmission costs to cities, and impacts on wildlife. The document concludes that fully developing India's wind energy potential could significantly reduce fossil fuel reliance and help power
Wind energy has significant potential in India due to its geography and wind resources. India has an installed wind energy capacity of over 21 GW as of 2014 and aims to add 11 GW of new wind capacity by 2017. Wind energy provides environmental and economic benefits by reducing emissions and creating jobs. Key wind energy producing states are Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Karnataka. The wind energy sector in India is expected to continue growing significantly in the coming years.
Energy conservation in India faces challenges in bridging the large gap between energy supply and demand. While India has significantly increased installed power capacity since independence, demand continues to outpace supply, resulting in shortages. Conservation can help address this issue by reducing consumption and acting as a new source of energy. Key areas for conservation include improving power factor in industries, optimizing plant load factors, insulating furnaces and vessels, and promoting renewable sources like solar and wind power. However, changing energy usage behaviors and adopting new technologies also presents challenges.
Alternate power generation by hybridization model of SPV/Wind/BiomassIRJET Journal
The document presents a study investigating the feasibility of an alternate power generation system for Ladakh, India utilizing a hybrid model of solar photovoltaic (SPV), wind, and biomass energy sources. The study employs the HOMER software to analyze the techno-economic aspects of the proposed hybrid system considering Ladakh's environmental and geographical factors. Through simulations, the study aims to determine the optimal system configuration that maximizes energy output while accounting for the intermittency of renewable sources and variability in energy demand. The outcomes provide insights into designing a hybrid renewable energy system tailored for Ladakh's challenging conditions that can enhance energy resilience and contribute to sustainable development in the remote region.
This document summarizes a paper on vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). It discusses that VAWTs play an important role in addressing the current energy crisis by harnessing wind power as a renewable energy source. While VAWTs have some advantages over horizontal axis wind turbines, they currently do not generate as much electricity due to technological challenges. These challenges can be addressed by adding deflector systems to guide wind towards the turbine blades to increase efficiencies. Research on improving VAWT technologies is ongoing globally, with China emerging as a leading researcher in recent years.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
A Review on Revolution of Wind Energy Conversion System and Comparisons of Va...PADMANATHAN K
The research and development carried out on wind
energy has been reviewed in different perspective. This paper is
aimed at exchanging evidence from numerous literatures based
on results and expertise review article surveyed pertaining to
wind generator development between academic communities,
industries, manufacturers, non-governmental organizations of
sustainable development, researchers, engineers, economists and
several wind energy associations. The substance contains wellinformed
new developments in the wind energy arena of
specialization thereby hurling light on the state of art research
observations and results in the field of Wind Energy Conversion
System (WECS). The study comprises of wind turbines, generator
and components. The review offers holistic approach on several
scientific and engineering factors concerned with the
advancement of wind power capture, conversion, different
generator schemes, integration methods and utilization of
technologies. Furthermore, discussion about an ancient and
forecast study of Wind Energy across the globe is presented.
IRJET- Feasibility of Superficial Small and Micro-Hydro Power Plants in EgyptIRJET Journal
This document discusses the feasibility of small and micro-hydroelectric power plants in Egypt. It begins by providing background on hydroelectric power globally, including that it is a renewable source of energy that does not produce greenhouse gases. It then discusses hydroelectric power specifically in Egypt, including details on existing dams and plants. The document proposes two potential locations in Egypt for small hydroelectric plants: 1) Using the water pumping machinery already in place for agricultural irrigation in villages. 2) Installing hydroelectric turbines at existing water and sewage treatment stations, of which there are over 2,700 in Egypt. It provides a basic technical overview of how a superficial hydroelectric plant would be designed and estimates the total cost to develop such a system would
This document discusses renewable energy resources and energy efficiency. It provides an overview of different renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass and geothermal. It also discusses the need to conserve energy and increase energy efficiency to support economic growth while reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The document emphasizes that renewable energy has significant potential to contribute to the economy by providing a stable domestic energy supply and reducing environmental and health impacts. It concludes that widespread efforts are needed to develop renewable energy to meet future energy demand and support sustainable economic development.
IRJET- Techno Commercial Feasibility Study of Renewable EnergiesIRJET Journal
This document provides a summary of the commercial feasibility study of various renewable energy sources. It discusses the major renewable energy sources including wind, solar, biomass, hydro, and tidal energy. It analyzes each source based on their global potential, economic impacts including costs, job creation, and carbon emission reductions. The document finds that renewable energy capacity has significantly increased in recent years. While renewable sources have advantages over fossil fuels, factors like installation costs, land use requirements, and intermittent output must be considered in determining their commercial viability.
Study of Renewable Energy Sources in India - A ReviewIRJEETJournal
This document summarizes research on renewable energy sources in India. It discusses India's growing energy demands and reliance on non-renewable sources like coal and oil. The Indian government is promoting a shift to renewable sources like solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal. Solar power capacity in India reached 33.73 GW in 2019 and solar generated over 39,000 GWh that year. Wind power capacity is over 20 GW. Other renewable sources with significant potential include tidal, wave, small hydro, and new technologies like gravitricity and electricity from rain drops. The document provides statistics on installed capacities and generation from various renewable sources in India.
The Global Survey of the Electrical Energy Distribution System: A ReviewIJECEIAES
This paper gives a review of energy scenario in India and other countries. Today’s demand of the world is to minimize greenhouse gas emissions, during the production of electricity. Henceforth over the world, the production of electrical power is changing by introducing abundantly available renewable energy sources like sun and wind. But, because of the intermittent nature of sustainable power sources, the electrical power network faces many problems, during the transmission and distribution of electricity. For resolving these issues, Electrical Energy Storage (EES) is acknowledged as supporting technology. This paper discusses about the world electrical energy scenario with top renowned developed countries in power generation and consumption. Contribution of traditional power sources changed after the introduction of renewable energy sources like sun and wind. Worldwide Agencies are formed like International Energy Agency (IEA), The Central Intelligence Agency, (CIS) etc. The main aim of these agencies is to provide reliable, affordable and clean energy. This paper will discuss about the regulatory authority and government policies/incentives taken by different countries. At the end of this paper, author focuses on obstacles in implementation, development and benefits of renewable energy.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management about coal as an energy source for present and future use in India. It finds that coal currently accounts for 50% of India's energy mix and 70% is used by the power sector. It is expected that coal will continue to play a prominent role in India's energy future given current demand trends. The document also reviews India's historical use of coal, current energy sources including an 80% reliance on coal for electricity generation, and the structure of the coal industry in India.
Power Generation by Speed Breakers_Full Report_SanjAySanjay Bhakkar
In this project we are converting potential energy into mechanical energy then mechanical energy converts into electric energy through rack and pinion mechanism. When vehicle passes over the hump, the rack and pinion mechanism works and electricity is generated.
This document discusses the importance of renewable energy and summarizes various renewable energy sources. It begins by stating that most of the world relies heavily on oil, gas, and coal for its energy needs, but these are finite resources that will eventually deplete. The document then summarizes several common renewable energy sources like solar power, wind power, hydroelectric power, geothermal power, and biomass energy. It provides brief descriptions of each technology and notes their environmental benefits compared to fossil fuels. The overall message is that renewable energy can meet much of the world's growing energy demand in a more sustainable way.
Peak Shaving Using Grid-Connected Solar Panels Case Study: Ministry of Islami...IJERA Editor
The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the application of renewable energy, namely solar energy,for peak shaving during peak loads and to investigate the feasibility of using grid-connected solar system for electricity generation in Ministry of Awqaf mosques. PVsyst software is used to find the optimal design for total connected load of 80 kW. The technical performance of 80 kWgrid-connected photovoltaic (PV) solar systems was investigated. Applying renewable energy in building is required by Kuwait government, all sectors should use 30% of the consumed energy from renewable energy in year 2030. The total cost of the solar systems for 1400 mosques is around 512 million dollars and the total cost of energyis39 milliondollars per year according to 0.2 dollarwhich mean that the payback period within 13 years.Based on the study results, the development of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)solar system in Awqaf mosques in Kuwait could be economically viable and provide peak shaving during peak loads.
Geothermal energy the eco friendly alternative source of energyIAEME Publication
The document discusses geothermal energy as a renewable and eco-friendly energy source. It notes that geothermal energy taps into the Earth's natural heat and is a clean alternative to fossil fuels. While some countries have adopted geothermal power, India has significant untapped geothermal potential but has focused less on developing this resource. The document calls for India to strategically develop its geothermal reserves and allocate more funding to extract this renewable source of energy beneath its feet to avoid future energy crises and meet rising demand in a sustainable manner.
Similar to Review Paper of Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Rotor Blade (20)
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
This document summarizes research on the fabrication and characterization of bio-composite materials using sunnhemp fibre. The document discusses how sunnhemp fibre was used to reinforce an epoxy matrix through hand lay-up methods. Various mechanical properties of the bio-composites were tested, including tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The results of the mechanical tests on the bio-composite specimens are presented. Potential applications of the sunnhemp fibre bio-composites are also suggested, such as in fall ceilings, partitions, packaging, automotive interiors, and toys.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
This document discusses integrating the Spring, Struts, and Hibernate frameworks to develop enterprise applications. It provides an overview of each framework and their features. The Spring Framework is a lightweight, modular framework that allows for inversion of control and aspect-oriented programming. It can be used to develop any or all tiers of an application. The document proposes an architecture for an e-commerce website that integrates these three frameworks, with Spring handling the business layer, Struts the presentation layer, and Hibernate the data access layer. This modular approach allows for clear separation of concerns and reduces complexity in application development.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
This document introduces and studies the concept of δˆ s-locally closed sets in ideal topological spaces. Some key points:
- A subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and a δˆ s-closed set.
- Various properties of δˆ s-locally closed sets are introduced and characterized, including relationships to other concepts like generalized locally closed sets.
- It is shown that a subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if and only if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and the δˆ s-closure of A.
- Theore
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
This document discusses natural language ambiguity and its effect on machine learning. It begins by introducing different types of ambiguity that exist in natural languages, including lexical, syntactic, semantic, discourse, and pragmatic ambiguities. It then examines how these ambiguities present challenges for computational linguistics and machine translation systems. Specifically, it notes that ambiguity is a major problem for computers in processing human language as they lack the world knowledge and context that humans use to resolve ambiguities. The document concludes by outlining the typical process of machine translation and how ambiguities can interfere with tasks like analysis, transfer, and generation of text in the target language.
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
This document describes the implementation of an I2C slave interface using Verilog HDL. It introduces the I2C protocol which uses only two bidirectional lines (SDA and SCL) for communication. The document discusses the I2C protocol specifications including start/stop conditions, addressing, read/write operations, and acknowledgements. It then provides details on designing an I2C slave module in Verilog that responds to commands from an I2C master and allows synchronization through clock stretching. The module is simulated in ModelSim and synthesized in Xilinx. Simulation waveforms demonstrate successful read and write operations to the slave device.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Review Paper of Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Rotor Blade
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.2| Feb. 2015 | 7|
Review Paper of Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Rotor
Blade
Suresh Talur1
, Kiran Kumar.P.2
, T. Madhusudhan3
1
Mechanical Department, M.Tech student, Machine Design,
2
Mechanical Department, Professor,
3
Mechanical Department, Professor,
*
S J B Institute of Technology, Bangaluru-60 Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka,
India.
I. Introduction
Change in climate is the biggest and most urgent environmental threat in the world. The greenhouse
effect which is produced by human activity, by burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas for energy
produced CO2, cause increases in global temperatures, leading to more severe weather patterns such as floods,
droughts and storms, rising sea levels and threats to entire ecosystems. To avoid inconsistent environmental
condition rising global emissions must decrease within the next 10 years. This means we need to adopt those
forms of energy that do not produce CO2. [1]
With the recent deficiency in fossil fuels, demands for renewable energy sources are increasing, wind
energy have become a most reliable technology for power generation. Currently, horizontal axis wind turbines
(HAWT) dominate the wind energy market due to their large size and high power generation characteristics.
However, vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) are capable of producing a lot of
power, and offer many advantages such as they are small, quiet, easy to install, can take wind from any
direction, and operate efficiently in turbulent wind conditions, a new area in wind turbine research has opened
up to meet the demands of individuals willing to take control and invest in small wind energy technology.
II. Energy Scenario
2.1 Non Renewable Energy
India is a country with more than 1.2 billion people accounting for more than 17% of world’s
population. It is the seventh largest country in the world with total land area of 3,287,263 sq kilometers. India
measures 3214 km from north to south and 2993 km from east to west. It has a land frontier of 15,200 km and
coastline of 7,517 km. India has 29 states and 7 union territories. It faces a formidable challenge in providing
adequate energy supplies to users at a reasonable cost. [2] It has economy which is fastest growing economies
in the world and experienced an average 7 % growth rate in the last decade. India accounts for 2.4 % of world
energy production and stands at eleventh position in the world in energy production. But the country accounts
ABSTRACT: This paper involves study of Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (SVAWT) blades. In
past few years more research works are carried out to increase efficiency of Vertical Axis Wind
Turbine. Review of all these papers shows that the experiments are conducted only on semi
cylindrical bucket shape blades, twisted blades, blades with end flap edges and blades having frames
with cavity vanes, for two blades, three blades and four bladed Savonius Vertical Axis Wind
Turbine(SVAWT) to increase performance. They also conducted experiments by providing curtains or
flow guide to the rotor, increasing in the stages of rotor and combining both Savonius and Darrieus
rotor (i.e. hybrid rotors) to increase the efficiency of rotor. Research work or experiments on semi
cylindrical bucket rotor blade edges, having extrusion or leading edges with different angles are not
carried out. Development of these designs includes a multidisciplinary design optimization approach
for optimizing the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine blade, considering both structural and fluid flow
performance requirements. Weighted Property Method, Cost Property Method, limits Property
Methods are used for Selection of suitable material. ANSYS and Computational Fluid Dynamics are
used for structural analysis and fluid flow performance of newly designed blade.
Key words: Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine, Flow guides, hybrid rotors, leading edge, CFD.
2. Review Paper of Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Rotor Blade
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.2| Feb. 2015 | 8|
for 3.5 % of total energy consumption and holds the sixth position in energy consumption. There is a wide gap
between energy production and energy consumption which leads to increase in the energy production.
In 2010 India its self consumes 8 per cent of the world’s coal and ranked as the third-largest consumer
of coal in the world after China and the USA. Coal is important fuel than the Oil and gas. In 2010 India was the
fourth-largest consumer of oil in the world, after the USA, China and Japan; it consumes 3.9 per cent of the
world’s oil consumption. In 2010, fossil fuels accounted for 74 per cent of the total energy consumed in India
from all the sources of energy in the world. However, the per capita consumption is very low—around 0.59
Tone Oil Equivalent in 2010, and this has not changed much since then. Similarly in the case of energy-related
CO2 emissions, India’s emissions in 2010 amounted to 1.6 Giga tone CO2 and have been steeply rising in the
past years, making the country the world’s third largest emitter. However, its per capita emission of 1.4 tones
CO2 is still much lower than that of China, OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)
countries or the world average (IEA 2012b).[1]
India has the fifth-largest power generation portfolio worldwide. Coal and gas are the popular sources and
account for 58% and 9%, share, respectively. The country has been rapidly adding capacity over the last few
years; it installed power plants which increase capacity from 98 GW to 223 GW in Five Year Plan of 1998 to
2013. Within a decade the country became fourth largest energy consumer in the world. Economic growth and
increasing prosperity, coupled with factors such as growing rate of urbanization, rising per capita energy
consumption and widening access to energy in the country, are likely to push energy demand further in the
country. The government has permitted 100% FDI, with no added requirement of procuring license to set up a
power plant.. [3]
2.2 Renewable Energy
The research works on renewable energy sources over the past decade has increased energy production
rate. The primary energy supply from renewable sources in 2004 to2013 – increase annually by 30% of the total
supply. In 2013, renewable sources supplied approximately 19% of the world’s final energy consumption, a
little less than half of which came from traditional biomass. [1]
India had about 28.1 GW of installed renewable energy capacity as of 31 March 2013. India is the
world’s fifth largest wind energy producer because wind accounts for 68% of the capacity, with 19.1 GW of
installed capacity. Small hydro power (3.6 GW), bio-energy (3.6 GW) and solar energy (1.7 GW) constitute the
remaining capacity. In FY 2013, wind capacity increases from 1.7 GW to almost 3.2 GW in FY 2012 as a result
of withdrawal of accelerated depreciation and Generation Based Incentive (GBI) benefit. Although the share of
renewable energy in the generation mix has been rising over the years, India still has large untapped renewable
energy potential.
III. Wind Energy
Wind is everywhere. As long as the Earth continues to rotate in the right conditions, it will remain that
way. Wind generates when movement of air from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. When this
mass of air is moving, it has energy that has been used to provide thrust to sailboats and ships crossing the
oceans, to windmills used to pump water for irrigation or grinding up grain. Even today, wind is still used for
much of the same reason as it was thousands of years ago, now days they are much used for to provide
electricity. Today, only a small fraction of the world's electricity is generated by wind however, demand for this
renewable energy resource will continue to increase with the depletion of fossil fuels. With an ever increasing
energy crisis occurring in the world it will be important to investigate alternative methods of generating power
in ways different than, fossil fuels. In fact, one of the biggest sources of energy is all around us all of the time,
the wind. It can be harnessed not only by big corporations but by individuals using Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
(VAWT). VAWT’s offer similar efficiencies as compared with the horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) and
in fact have several distinct advantages. One advantage is that VAWT can be placed independently of wind
direction. This makes them perfect for locations where the wind direction can change daily. [2]
The technology of HAWT has dominated the market for over 30 years. Based on the study of 327
small wind manufacturers as of the end of 2011, 74 % of the commercialized one-piece small wind
manufacturers invested in the horizontal axis orientation while only 18 % have adopted the vertical
design. 6% of the manufactures have attempted to develop both technologies. As the majority of the vertical
axis models have been developed in the past 5 to 7 years, the scale of market share remains
relatively small. [4]
As the world continues to use up non-renewable energy resources, wind energy will continue to gain
popularity. A new market in wind energy technology has emerged that has the means of efficiently transforming
the energy available in the wind to a useable form of energy, such as electricity. The best example of this new
technology is the wind turbine. Depending on whether the flow is parallel to the axis of rotation (axial flow) or
3. Review Paper of Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Rotor Blade
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.2| Feb. 2015 | 9|
perpendicular (radial flow), determines the classification of the wind turbine. Each type of wind turbine has its
strengths and weaknesses, but in the end, all wind turbines accomplish the same task.
3.1 Types of Wind Turbines
Two major types of wind turbines exist based on their blade configuration and operation. The first type
is the horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT). HAWTs sit atop a large tower and have a set of blades that rotate
about an axis parallel to the flow direction. These wind turbine blades operates similar to the rotary air craft.
The second major type of wind turbine is the vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). This type of wind turbine
rotates about an axis that is perpendicular to the oncoming flow; hence, it can take wind from any direction.
VAWTs consist of two major types, the Darrieus rotor and Savonius rotor. The Darrieus wind turbine is a
VAWT that rotates around a central axis due to the lift produced by the rotating airfoils, whereas a Savonius
rotor rotates due to the drag force created in blades. There is also a new type of VAWT emerging in the wind
power industry which is a mixture between the Darrieus and Savonius designs.
3.1.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
The blades of a HAWT work to extract energy from the wind by generating lift, resulting in a net
torque about the axis of rotation. To accomplish this task efficiently, especially for large HAWTs, active pitch
controllers are used to ensure that each blade is adjusted to maintain an optimal angle of attack for maximum
power extraction for a given wind speed. However, in HAWT contains more complex parts like control system
and it require more moving parts and effort to install than a VAWT assembly where the only moving part is the
rotor and the majority of components are located at the base of the turbine.
3.1.2 Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
Now days VAWTs have been gaining popularity due to interest in personal green energy solutions.
Small companies all over the world have been marketing these new devices such as Helix Wind, Urban Green
Energy, and Wind spire. VAWTs target individual homes, farms, or small residential areas as a way of
providing local and personal wind energy. This produces an external energy resource and opens up a whole new
market in alternative energy technology. Because VAWTs are small, quiet, easy to install, can take wind from
any direction, and operate efficiently in turbulent wind conditions. VAWT is relatively simple its major moving
component is the rotor and the more complex parts like the gearbox and generator are located at the base of the
wind turbine. This makes installing a VAWT a painless undertaking and can be accomplished quickly.
Manufacturing a VAWT is much simpler than a HAWT due to the constant cross section blades. Because of the
VAWTs shows simple manufacturing process and installation, they are perfectly suited for residential
applications.
An S-VAWT generates electricity through drag force rather than lift force like the D-VAWT. As the
wind hits the concave portion of the blade (the bucket), it becomes trapped and pushes the blade around,
advancing the next bucket into position. This continues as long as the wind is blowing and can overcome the
friction of the shaft about which the blades rotate. A Savonius rotor typically rotates with a velocity equivalent
to the speed of the free stream velocity, or a tip speed ratio of one. Because of its lower rotation speed, Savonius
rotors shows lower efficiencies and are not capable of providing adequate electricity, but it is used to reduce the
overall dependence on other energy resources. However, due to the Savonius wind turbines simplicity,
manufacturing is very easy; some have even been built using large plastic blue poly drums with the capability of
providing up to 10% of a household's electricity In drag-based wind turbines, the force of the wind pushes
against a surface, like an open sail. It works because the drag force of the open, or concave, face of the cylinder
is greater than the drag force on the closed or convex section. [4]
IV. Literature survey
VAWTs consist of two major types, the Darrieus rotor and Savonius rotor. The Darrieus wind turbine
is a VAWT that rotates around a central axis due to the lift force produced by the rotating airfoils, whereas a
Savonius rotor rotates due to the drag force created by its blades. To increase the efficiency of the wind turbine
the designing of blade plays an very important role, according to literature there are many experiments were
conducted on design and analysis of Savonius VAWT blade, the following are some of the literature reviews on
design and analysis of Savonius VAWT blades, they conducted many experiments and analysis has been
carried out for different overlap ratio, blades having with end plate or without end plate, for different wind
speed, different tip speed ratio, different Reynolds numbers, pressure distribution at the convex and concave
surfaces, velocity contour, vortocity, static torque coefficient (Cts), coefficient of power (Cp) and coefficient of
torque (Ct).
The following are some of the literature reviews on Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine blades:
4. Review Paper of Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Rotor Blade
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.2| Feb. 2015 | 10|
A.A. Kadam, et al [5]; has studied about Savonius wind rotors and identify the various performance
parameters to increase its efficiency. The experimental results show that two blades rotor is more stable in
operation than three or more rotor blades, the power coefficient increases with increasing the aspect ratio. The
rotor blades with end plates gave higher efficiency than those of without end plates. CFD analysis was carried
out to study the flow behavior of a rotating two bucket Savonius rotor. Model the complex flow physics around
the rotating rotor was carried out by Fluent 6.3.26 software. For this purpose, data were taken from the
experiments conducted earlier on the rotor in a subsonic wind tunnel for five different overlap conditions are
16.2%, 20%, 25%, 30% & 35%.and results shows that the maximum pressure drop is found in case of 16.2%
overlap and minimum in case of 35% overlap, means that at 16.2% overlap condition power extraction is
maximum from the wind.
Mohammed Hadi Al [6]; has carried out experimental comparison and investigation of performance
between two and three blades Savonius wind turbine. Due to this purpose, two models of two and three semi-
cylindrical blades were designed and fabricated from Aluminum sheet, with having an Aspect ratio of ( As =
H/D =1), the dimension is ( H = 200 mm height and diameter D = 200 mm). These two models were
assembled to have overlap zero (e = 0) and a separation gap zero (e' = 0). Subsonic wind tunnel is used to
investigate these two models under low wind speed condition, which shows that maximum performance at (λ =
TSR = 1) and a high starting torque at low wind speed, and also gives reason for two bladed rotors is more
efficient than the three blades, that by increasing the number of blades will increase the drag surfaces against
the wind air flow and causes to increase the reverse torque and leads to decrease the net torque working on the
blades of savonius wind turbine.
K.K. Sharma, et al [7]; has studied the performance of three-bucket Savonius rotor by Fluent 6.0
Computational Fluid Dynamics software. Moreover, the flow behavior around the rotor was also analyzed with
the help of pressure, velocity and vorticity contours, for different overlap ratios.
Sukanta Roy, et al [8]; has presents effect of overlap ratios in unsteady two-dimensional computational
study on static torque characteristics of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) with Finite Volume based
computational Fluid Dynamics software package Fluent 6.3. The analysis was carried out for a two-bladed
conventional VAWT having overlap ratios of 0, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30. Initially, a comparative analysis
was made using various k – є turbulence models and then the results were compared with the experimental data
available in literature. The flow field around the turbine model was also studied with the help of static pressure
contour analysis. Analysis by the computational study shows an overlap ratio of 0.20 eliminates the effects of
negative static torque coefficient, provides a low static torque variation at different turbine angular positions and
also gives a higher mean static torque coefficient as compared to the other overlap ratios.
B. Wahyudi, et al [9]; has studied the performance of hydrokinetic turbines of Savonius using a Tandem
Blade Savonius (TBS) rotor. There were three types of TBS: Overlap (Type I), symmetrically (Type II) and
Convergence (Type III). The simulation work shows the way of the flow characteristic and pressure distribution
pattern in and around of the blade swept area. The results show that the convergence TBS (Type III) have a
higher gap pressure between upstream and downstream or they have best performance than other types.
Sumpun Chaitep, et al [10]; has studied the effect of the operating conditions (tip speed ratio) to the
starting rotation, reverse up rotation, power and torque coefficients of Curved Blades Vertical Axis Wind
Turbine (CB-VAWT). CBVAWT was tested in the laboratory scale in wind tunnel with different velocities of
1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 m/s.
N.H. Mahmoud, et al [11].has conducted an experimental analysis by using, wind tunnel experimental
setup, the experimental results shows that -Two bladed Savonius rotors are more efficient than the three and
four bladed Savonius rotors. The rotor with end plates gives higher efficiency than the without end plates.
Blades having overlap ratios are better than the blades with without over lap ratios. By increasing Aspect Ratio
Coefficient of performance (Cp) will also increase.
Bhaskar Jyoti Choudhury, et al [12] has analyzed flow characteristics of two bladed Savonius rotor with
2 Dimensional and 3 Dimensional analyses by using CFD ANSYS Fluent software. In this work they mainly
concentrated on variations of drag and torque coefficient for every 10 degree rotor blade angle. They also
studied about the static pressure, velocity, vorticity and turbulent kinetic energy with 2dimensional analysis by
using CFD software. By analyzing they came to conclusions that drag and torque co-efficient are maximum at 0
and 30 degree rotor blade angles respectively, vorticity and turbulent kinetic energy shows maximum value at
30 degree rotor blade angle.
Widodo, W.S, et al [13] has intention to design and analysis of the Savonius rotor blade to generate 5 kW
power Output. They designed blades and done structural analysis with the help of Solid Work flow simulations
and pressure difference between the concave and convex blade surface Savonius rotor surfaces was analyzed
with help of computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. The two flow types were analyzed in this paper one
was external flow and other one was internal flow analysis. Both analyses were static analysis. The presented
study was limited by the software and computer capability. In real world condition, when the air flows through
5. Review Paper of Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Rotor Blade
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.2| Feb. 2015 | 11|
the blade, it will induce a force to turn the rotor blade. However, the Solid Works software is unable to perform
the CFD analysis while the blades are rotating (dynamic condition). Therefore, only the static CFD analysis was
performed in this paper, was for both external and internal flow analysis.
Ivan Dobrev, et al [14] has studied about flow through savonius vertical axis wind turbine type with aspect
ratio having equal to almost 1. They studied simulation with both two dimensional and three dimensional
models.CFD analysis was carried out to find the behavior of savonius wind turbine under flow field condition
and performance evaluation , the flow analysis helps in determining the design was stable or not. The
simulation was validated by the experimental investigation in wind tunnel carried out with PIV(Particle image
velocimetry) with rotor azimuthal position.PIV was used to measure the instantaneous velocity field in the
middle of the rotor normally to the axis of rotation.
K.K. Matrawy, et al [15]; has considered main design and performance parameters of a small scale
vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). They design two models (Two and Four cambered blades) and tested in an
open wind tunnel. The studied parameters including: variation of rotational speed at different blade angles as
well as variation of torque and power coefficients at different tip-speed ratios. They also carried out to
investigation on the performance of (VAWT) with/without leading edge flap blades. The experimental data
obtained at different blade angles for different ranges are noted down and analyzed in order to give an optimal
blade angle through the study. A simple theoretical model is developed to verify and check up some
experimental results. The final experimental results showed that the blade angle of 45o
increase the performance
of (VAWT) comparing the other ones for both two and four bladed rotors. Using of flap blade which shows
increase power coefficient by 2.4% compared with the same model without flap blade.
Anum [16] has studied and proved that improvement of Savonius rotor performance is depending on partial
differential equation. Investigations were conducted to show the effect of geometrical configuration on the rotor
performance in terms of coefficient of torque and power, and power output. In proving the above case, the
analysis was carried out with the CFD (computational Fluid Dynamics). The equations of continuity and
Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes together with the realizable K- є epsilon turbulence model were helped in to
solve this problem. The results obtained shows that partial differential equation was important in the increasing
in the performance of the savonius rotor.
Patel C.R, et al [17]; has investigated the aerodynamic performance of Savonius wind turbine. Wind
tunnel was used to find the aerodynamic characteristics like, drag coefficient, torque coefficient, and power
coefficient of three bladed Savonius wind turbine rotor models, with and without overlap ratio, at various
Reynolds numbers. Numerical investigation was also carried out to find those aerodynamic characteristics.
Commercial computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software GAMBIT and FLUENT were used for numerical
investigation. Three different models with different overlap ratio were designed and fabricated for the current
study to find the effect of overlap ratios. At higher Reynolds number, turbine Model without overlap ratio gives
better aerodynamic coefficients and at lower Reynolds number Model with moderate overlap ratio gives better
results.
K.K. Sharma, et al [18]; has studied about the performance of a two-stage two-bladed configuration of the
Savonius rotor. Experiments were conducted in a subsonic wind tunnel. The parameters studied are overlap, tip
speed ratio, power coefficient (Cp) and torque coefficient (Ct). Optimized Overlap ratio was used to generate
maximum performance of the rotor. The study showed that a maximum Cp of 0.517 was obtained at 9.37%
overlap condition. Similarly power and torque coefficients decrease with the increase of overlap from 9.37% to
19.87%.
Ahmed Y., et al [19]; has designed vertical axis wind turbine model having three frames with cavity
vanes, fabricated and tested in a low speed wind tunnel. This type of model has a high drag coefficient when the
vanes close the frame on one side while rotating with wind direction and capture the wind efficiently. On the
other side, the frame rotates in the opposite direction of the wind which opens the frame causing the wind to
pass through the frame with low resistance. The model is tested in a wind tunnel with the different wind speeds.
This new model gives the maximum power coefficient of 0.32 at a wind speed of 8.2 m/s and tip speed ratio of
0.31.
Burcin Deda Altan, et al [20]; has introduced a new curtaining arrangement to improve the performance
of Savonius wind rotors. The curtain arrangement was placed in front of the rotor to avoid negative torque
opposite the rotor rotation. The geometrical parameters were designed to increase the performance. The rotor
with different curtain arrangements were tested out of a wind tunnel and its performance was compared with
that of the conventional rotor. The maximum power coefficient of the Savonius wind rotor is increased to about
38.5% with the optimum curtain arrangement. The experimental results showed that the performance of
Savonius wind rotors could be improved with a suitable curtain arrangement.
R. D. Maldonado, et al [21]; has done detailed investigation on Savonius wind rotor in order to obtain the
optimal characteristics. They designed Savonius wind rotor assembly with CAD software. Simulations of the
6. Review Paper of Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Rotor Blade
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.2| Feb. 2015 | 12|
interaction between the flow of air and blades were developed through finite element analysis (FEA). A result
of these simulations shows the velocity distribution of the profile blades. The formations of vortices were
studied with the finality to improve the performance of the Savonius rotor. Blades with different geometry and
gap distance between the blades were simulated, the results shown better geometry for the blade and gap
distance between blades that improved the power coefficient (Cp) of the Savonius rotor. Simulations results
show that the geometry and gap distance of the blades increases the Cp about 20%. Through gap distance
between the blades, the wind was directed to the surface of following blade to induce its rotation. An air
deflector was located front the Savonius rotor to increase and guide the flow of air to the blades. The deflector
increased the velocity of the Savonius rotor up to 32%.
Dhrubajyoti Rajbongshi, et al [22]; has studied about the effect of semicircular deflector. They fabricate
three bladed Savonius rotor and its base is fixed on square plate of cast iron. Around the savonius rotor eight
semi-circular (non movable) deflectors had been kept and are fixed on the square cast iron plate. The model is
kept in front of the circular pipe just after the blower and the speed of the air coming out from the blower
controlled by the valve. The X-axis of the square of the plate is kept in alignment with the axis of the pipe of the
blower and the rotational speed of the rotor was measured in the case when the X-axis of the square plate has
been rotated by 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90°. Results show that at 15% valve opening at 600
of rotation of cast
iron plate has maximum rotation speed. Table shows percentage of valve opening and maximum RPM obtained
(in case of without Deflectors and with deflectors)
Sl.No. Percentage of Valve
Opening
Speed of rotor without
deflectors
(rpm)
Speed of rotor with deflector
(rpm)
1 5 64 130
2 10 148 218
3 15 254 390
4 20 340 530
They also conducted experiments with increasing number of deflectors from 8 to 10 which shows increase
in rotation of rotor than previous result.
Animesh Ghosh, et al [23]; has studied about design and performance of Savonius, H-Darrieus and
combined Savonius-Darrieus turbines. The experiments were conducted for Savonius rotor for different overlap
ratios from 16.2% to 35%. Results show that optimum value of overlap is 20% at which the maximum
Coefficient of performance (Cp) is 0.38, for a Tip Speed Ratio 0.625. Wind tunnel experiments were conducted
for two bladed and three bladed H-Darrieus turbine to find the performances. Results show that both the
turbines produced a similar value of maximum aerodynamic torque and two bladed H-Darrieus turbine shows
higher coefficient of performance than the three bladed turbines. They also did comparative study on a three
bucket Savonius turbine & a combined three-bucket Savonius and three-bladed Darrieus turbines with and
without overlap ratios with different Tip Speed Ratio. The maximum Cp of 0.51 was obtained without the
overlap condition. The performance of the combined Darrieus-Savonius turbine both theoretically and
experimentally holds good. It was found that the combined Savonius-Darrieus turbine was the best of all the
turbines reviewed in terms of power coefficient. Thus, the combined Savonius-Darrieus turbine may be used for
small-scale applications by scaling-up the turbine.
K.K. Sharma, et al [24];has studied about the Combination of Savonius and Darrieus type of Vertical Axis
Wind Turbine (VAWT) rotors, which possess many advantages over their individual designs, like low starting
torque, high power coefficient, low cut-in wind speed etc. They measured the performance of a three-bladed
combined Darrieus-Savonius rotor, with Darrieus mounted on top of Savonius rotor, for overlap variations from
10.8% to 25.8%. Power coefficients (Cp) and torque coefficients (Ct) were calculated in a low range of Tip
Speed Ratio for each overlap condition. It is found that Cp increases with the increase of overlap. However,
there is an optimum value of overlap for which, Cp is maximum, beyond this Cp starts decreasing. The similar
trend is observed for Ct as well. The maximum Cp of 0.53 is obtained at 0.604 Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) for an
optimum 16.8% overlap ratio. The performance of the rotor is also compared with another version of this hybrid
design with Savonius mounted on top of Darrieus rotor. The present Darrieus-Savonius rotor can be suitably
placed in the built environment where it can harness more power from wind and, at the same time, would self-
start in low wind condition prevalent in such environment.
V. Conclusion
The reviews show that there is lot of research work is going on Vertical Axis Wind Turbine to increase
performance. Computational Fluid Dynamics is used to analysis the flow behavior of the rotor in both 2-
Dimensional and 3-Dimensional.The experimental work shows that