A Review on Revolution of Wind Energy Conversion System and Comparisons of Various Wind Generator Technologies

2015 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATION OF POWER, ENERGY, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION (ICCPEIC)
978-1-4673-6524-6/15/$31.00©2015 IEEE
A Review on Revolution of Wind Energy Conversion System and
Comparisons of Various Wind Generator Technologies
K.Padmanathan , Dr. G.Uma
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy,Anna University Chennai-25
Corresponding Authors: Tel.: +91-9500144328; E-mail addresses: padmanathankm@gmail.com (K.Padmanathan),
Tel.: +91-9444405106; E-mail addresses: uma@annauniv.edu (Dr. G.Uma),
Abstract
The research and development carried out on wind
energy has been reviewed in different perspective. This paper is
aimed at exchanging evidence from numerous literatures based
on results and expertise review article surveyed pertaining to
wind generator development between academic communities,
industries, manufacturers, non-governmental organizations of
sustainable development, researchers, engineers, economists and
several wind energy associations. The substance contains well-
informed new developments in the wind energy arena of
specialization thereby hurling light on the state of art research
observations and results in the field of Wind Energy Conversion
System (WECS). The study comprises of wind turbines, generator
and components. The review offers holistic approach on several
scientific and engineering factors concerned with the
advancement of wind power capture, conversion, different
generator schemes, integration methods and utilization of
technologies. Furthermore, discussion about an ancient and
forecast study of Wind Energy across the globe is presented.
Index Terms— Wind Energy Conversion System, Various Wind
Generator Technologies, Literatures review and comparison
1. INTRODUCTION
All over the world Green energy has a generous presence
and importance. Green energy is defined as the form of renewable
energy sources like wind, solar, and biomass utilization. The
utilization of energy should not harm the earth. When electrical
energy procures the negative environmental and social impact with a
growing importance on the energy diversity, energy localization,
energy security, sustainable development aspect must also be
considered. Considering the previous stating, the wind energy
conversion plays a momentous protagonist role in many geographic
locations. The Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) is the soul of
the wind energy sector. GWEC is publishing an annual report
about the annual market and outlooks. The details published
implicate a variety of studies like government policies, regional
installed capacity, struggling factors, wind energy atlas, issues due
to environmental changes, development of resource assessment
techniques, prediction, modelling, atmospheric physics, wind farm
planning, siting (including off-shore developments), economics and
concise numerous information of wind power capacity all over the
world. This paper provides a major medium for the reporting of
advances in quickly developing technology with the goal of
realizing the global potential to harness sterilized energy from
land-based and offshore wind. The cutting-edge research abilities
on wind energy are anticipated to encourage financial growth and
improve ecological excellence. José F. Herbert-Acero et.al (2014),
reviewed a methodological approaches for the Design and
Optimization of Wind Farms. However, a notable amount of works
were published in various journals with different perspective and
scopes. The comprehensive exploration for literature mechanism,
considered more than twenty search engines, scientific databases,
scientific journals, scientific magazines and conferences. The
Energies [17] journal presented indexing chart about wind energy
science until 20 October 2013. Figure.1 has shown the timeline of
Scientific Works Related to the Wind Farm Design and
Optimization (WFDO) problem. The chart clearly depicts the
growing interest in the WECS, over the decades.
Figure.1 Timeline of Scientific Works Related to the WFDO [17].
2. HISTORY AND WAY FORWARD OF WECS
The historical background of Wind Energy Conversion
System (WECS) discussed about various books and journals. In
this, Ahmet Duran Sahin (2004) had presented and scrutinized
well-in order about WECS. The wind power conversion has been
used 3000 years before [8] .The Dane, Poul La Cour assembled the
first wind turbine generated electricity in 1891. Danish engineers
enriched the machinery parts of WECS during the World Wars I
and II and used the technology to shunned energy crises. The
Danish company F.L. Smith built the wind turbines during 1941–
1942, which can be deliberated as the harbingers of modern wind
turbine generators. The Smith turbines are the first examples that
used modern airfoils based on the knowledge of aerodynamics. In
the meantime, the American, Palmer Putnam built a giant wind
turbine with a diameter of 53 m for the Morgan Smith Co. Both the
size and design philosophy of this machine are significantly
different. The Danish design is based on an upwind rotor with a
stall regulation, operating at slow speeds. Putnam’s design was
based on a downwind rotor with a variable pitch regulation.
Putnam’s turbine, however, was very successful [8].Due to the oil
crisis in the beginning of the 1970s, interest in wind-power
generation resumed. As a result, financial support for research and
development of wind energy became available. Germany, US,
Spain and Denmark developed large-scale wind turbine prototypes
in the MW range [8]. Due to the technological improvement in
aerodynamics and other fundamental manufacturing factors such as
structural modelling of towers and blades, permanent magnet
utilization in the generator, tower interaction, noise production

K.Padmanaban et al: A Review on Revolution of Wind Energy Conversion System & Comparisons of Various Wind Generator technique
978-1-4673-6524-6/15/$31.00©2015 IEEE
study, material characterization, gearless mechanism and
transportation development have been improved. In consequence
to the aforesaid parameters, wind turbine hub height, rotor diameter
and power rating of the machine has experienced outgrowth from
1980 to 2015.
3. INSTALLED CAPACITY OF WIND FARM - WORLDWIDE
Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) is getting
publicized every year for the different investigations carried out.
Global Wind Report Annual Market Updates 2012 and Global
Wind Report Annual Market Updates 2013 provides unique
information on status of wind power and market forecast for the
years 2013-2018, obstacle to wind energy development and
government policies. Wind Energy delivers about 2.5 percent of
global electricity consumption during 2012. Industry projections
show that wind power will, with the right policy support, double in
capacity by 2015 and again by the end of this decade. This will
deliver somewhere between 8 and 12.5 percent of global electricity
supply. Wind power capacity is expected in the global market to
reach 2,300 GW by 2030, which is providing up to 22% of the
world's electricity demands [2][3]. The cumulative market progress
is greater than 12.5 percent, strong growth for a manufacturing
industry given the present economic climate. The new global total
at the end of 2012 was 282.5 GW, representing cumulative market
growth of more than 19%, an excellent industry growth rate given
the economic climate, even though it is lower than the annual
average growth rate over the last 10 years of about 22%.[3]. In the
global arena wind power farms generate between 17 and 39 times
as much power as they consume, compared to 16 times for nuclear
plants and 11 times for coal plants. Also, wind energy generation
has reduced the environment being harmed by fly ash pollution. For
example in the year 2010, the 84 GW of wind power in the EU
avoided the emission of 126 million tons (Mt) of CO₂, equivalent to
taking 30% of EU cars (64 million vehicles) off the road. During
2013 the percentage of global electricity supplied by wind power is
2.5 to 3%. It could be supplied by the amount of wind power
electricity in globe during the year 2020 expecting 8-12%. The
global wind power capacity attained 336327 MW by the end of
June 2014, out of which 17’613 MW were added in the first six
months of 2014. This rise is considerably higher than in the first
half of 2013 and 2012, when 139 GW and 164 GW were added
respectively. The total worldwide installed wind capacity by mid-
2014 will generate around 4 % of the world’s electricity demand.
The World Wind Energy Association offers a variety of knowledge
base are formed and updated in facilitating the information about
the wind energy [6]. The global wind volume produced 5.5%
within six months (after 5 % in the same period in 2013 and 7.3 %
in 2012) and 13.5 % on an annual basis (mid-2014 compared with
mid-2013). In comparison, the annual growth rate in 2013 was
lower at 12.8 %. In the Table 1 and 2 chronicled, the major Country
that installed wind energy harvesting capacity from end of 2011 to
June 2014 is published.
Table 1 Total Installed Capacity 2013-2014 [MW]
Ra
nk
Country Total
Capacity
by June
2014
[MW]
Added
Capacit
y H1
2014
[MW]
Total
Capacity
end 2013
[MW]
Total
Capacity
end 2013
[MW]
1 China 98’588 7’175 91’413 5’503
2 USA 61’946 835 61’108 1,6
3 Germany 36’488 1’830 34’658 1’143
4 Spain 22’970 0,1 22’959 122
5 India* 21’262 1’112 20’150 1’243
6 United
Kingdom
11’180 649 10’531 1’331
7 France 8’592 338 8’254 198
8 Italy 8’586 30 8’551 273
9 Canada 8’526 723 7’698 377
10 Denmark 4’855 83 4’772 416
11 Portugal 4’829 105 4’724 22
12 Sweden 4’824 354 4’470 526
13 Brazil 4’700 1’301 3’399 281
14 Australia 3’748 699 3’049 475
15 Poland 3’727 337 3’390 310
Rest of the
World
31’506 2’042 29’451 1’761
Total 336’327 17’613 318’488 13’978
Table 2 Total Installed Capacity 2011-2012 [MW]
Ran
k
Country Total
Capacity
end 2012
[MW]
Added
Capacity
H1 2012
[MW]
Total
Capacity
end 2011
[MW]
1 China 75’324 5’410 62’364
2 USA 59’882 2’883 46’919
3 Germany 31’315 941 29’075
4 Spain 22’796 414 21’673
5 India* 18’321 1’471 15’880
6 United Kingdom 8’445 822 6’018
7 France 7’499 320 6’877
8 Italy 8’144 650 6’640
9 Canada 6’201 246 5’265
10 Denmark 4’162 56 3’927
11 Portugal 4’525 19 4’379
12 Sweden 3’745 - 2’798
13 Brazil 2’507 118 1’429
14 Australia 2’584 - 2’226
15 Poland 2’497 - 1’616
Rest of the World 24’660 3’026 16’493
Total 282’607 16’376 233’579
The World Wind Energy Association illustrate the details
of New Installed Capacity in 2014 which was 17613 MW[6] for
different country shown in Figure.2

978-1-4673-6524-6/15/$31.00©2015 IEEE
Figure.2 New Installed wind power capacity in 2014
The Figure.3 illustrated annual market forecast study
from 2013 to 2018 by region (Asia, Europe, North America,
Pacific Region Africa & Middle East and Latin America).
Figure.3 Annual Market Forecast by region 2013-2018 [3].
The Global Wind Energy Outlook 2014[3] discovers the
future of the wind energy industry out to 2020, 2030 and up to
2050. The outlook is prescribed as a baseline of different settings
such as New Policies Scenario, Moderate scenario and advanced
scenario [4]. Table 3 presents a Global Total Breakdown of
Cumulative Capacity from 2013 to 2030[4].
4. WIND POWER INSTALLED AND RESOURCE CAPACITY IN INDIA
India preserved noticeably its position as Asia’s number
two and worldwide numbers five, with 1.1 GW of new wind
capacity. Wind energy installed in India as on January 2015 had
neared 22597 MW. The Figure.4 illustrates installed wind power
capacity in India from 2006 to January 2015.
Figure.4 Installed wind power capacity in India
The Wind power resource available at different power
density range from 200 to 450 (W/Sq.Mts) is depicted in the color
code illustration in Figure.5
Figure.5 Wind Power Resource Map in India
The highest installed wind power generating capacity in
India is Tamil Nadu which is 7158 MW (as at end July, 2013)
which is about 40% of Wind installed capacity in India [14]. The
Figure.6 shows wind power in installed in Tamilnadu before 1997
up to 2013.
Table 3 : Global Total Breakdown Of Cumulative Capacity upto
2030[4]
Global Total
Total
Capacity in
MW
2013 2014 2015 2020 2030
New
Policies
Scenario
318128 356322 396311 610979 964465
Moderate
Scenario
318128 363908 413039 712081 1479767
Advanced
Scenario
318128 365962 420363 800615 1933989

978-1-4673-6524-6/15/$31.00©2015 IEEE
Figure.6 wind power in installed in Tamilnadu [14]
5. CONSIDERATION OF WIND FARM DEVELOPMENTS
Every developmental aspect of Wind Energy Conversion
System (WECS), from construction, commissioning, operations
and maintenance factors must be considered. John Wiley & Sons,
Ltd. of Wind Energy journal has prescribed a major forum for the
reports on the influencing parameters as follows
1. Development of resource assessment techniques- prediction,
modelling, atmospheric physics, wind farm planning, siting
(including off-shore developments), economics and
environmental issues.
2. Wind rotors and blades - aerodynamics, aero-elastics, aero-
servo-elasticity, aero-acoustics, wakes, rotor and blade
design.
3. Structural and mechanical components modeling and
design.
4. Electrical engineering of wind power - electrical
components, power electronics and controls, generators,
grid connection, integration and control of wind power
plants.
5. Dynamics and control - control algorithms, sensors,
actuators, and load mitigation strategies.
6. Operations and maintenance – reliability, maintainability,
condition monitoring, predictive maintenance, and
economics.
7. Government Polices.
6. WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY
A usual wind turbine encloses more than 8000 parts of
different machineries and components. The information is based on
a REpower MM92 turbine with 45.3meter length blades and 100m
tower [22]. The figure.7 shows general structure of a typical wind
turbine. The major components part of a wind turbine and their
share of the overall wind energy generation cost are given in Table
4. G.M. Shaﬁullah et.al (2013) reviews prospective challenges of
incorporating large-scale wind energy into the electrical grid.
Figure .7 General Structure of a typical wind turbine
Table 4 Main components of a wind turbine and their share of the
overall cost[22]
S.
No
Name of
Compone
nt Part
Percentage S.
No
Name of
Component
Part
Percentage
1 Tower 26.6% 10 Generator 3.44%
2 Rotor
blades
22.2% 11 Yaw system 1.25%
3 Rotor
hup
1.37% 12 Pitch system 2.66%
4 Rotor
bearing
1.22% 13 Power
converter
5.01%
5 Main
shaft
1.91% 14 Transformer 3.59%
6 Main
frame
2.80% 15 Brake system 1.32%
7 Cable 0.96% 16 Nacelle
housing
1.35%
8 Screw 1.04% 17 Other 10.37%
9 Gear box 12.91%
Debashisha Jena et.al (2015) provides a widespread literature
review on the Estimation of Effective Wind Speed (EEWS), and
EEWS based control techniques applied to wind turbine (WT)[16].
7. VARIOUS WIND GENERATOR SYSTEMS
The Electrical Generator plays a vital role in the WECS. The
Electrical Generator is classifies by numerous configuration and
topologies. From the literature survey based on results and
expertise review articles, wind generator development is observed
.R. Ramakumar et al. (2007) presented in the Special Issue on
Wind Power reported from GWEC has estimated the wind
generation of 1000 GW by 2020. Also, insisted in deepening the
wind electric conversion as the fastest growing “green” technology
due to: 1) technological advances in structural analysis and design;
2) sophistication in blade design and manufacture; and 3) power
processing efficiencies that use power electronics and novel
generator design for variable-speed operation [9]. Rong-Jie et al.
(2014) discussed speciﬁc attention was given to the comparison of
geared and direct drive systems. Challenges accompanying with
existing wind turbine drive-trains were acknowledged. Comparing
geared and gearless systems outlines their advantages and
disadvantages [10]. Hui Li et al. estimate numerous wind generator
systems by optimization designs and comparisons. Seven variable
speed constant frequency (VSCF) wind generator systems are
scrutinized. PMSGDD, PMSG1G, PMSG3G, DFIG3G and

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DFIG1G, Electricity Excited Synchronous Generator with the
direct-driven (EESG_DD) and the VSCF squirrel cage induction
generator with the three-stage gearbox (SCIG_3G). The
optimization designs are implemented for various wind generator
systems at 0.75-MW, 1.5-MW, 3.0-MW, 5.0-MWand 10MW
respectively [18]. The figure 8 and 9 depicts the comparison of
seven wind generator systems by means of annual energy
production (AEP) per cost and generator system cost [18].
Figure.8 The annual energy production (AEP) per cost [18]
Figure.9 The generator system cost [18]
Salem Alshibani et.al (2014) presented a Lifetime Cost
Assessment of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators
for MW Level Wind Turbines [20]. The figure.10 shows a
c o m p a r i s o n of geared and gearless PMSGs at a range of
power ratings with percent difference in cost shown at each
power level[20]. And figure.11 shows the Cost comparisons
of the machines in with lifetime losses cost added and gear
cost calculated twice. The percent difference in cost is shown
at each power level [20].
Figure.10 c o m p a r i s o n of geared and gearless PMSGs at a
range of power ratings with percent difference in cost shown
at each power level [20]
Figure.11 Cost comparisons of the machines in with lifetime
losses cost added and gear cost calculated twice. The percent
difference in cost is shown at each power level [20]
H. Li et al. (2008) offered an overview of different wind generator
systems and their comparisons. The contemporary wind turbines
are classified with respect to both their control features and drive
train types, and their strong suit and feebleness [19]. In the table 5
tabulated, shows a comparison of five different wind generator
systems [19]
Table 5 Comparisons of five different wind generator systems [19]

978-1-4673-6524-6/15/$31.00©2015 IEEE
Generators
concepts
DFI
G 3G
EESG
DD
PMSG
DD
PMSG
1G
DFIG
1G
Stator air-gap
diameter, m
0.84 5 5 3.6 3.6
Stack length, m 0.75 1.2 1.2 0.4 0.6
active material
weight, ton
Iron 4.03 32.5 18.1 4.37 8.65
Copper 1.21 12.6 4.3 1.33 2.72
PM - - 1.7 0.41 -
total cost, kEuro 5.25 45.1 24.1 6.11 11.37
generator active
material
30 287 162 43 67
generator
construction
30 160 150 50 60
Gearbox 220 - - 120 120
Converter 40 120 120 120 40
sum of
generator
system cost
320 567 432 333 287
total cost (incl.
margin for
company costs)
kWh/Euro
1870 2117 1982 1883 1837
annual energy
yield, MW h
7690 7740 7890 7700 7760
annual energy
yield/total cost,
kW h/Euro
4.11 3.67 3.98 4.09 4.22
Henk Polinder et al. (2006) compared five various generator
systems for wind turbines, namely the doubly-fed induction
generator with three-stage gearbox (DFIG3G), the direct drive
synchronous generator with electrical excitation (DDSG), the
direct-drive permanent-magnet generator (DDPMG), the
permanent-magnet generator with single stage gearbox (PMG1G)
and the doubly-fed induction generator with single-stage
gearbox(DFIG1G). The comparison is based on cost and annual
energy yield for a given wind climate. The DFIG3G is an
inexpensive solution using standard components. The DFIG1G
seems the most prominent in terms of energy yield divided by cost.
The DDPMG has the maximum energy yield, but although it is
cheaper than the DDSG, it is more expensive than the generator
systems with gearbox [21].
8. EQUATION MODEL OF WIND TURBINE AND PMSG
8.1 Wind Turbine Model
Wind speed is a driving force for the wind turbine system [16].
Generally have two kinds of wind turbines namely vertical axis and
horizontal axis types. In the horizontal axis wind turbine is
favouring due to the welfares of comfort in design and slighter cost
particularly for higher power ratings.
The power captured equation by the wind turbine is obtained as
equation (1)
pCVRP 23
2
1
 (1)
Where, the power coefficient pC is a nonlinear function of wind
velocity and blade pitch angle and is highly dependent on the
constructive features and characteristics of the turbine. It is
represented as a function of the tip speed ratio λ given by equation
(2)
V
R t
  (2)
It is important to note that the aerodynamic efficiency is maximum
at the optimum tip speed ratio. The torque value obtained by
dividing the turbine power by turbine speed is formed as equation
(3)
    32
2
1
, VCRVT ttt   (3)
Where, Ct (λ) is the torque co-efficient of the turbine, given by
equation (4)
 
 



p
t
C
C  (4)
The power co-efficient Cp is given by equation (5)
    1
5.16
5.05*4.0
1
116 










 eCp
(5)
where
  









1
035.0
089.0
1
1
3
1


(6)
The wind profile can be modeled by a sum of several
harmonics equation of simulated wind speed profile [15] which is
shown in figure.12.
Figure .12 Simulated wind speed profile [15]
Abdeldjalil Dahbi et.al (2014) presented an amazing cognizance
and control of a wind turbine connected to the grid by using
PMSG. The result illustrations are dynamic performances of the
complete system by its simulation and experimental results. This
has verified and validated the wind turbine emulator and the
efficiency of MPPT control method using a variable wind profile
[15].
8.2 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Model
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator provides an
optimal solution for variable speed operation. This eliminates the
need for separate base frames, gearboxes, couplings, shaft lines,
and pre-assembly of the nacelle. The output of the generator can be
fed to the power grid directly. A high level of overall efficiency
can be achieved, while keeping the mechanical structure of the
turbine simple.

978-1-4673-6524-6/15/$31.00©2015 IEEE
Figure.13 Equivalent circuit of Synchronous Generator for one phase
Generated emf / phase ,
E= Vt+ Ia (Ra+jXs) = Vt+IaZs (7)
Where Zs=
22
sa XR 
The rotor reference frames of the voltages are obtained as
equation (8) and (9)
  mrddrqqSq ILIpLRV   (8)
  qqrddSd ILIpLRV  (9)
The expression for the electromagnetic (EM) torque in the rotor is
given by equation (10)
  qmdqqd
n
e IIILL
P
T 












22
3
(10)
The relationship between the angular frequency of the stator
voltage (r) and the mechanical angular velocity of the rotor (m)
is obtained as follows:
G
P
m
n
r 
2
 (11)
 em
g
n
r TT
J
P
p 
2
 (12)
rp   (13)
Torque developed by the turbine Tt released to the input to the
generator Tm is expressed as equation(14)
G
T
T t
m  (14)
9. VARIOUS COMPARISONS OF PMSGS AND WECS REVIEW
G.M. Joselin Herbert et.al (2014) reviewed significant issues and
techniques for wind turbine installations such as the wind energy
resource assessment techniques, environmental factors, grid
integration factors, control strategies, impact offshore wind
turbines and hybrid energy technologies, modeling of wind turbine
components including generators, performance improvement
techniques. The cost and economic feasibility of the wind energy
conversion system as well as the control strategies of wind turbine
generators have also been discussed [7]. Ming Cheng, et.al (2014)
reviewed the ample summary of an expertise state of the art of
WECS. First, several types of WECSs are classified based on their
features and drive train types. The WECSs are compared on the
basis of the volume, weight, cost, efficiency, system reliability and
fault ride through capability. The prominence of wind power
generator and control schemes are discussed [10] [11]. J. Lloberas
et.al (2014) presented collective evidence of manufacturing
companies that is developing a variety of generator model and
prototype configuration in various ranges and its different features
[12]. Md. Rabiul Islamn et.al (2014) discussed on technical
challenges in wind turbine nacelle such as types of wind power
generation systems, turbine component costs, power electronics
configuration utilization, step-up transformers, turbine installation
cost and research and developmental trends[13].
10. CONCLUSION
In the aforesaid study, the PMSG has significant role in
harvesting the WECS. The literature study has accomplished the
crucial point of wind energy scenarios and new ideas to develop a
large Wind Farm. The review provides a summary of the accessible
information and recent progress in the wind farms. GWEC is
offering a various facts such as strategies, polices, technologies,
design and social impact toward sustainability. Predominant issues
of various generators schemes are compared. Although, PMSG for
MW range - the technology is quiet advanced, several challenges
still need to be encountered. Hence, significantly further
development of PMSG should be put forward ahead of research.
11. REFERENCES
[1] www.gwec.net
[2] Global Wind Energy Outlook- 2014
[3] Global Wind Report Annual Market Update 2013
[4] Global Wind Report Annual market updates 2012
[5] GWEC -India Wind Energy Outlook 2012.
[6] The World Wind Energy Association, 2014 Half-year Report,
www.wwindea.org.
[7] G.M. Joselin Herbert , S. Iniyan, D. Amutha, “A review of technical
issues on the development of wind farms,” Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews 32 (2014) 619–641
[8] Ahmet Duran ,Sahin, “Progress and recent trends in wind energy,”
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 30 (2004) 501–543.
[9] R. Ramakumar, G. Slootweg, L. Wozniak, “Guest Editorial Introduction
to the Special Issue on Wind Power,” IEEE Transactions on Energy
Conversion, vol. 22, NO. 1, March 2007, pp 1-3
[10] Rong-Jie Wang, Stiaan Gerber, “Magnetically geared wind generator
technologies: Opportunities and challenges,” Applied Energy 136 (2014)
817–826
[11] Ming Cheng, Ying Zhu, “The state of the art of wind energy conversion
systems and technologies: A review” Energy Conversion and
Management 88 (2014) 332–347.
[12] J. Lloberas , A. Sumper , M. Sanmarti, X. Granados, “A review of high
temperature superconductors for offshore wind power synchronous
generators,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 38 (2014) 404–
414
[13] Md. Rabiul Islamn, Youguang Guo, Jianguo Zhu, “A review of offshore
wind turbine nacelle: Technical challenges,and research and
developmental trends,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 33
(2014) 161–176
[14] Large Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources - Way
Forward, Central Electricity Authority ,November 2013
[15]Abdeldjalil Dahbi , Mabrouk Hachemi, Nasreddine Nait-Said, Mohamed-
Said Nait-Said, “Realization and control of a wind turbine connected to
the grid by using PMSG,” Energy Conversion and Management 84 (2014)
346–353
[16] Debashisha Jena , Saravanakumar Rajendran, “A review of estimation of
effective wind speed based control of wind turbines,” Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews 43 (2015) 1046–1062
[17] José F. Herbert-Acero , Oliver Probst ,Pierre-Elouan Réthoré , Gunner Chr.
Larsen and Krystel K. Castillo-Villar, “A Review of Methodological
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[23] http://niwe.res.in/
[24] http://www.mnre.gov.in/related-links/
[25]http://www.bee-india.nic.in/
[26] http://www.repower.com/
[27] http://www.iea.org/
[28] http://www.abb.co.in/
[29] http://www.ge.com/in/products_services/wind-energy/india-turbine.html
[30]http://www.gamesacorp.com
[31]http://www.enercon.de/de-de/
[32]http://www.suzlon.com/
[33]http://www.repower.de/
[34]http://www.sinovel.com
[35]http://www.energy.siemens.com
[36]http://www.xemc-darwind.com/
[37]http://www.areva-wind.com
[39]http://www.rrbenergy.com
[40]http://www.vestas.com
[41]http://www.energy.siemens.com/hq/pool/hq/powergeneration/wind
[43] http://www.cea.nic.in/ps_wing.html
[44]http://www.regenpowertech.com
[45]http://powermin.nic.in/
Padmanathan .K received the B.E. degree in Electrical
Electronics Engineering from the Anna University , Chennai,
the M.E. degree from the College of Engineering Guindy,
Chennai, India, He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in
Anna University. He has been involved in wind and renewable
energy research since 2007. His area of interest in Electrical
Machines, Finite Element Analysis, CAD for Electrical
Engineering, WECS and Renewable Energy.
Dr.Uma.G received the B.E. degree in from the Annamalai
University Chidhamparam, India, the M.E. degree from the
College of Engineering Guindy, Chennai , India,and the Ph.D.
degree from Anna University. She joined Anna University.
Presently, She is Professor & Head in Department of Electrical
Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Guindy Anna
University Chennai. She has been involving in research two
decades. She is the author or coauthor for more than 200
publications in reputed journals and conferences.

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