Wind power in india

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WIND POWER IN INDIA
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
AGILE VINOD KUMAR REDDY 11011A0247
in partial fufillment for the completion of course
in
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
4th year 1st semister
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
JNTUH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING HYDERABAD
KUKATPALLY, HYDERABAD
TELANGANA- 500085
OCT-2014

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my proud privilege to release the feelings of my gratitude to several persons who
helped me directly or indirectly to conduct this project report work. I express my heart full
indebtness and owe a deep sense of gratitude to the Department of Humanities and social
sciences, the staff and class teacher for providing me the opportunity to embark on this project.
I also thank all my friends who have more or less contributed to the preparation of this
report. I will be always indebted to them.
I would also thank my institution and my faculty members without whom this project
would have been a distant reality. I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my family members and
well wishers.
The study has indeed helped me to explore more knowledgeable avenues related to my
topic and I am sure it will help me in my future.
A.VINOD KUMAR REDDY

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Abstract
The growth of Renewable Energy in India is enormous and Wind Energy proves to be the
most effective solution to the problem of depleting fossil fuels, importing of coal, greenhouse gas
emission, environmental pollution etc. Wind energy as a renewable, non-polluting and affordable
source directly avoids dependency of fuel and transport, can lead to green and clean electricity.
The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s, and has significantly increased in
the last few years. Although a relative newcomer to the wind industry compared
with Denmark or the United States, India has the fifth largest installed wind power capacity in
the world. The global market for wind power has been expanding faster than any other source of
renewable energy.The worldwide installed capacity of wind power reached From just 4,800 MW
in 1995 318 GW by the end of 2013. China (91,324MW), US (61,108MW), Germany
(34,660MW) and Spain (22,959MW) are ahead of India (20,150MW) in fifth position. The short
gestation periods for installing wind turbines, and the increasing reliability and performance of
wind energy machines has made wind power a favoured choice for capacity addition in India.

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Table of contents
Title page no
Certificate 1
Acknowledgement 2
Abstract 3
Table of contents 4
1. Introduction 5
2. History of wind energy 5
3. Wind energy for power generation 6
4. Technology 7
5. Wind farms 7
6. The essential requirements of wind farm 8
7. Limitations of wind farm 8
8. Advantages 9
9. Disadvantages 9
10. India’s unique proposition 10
10.1. Geographic Location and Wind Potential 10
10.2. Security of supply 11
10.3. Environmental concerns 11
10.4. India’s World Market Share 11
10.5. Government Support and policies 12
10.6. India in the windy world 12
10.7. Clean Wind to overcome power shortage: 12
10.8. Wind energy as job generator 12
11. Capacity installed 13
12. Summary 14
13. References 15

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1. Introduction
Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities
of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. The earth’s surface is made of different types of
land and water. These surfaces absorb the sun’s heat at different rates, giving rise to the
differences in temperature and subsequently to winds. During the day, the air above the land
heats up more quickly than the air over water. The warm air over the land expands and rises, and
the heavier, cooler air rushes in to take its place, creating winds. At night, the winds are reversed
because the air cools more rapidly over land than over water. In the same way, the large
atmospheric winds that circle the earth are created because the land near the earth's equator is
heated more by the sun than the land near the North and South Poles. Humans use this wind flow
for many purposes: sailing boats, pumping water, grinding mills and also generating electricity.
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the moving wind into electricity.
2. History of wind energy :
Since early recorded history, people have utilized wind energy. Wind power has been
used as long as humans have put sails into the wind. For more than two millennia wind-powered
machines have ground grain and pumped water. It propelled boats along the Nile River as early
as 5,000 B.C., and helped Persians pump water and grind grain between 500 and 900 B.C. As
cultures harnessed the power that wind offered, the use of windmills spread from Persia to the
surrounding areas in the Middle East, where windmills were used extensively in food production.
Eventually, around 1,000 A.D., wind power technology spread north to European countries such
as The Netherlands, which adapted windmills to help drain lakes and marches in the Rhine River
Delta. Wind power was widely available and not confined to the banks of fast-flowing streams,
or later, requiring sources of fuel. Wind-powered pumps drained the polders of the Netherlands,
and in arid regions such as the American mid-west or the Australian outback, wind pumps
provided water for live stock and steam engines. Through history, the use of wind power has
waxed and waned, and nowhere in history is that more evident than in the last century and a half.
The first windmill used for the production of electricity was built in Scotland in July 1887 by
Prof James Blyth of Anderson's College, Glasgow (the precursor of Strathclyde University).

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With the development of electric power, wind power found new applications in lighting
buildings remote from centrally-generated power. Throughout the 20th century parallel paths
developed small wind stations suitable for farms or residences, and larger utility-scale wind
generators that could be connected to electricity grids for remote use of power. Today wind
powered generators operate in every size range between tiny stations for battery charging at
isolated residences, up to near-gigawatt sized offshore wind farms that provide electricity to
national electrical networks.
3. Wind Energy for power generation
Wind Energy, like solar is a free energy resource. But is much intermittent than solar.
Wind speeds may vary within minutes and affect the power generation and in cases of high
speeds- may result in overloading of generator. Energy from the wind can be tapped using
turbines.
Setting up of these turbines needs little research before being established. Be it a small
wind turbine on a house, a commercial wind farm or any offshore installation, all of them, at
first, need the Wind Resource to be determined in the area of proposed site. The Wind Resource
data is an estimation of average and peak wind speeds at a location based on various
meteorological. The next step is to determine access to the transmission lines or nearest control
centre where the power generated from the turbines can be conditioned, refined, stored or
transmitted. It is also necessary to survey the impact of putting up wind turbines on the
community and wildlife in the locality. If sufficient wind resources are found, the developer will
secure land leases from property owners, obtain the necessary permits and financing; purchase
and install wind turbines. The completed facility is often sold to an independent operator called
an independent power producer (IPP) who generates electricity to sell to the local utility,
although some utilities own and operate wind farms directly. Wind mills can be set up ranging
scales of:
 On-shore grid connected Wind Turbine systems.
 Off-shore wind turbine systems.
 Small Wind and Hybrid Energy Decentralized systems (Floating).

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4. Technology
The range of wind speeds that are usable by a particular wind turbine for electricity
generation is called productive wind speed. The power available from wind is proportional to
cube of the wind's speed. So as the speed of the wind falls, the amount of energy that can be got
from it falls very rapidly. On the other hand, as the wind speed rises, so the amount of energy in
it rises very rapidly; very high wind speeds can overload a turbine. Productive wind speeds will
range between 4 m/sec to 35 m/sec. The minimum prescribed speed for optimal performance of
large scale wind farms is about 6 m/s. Wind power potential is mostly assessed assuming 1% of
land availability for wind farms required @12 ha/MW in sites having wind power density
exceeding 200 W/sq.m. at 50 m hub-height.
The energy in the wind turns two or three propeller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor
is connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator to create electricity. Wind turbines are
mounted on a tower to capture the most energy. At 100 feet (30 meters) or more above ground,
they can take advantage of faster and less turbulent wind. Wind turbines can be used to produce
electricity for a single home or building, or they can be connected to an electricity grid for more
widespread electricity distribution. Furthermore projects are going on exploring in Research
Design and Development to achieve following goals:
 Continue cost reduction: improved site assessment, better modeling for aerodynamics,
intelligent or recyclable materials, stand-alone and hybrid systems.
 Increase value and reduce uncertainties: forecasting power performance, improving
standards and engineering integrity and storage techniques.
 Enable large-scale use: Load flow control and adaptive power quality
 Minimize environmental impacts: Noise impacts, Flora and Fauna, utilization of land
resources and aesthetics integration
5. Wind farms:
An area where a number of wind electric generators are installed is known as a wind
farm. A wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same location used for production of
electricity. A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind turbines
distributed over an extended area, but the land between the turbines may be used for agricultural
or other purposes. A wind farm may also be located offshore.

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Almost all large wind turbines have the same design — a horizontal axis wind turbine
having an upwind rotor with three blades, attached to a nacelle on top of a tall tubular tower.
In a wind farm, individual turbines are interconnected with a medium voltage (often 34.5
kV), power collection system and communications network. At a substation, this medium-
voltage electric current is increased in voltage with a transformer for connection to the high
voltage electric power transmission system.
6. The essential requirements for a Wind farm
The essential requirements for establishment of a wind farm for optimal
exploitation of the wind are the following:
 High wind resource at particular site.
 Adequate land availability
 Suitable terrain and good soil condition
 Maintenance access to site
 Suitable power grid nearby
 Techno-economic selection of specific turbines
 Scientifically prepared layout
7. Limitation of a Wind farm
 Wind machines must be located where strong, dependable winds are available most of the
time.
 Because winds do not blow strongly enough to produce power all the time.
 Energy from wind machines is considered "intermittent," that is, it comes and goes.
Therefore, electricity from wind farms must have a back-up supply from another source.
 As wind power is "intermittent," utility companies can use it for only part of their total
energy needs.
 Wind towers and turbine blades are subject to damage from high winds and lighting.
Rotating parts, which are located high off the ground can be difficult and expensive to
repair.

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 Electricity produced by wind power sometimes fluctuates in voltage and power factor,
which can cause difficulties in linking its power to a utility system.
 The noise made by rotating wind machine blades can be annoying to nearby neighbours.
 Some environmental groups have complained about aesthetics and avian mortality from
wind machines
8. Advantages
 Can be used for both distributed generation or grid interactive power generation using on-
shore or off shore technologies.
 The biggest advantage with wind energy is that the fuel is free, and also it doesn’t
produce CO2 emission.
 Ranges of power producing turbines are available. Micro-turbines are capable of
producing 300W to 1MW and large wind turbines have typical size of 35kW-3MW.
 Wind turbines can be relatively self-sufficient. Wind turbine is suitable to install in
remote rural area, water pumping and grinding mills.
 One of the major advantages of wind energy is its inherent strength to support rural
employment and uplift of rural economy.
 Average capacity factor can be close or higher than 30%.
 Unlike all other sources of power, wind energy does not consume any water-which in
itself will become a scarce commodity.
 Wind farm can be built reasonably fast, the wind farm land can be used for farming as
well thus serving dual purpose, and it is cost-effective as compare to other forms of
renewable energy.
 Wind farms can be tourist attractions.
9. Disadvantages
 The total cost can be cheaper than solar system but more expensive than hydro.
 Electricity production depends on- wind speed, location, season and air temperature.
Hence various monitoring systems are needed and may cost expensive.
 High percentage of the hardware cost (for large Wind Turbines) is mostly spent on the
tower designed to support the turbine
 Suitable areas for wind farms are often near the coast, where land is expensive.

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 Can kill birds - migrating flocks tend to like strong winds. However, this is rare, and we
tend not to build wind farms on migratory routes anyway.
 Can affect television reception if you live nearby.
 Need a lot of generators to get a sensible amount of power
10.India‘s Unique Proposition
In India the largest capacity wind turbine of 1650 kW has been recently installed in Tamil
Nadu by one of the manufacturers.
MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) are implementing the world's
largest wind resource assessment programme, which forms the backbone of their wind
exploitation efforts. Preliminary estimates indicate a potential of about 45,000 MW. Scientific
surveys are being intensified to identify specific viable and potential sites. A recent study
undertaken to reassess the potential, places it at about 60,000 MW. Assuming a grid penetration
of 20%, a technical potential of about 15,192 MW is already available for exploitation in the
potential States. 160 sites have so far been identified in 13 States. Survey work is in progress in
24 States / UTs. The States of Rajasthan and West Bengal have also shown wind potential.
About 33.5 billion units of electricity have been fed to the grid so far. A good local
production base for wind turbines now exists in the country, with 8 manufacturing companies
active in this sector. Today, the capital cost of wind power projects range between Rs. 4 to 5
crores per MW. This gives a levelised cost of energy generation in the range of Rs. 2.00 to Rs.
2.50 KWh, taking into consideration the fiscal benefits extended by the Government.
The government has introduced a package of incentives which includes tax concessions
such as 80% accelerated depreciation, tax holidays for power generation projects, soft loans,
customs and excise duty reliefs, liberalized foreign investment procedures, etc.
10.1. Geographic Location and Wind Potential:
The potential is far from exhausted. It is estimated that with the current level of
technology, the ‘on-shore’ potential for utilization of wind energy for electricity generation is of
the order of 65,000 MW. India also is blessed with 7517km of coastline and its territorial waters
extend up to 12 nautical miles into the sea. The unexploited resource availability has the
potential to sustain the growth of wind energy sector in India in the years to come.

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10.2. Security of supply:
In the absence of committed energy efficiency measures, the International Energy
Agency (IEA) predicts that by 2030, the world’s energy needs will be almost 60% higher than
now. At the same time, supplies of fossil fuels are dwindling. Some of the major economies of
the world are having to rely increasingly on imported fuel, sometimes from regions of the world
where conflict and political instability threaten the security of that supply. By contrast, wind
energy is a massive indigenous power source which is permanently available, with no fuel costs,
in virtually every country in the world
10.3. Environmental concerns:
The impetus behind wind power expansion has come increasingly from the urgent need to
combat global climate change. This is now accepted to be the greatest environmental threat
facing the world. Under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, OECD member states are committed to cut
their CO₂ emissions by an average of 5.2%. In the developing world, more immediate concern
comes from the direct environmental effects of burning fossil fuels, particularly air pollution.
Other environmental effects resulting from the range of fuels currently used to generate
electricity include the dangers of fossil fuel exploration and mining, pollution caused by
accidental oil spills and the health risks associated with radiation. Exploiting renewable sources
of energy such as wind power avoids these risks and hazards.
Like all mechanical systems, wind turbines produce some noise when they operate. Most
of the turbine noise is masked by the sound of the wind itself, and the turbines run only when the
wind blows. In recent years, engineers have made design changes to reduce the noise from wind
turbines. Early model turbines are generally noisier than most new and larger models. As wind
turbines have become more efficient, more of the wind is converted into rotational torque and
less into acoustic noise. Additionally, proper siting and insulating materials can be used to
minimize noise impacts.
An additional concern associated with wind turbines is potential interference with radar
and telecommunication facilities. And like all electrical generating facilities, wind generators
produce electric and magnetic fields.
10.4. India’s World Market Share:
According to REN21- Global Status Report 2011 (GSR-2011), Suzlon, an Indian-owned
company, emerged on the global scene in the past decade, and by 2006 had captured almost 7.7

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percent of market share in global wind turbine sales. Suzlon is currently the leading
manufacturer of wind turbines for the Indian market, holding some 43 percent of market share in
India. Suzlon’s success has made India the developing country leader in advanced wind turbine
technology. Also major world companies are pouring into the fast evolving Wind Energy market
in India: Vestas, GE Wind, Enercon and Gamesa have already opened up their establishments
across various cities in India.
10.5. Government Support and policies:
Several states have come up with renewable energy policies like Karnataka, Tamil
nadu and Andhra pradesh.
10.6. India in the windy world:
In 2008, India shared 6.58% of total wind energy installed capacity around the world,
according to World Wind Energy Report-2008. According to GSR-2011, the world witnessed
highest renewable energy installations through wind energy. As of 31 March 2014 the installed
capacity of wind power in India was 21136.3 MW .India has the fifth largest installed wind
power capacity in the world.In 2009-10 India's growth rate was highest among the other top four
countries.. The GSR 2011 reported on-shore wind power (1.5-3.5MW; Rotor diameter 60-100m)
at 5-9 cents/kWh and off shore wind power (1.5-5MW; Rotor diameter 75-120m) at 10-20
cents/kWh. But India’s onshore wind power cost reached 6-9cents/kWh in 2008 itself (Indian
Renewable Energy Status Report-2010).
10.7. Clean Wind to overcome power shortage:
Electricity losses in India during transmission and distribution have been extremely high
over the years and this reached a worst proportion of about 24.7% during 2010-11. India is in a
pressing need to tide over a peak power shortfall of 13% by reducing losses due to theft. Theft of
electricity, common in most parts of urban India, amounts to 1.5% of India’s GDP. Due to
shortage of electricity, power cuts are common throughout India and this has adversely affected
the country’s economic growth. Hence a cheaper, non-polluting and environment friendly
solution to power rural India is needed.
10.8. Wind energy as job generator:
Wind energy utilization creates many more jobs than centralized, non-renewable energy
sources. Wind Energy companies have opened up huge career options. Also the ease and
accessibility of manufacturing technology has given entrepreneurs with new business ventures to

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venture in. The wind sector worldwide has become a major job generator: Within only three
years, the wind sector worldwide almost doubled the number of jobs from 235,000 in 2005 to
440,000 in the year 2008. These highly skilled employees are contributing to the generation of
260 TWh of electricity.
11.Capacity Installed:
A notable feature of the Indian programme has been the interest among private investors
or developers in setting up of commercial wind power projects.
Several companies have established themselves in wind technology manufacturing. There
is a growing number of wind energy installations in states across India. By the end of March
2014, the states of India had a cumulative installed capacity of 21264 MW.
The respective state wise wind power generation is shown in the table:
State Capacity as on 31.03.2014
(MW)
Tamil Nadu 7253
Gujarat 3414
Maharashtra 2976
Rajasthan 2820
Karnataka 2409
Andhra Pradesh (including
Telangana)
753
Madhya Pradesh 439.00
Kerala 55
Others 4.30
Total 21264

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12.Summary
The Indian Wind Energy already has the 5th largest installed capacity in the world and is
set to grow at a rapid pace driven by investments from the private sector attracted by the
generous wind subsidies from the state and central government in India. Most of the Installed
Wind Capacity in India is located in the southern and industrial states of the country. The other
states like UP, Bihar lacks sufficient Wind Energy Capacity despite having high power tariffs
and substantial electricity deficits. It can be said that Wind Power in India is being developed
only in the progressive states like Gujarat, Maharashtra and others. To continue to grow at the
same rate, the industry needs to diversify geographically but that would need the backward state
governments to pull up their socks.

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13.Referances
13.1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_wind_energy
13.2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power
13.3. http://www.eai.in
13.4. http://www.inwea.org
13.5. http://energy.gov/eere/wind/history-wind-energy
13.6. http://www.indianwindpower.com/news_views.html#tab0
13.7. http://windeis.anl.gov/guide/concern/index.cfm
13.8. http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/wind.htm
13.9. http://www.windenergy.net.in

Wind power in india

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