The document provides information on DNA profiling (also called DNA testing or genetic fingerprinting). It discusses how DNA profiling uses a person's DNA makeup to identify individuals and is used in criminal investigations and parental testing. It notes that DNA profiling is not the same as full genome sequencing. The technique was first reported in 1986 and is now the basis of several national DNA databases. DNA profiles are sets of letters that reflect a person's unique DNA makeup.
Biotechnology utilizes living organisms or their components to develop products. There are four main types of biotechnology: medical, agricultural, industrial, and environmental. Recombinant DNA technology involves combining DNA from different species and inserting it into a host organism. It has important applications in health, agriculture, industry, and the environment such as producing vaccines and medicines, developing pest-resistant crops, manufacturing enzymes and chemicals, and bioremediating pollution.
this helps to understand the normal techniques related to biotechnology in a simple manner and provides you broad idea about the subject. A brief knowledge about the topic is presented in this presentation.
Introduction
What is cloning?
Why we want to do cloning?
History
Technique of cell cloning
Dolly – the sheep
Species cloned
Why persue animal cloning research?
Conclusion
Introduction
What is cloning?
Why we want to do cloning?
History
Technique of cell cloning
Dolly – the sheep
Species cloned
Why persue animal cloning research?
Conclusion
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renew and to differentiate into different cell types or tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
Have possibility to become a specialised cell.
Have the ability to divide continuously and develop into various other kinds of cells.
Have immune potential and can help to treat a wide range of medical problems.
Discovery of stem cells lead to a whole new branch of medicine known as Regenerative medicine.
Recombinant protein expression and purification Lecturetest
The document discusses recombinant protein expression and engineering. It describes:
1) Cloning or synthesizing the gene of interest, making an expression construct, transfecting cells, purifying the recombinant protein.
2) Factors to consider like the protein's origin (prokaryotic/eukaryotic), required post-translational modifications, and available expression systems.
3) A case study expressing recombinant human alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in E. coli, including vector construction, periplasmic extraction, affinity purification, and yield.
This document discusses various applications of tissue culture, including intracellular studies, elucidation of intracellular processes, studies of cell-cell interactions, and evaluation of environmental interactions. It also notes that animal cell culture can be used to produce medically important proteins like interferon, blood clotting factors, and monoclonal antibodies. Major developments in cell culture technology included the use of antibiotics, trypsin to subculture cells, and chemically defined culture media. Common cell culture media include Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium, and RPMI-1640.
This document provides an introduction to industrial biotechnology. It discusses how industrial biotechnology uses microorganisms and enzymes to produce goods for industries like chemicals, plastics, food, and pharmaceuticals. It notes some key advantages of industrial biotechnology over chemical processes, including higher reaction rates and lower energy consumption. The document also discusses the industrial importance of microbes and enzymes, describing how various microorganisms and enzymes are used in industries like food processing, brewing, and textiles. It provides examples of important industrial microbial strains and their characteristics.
Gene knockout is a technique used to study gene function by inactivating a gene in an organism's genome using homologous recombination. This is done by genetically engineering an organism that carries an inoperative version of one or more genes. Gene knockouts have been created in many organisms including mice, yeast, plants and bacteria to better understand gene function and model human diseases. They have provided useful insights into cancer, obesity, heart disease and other conditions. However, some genes are difficult to knockout and the results do not always correspond directly to human phenotypes due to functional differences between species.
Biotechnology utilizes living organisms or their components to develop products. There are four main types of biotechnology: medical, agricultural, industrial, and environmental. Recombinant DNA technology involves combining DNA from different species and inserting it into a host organism. It has important applications in health, agriculture, industry, and the environment such as producing vaccines and medicines, developing pest-resistant crops, manufacturing enzymes and chemicals, and bioremediating pollution.
this helps to understand the normal techniques related to biotechnology in a simple manner and provides you broad idea about the subject. A brief knowledge about the topic is presented in this presentation.
Introduction
What is cloning?
Why we want to do cloning?
History
Technique of cell cloning
Dolly – the sheep
Species cloned
Why persue animal cloning research?
Conclusion
Introduction
What is cloning?
Why we want to do cloning?
History
Technique of cell cloning
Dolly – the sheep
Species cloned
Why persue animal cloning research?
Conclusion
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renew and to differentiate into different cell types or tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
Have possibility to become a specialised cell.
Have the ability to divide continuously and develop into various other kinds of cells.
Have immune potential and can help to treat a wide range of medical problems.
Discovery of stem cells lead to a whole new branch of medicine known as Regenerative medicine.
Recombinant protein expression and purification Lecturetest
The document discusses recombinant protein expression and engineering. It describes:
1) Cloning or synthesizing the gene of interest, making an expression construct, transfecting cells, purifying the recombinant protein.
2) Factors to consider like the protein's origin (prokaryotic/eukaryotic), required post-translational modifications, and available expression systems.
3) A case study expressing recombinant human alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in E. coli, including vector construction, periplasmic extraction, affinity purification, and yield.
This document discusses various applications of tissue culture, including intracellular studies, elucidation of intracellular processes, studies of cell-cell interactions, and evaluation of environmental interactions. It also notes that animal cell culture can be used to produce medically important proteins like interferon, blood clotting factors, and monoclonal antibodies. Major developments in cell culture technology included the use of antibiotics, trypsin to subculture cells, and chemically defined culture media. Common cell culture media include Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium, and RPMI-1640.
This document provides an introduction to industrial biotechnology. It discusses how industrial biotechnology uses microorganisms and enzymes to produce goods for industries like chemicals, plastics, food, and pharmaceuticals. It notes some key advantages of industrial biotechnology over chemical processes, including higher reaction rates and lower energy consumption. The document also discusses the industrial importance of microbes and enzymes, describing how various microorganisms and enzymes are used in industries like food processing, brewing, and textiles. It provides examples of important industrial microbial strains and their characteristics.
Gene knockout is a technique used to study gene function by inactivating a gene in an organism's genome using homologous recombination. This is done by genetically engineering an organism that carries an inoperative version of one or more genes. Gene knockouts have been created in many organisms including mice, yeast, plants and bacteria to better understand gene function and model human diseases. They have provided useful insights into cancer, obesity, heart disease and other conditions. However, some genes are difficult to knockout and the results do not always correspond directly to human phenotypes due to functional differences between species.
Selection & Screening of Recombinant cells & expression of recombinant (2) (1)SunandaArya
This document summarizes various methods for selecting and screening recombinant clones after introducing recombinant DNA into host cells. It discusses direct selection using antibiotic resistance genes, insertional inactivation by inserting DNA into antibiotic resistance genes, and blue-white screening using beta-galactosidase activity. It also covers colony hybridization using radioactive probes and immunological tests using antibodies to identify antigen-expressing colonies. Finally, it briefly discusses protein expression in different systems like bacteria, insect cells, and mammalian cells.
Insertional inactivation is a technique used in genetic engineering where a fragment of foreign DNA inserts into the genome of a host cell. This insertion disrupts or inactivates an existing gene, such as one that confers antibiotic resistance. Screening methods rely on insertional inactivation to detect recombinant cells. For example, blue/white screening uses disruption of the lacZ gene to distinguish cells with and without recombinant DNA insertion.
Introduction
History
Cell culture techniques
Species cloned
Approaches of cell cloning
Monolayer culture- Dilution cloning
Microtitration plate
Suspension culture- Cloning in agar
Cloning in methocel
Isolation of clone
By clonal rings
By suspension clone
Application of cell cloning
Conclusion
Reference
Introduction.
Properties of Stem Cells.
Key Research events.
Embryonic Stem Cell.
Stem cell Cultivation.
Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism.
Research & Clinical Application of stem cell.
Research patents.
Conclusion.
Reference.
Gene therapy involves introducing genetic material into cells to treat or prevent disease. It has the potential to cure genetic disorders by correcting the underlying genetic defect. There are two main types - somatic gene therapy, which affects only targeted cells and is safer, and germline gene therapy which can permanently alter the genes and be passed to offspring. Recent advances include FDA-approved CAR-T immunotherapies for cancer and the first gene therapy approved for an inherited retinal disease. Challenges remain regarding delivery methods, safety, and ethical issues.
pET vector. Plasmid for Expression by T7 RNA Polymerase.MuhammadMujahid58
The pET vector system is a powerful tool for expressing cloned genes in E. coli. It utilizes the strong T7 promoter to drive high-level expression of the gene when induced. The T7 promoter is tightly regulated by the Lac repressor protein so expression is low without induction. This prevents toxicity from overexpression. Key features include the T7 promoter, Lac repressor binding site, ribosome binding site, and antibiotic resistance gene. Expression is induced by adding IPTG which binds Lac repressor and allows transcription by T7 RNA polymerase. This results in high protein yields while avoiding metabolic burden on the host cell.
Genetic engineering involves manipulating the DNA of organisms to produce desired traits. It works by inserting foreign DNA into an organism's genes using techniques like recombinant DNA and gene splicing. Genetically modified organisms can have altered traits like insect or disease resistance. Genetic engineering is used in agriculture, health, industry and more. It allows producing goods like medicines more efficiently but also raises concerns about impacts that must be addressed properly.
GENE THERAPY: TYPES, METHODS, FACTORS AND STANDARDS AND ITS APPLICATION IN HEALTHCARE FIELD
INVIVO THERAPY AND EXVIVO THERAPY
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METHODS TO CARRY ON GENE THERAPY
DEFECTIVE GENE IDENTIFICATION IN GENE THERAPY AND TREATMENT OF GENETICALLY AFFECTED GENE BY GENE THERAPY
This document summarizes various topics in medical biotechnology:
1. Molecular biology techniques like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling can be used to identify genetic diseases in embryos, while adult tissues can be tested through karyotype analysis, RFLP analysis, ASO tests, and DNA analysis.
2. Gene therapy aims to deliver therapeutic genes into humans to treat diseases, either through ex vivo techniques involving removing, modifying, and reimplanting cells, or in vivo techniques within the body using vectors like viruses or naked DNA to target specific cells.
3. The main difference between adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells is that embryonic stem cells are isolated from early embryos and can become
Cells are the basic unit of life and can be grown outside of the body in cell culture. There are two main types of cell lines: finite cell lines that divide a limited number of times and continuous cell lines that divide indefinitely. Cell lines can also be classified as primary or secondary based on whether they are derived directly from tissue or through sub-culturing. Some important cell lines used for research include HeLa cells from cervical cancer tissue, 293T kidney cells, A-549 lung carcinoma cells, and MCF-7 breast tumor cells. Cell lines provide a valuable model for studying cells outside of the body.
The document discusses genetic engineering and cloning techniques. It begins by defining cloning as making multiple copies of a target gene, generally using bacteria as hosts. It then describes the basic cloning process of inserting a DNA fragment into a vector, which is then introduced into a host cell to generate multiple copies. Key tools for cloning like restriction enzymes, ligase, vectors and host cells are mentioned. The document provides steps for cloning, genetic engineering, and producing proteins via recombinant DNA technology. It also lists various DNA polymerases and other enzymes commonly used in these processes.
DNA microarrays are solid supports with organized grids of DNA probes that represent genes. Each DNA spot allows comparison of thousands of genes simultaneously. Microarray technology uses DNA chip probes to bind complementary DNA in samples, studying gene expression across entire genomes. Microarrays evolved from Southern blotting and were first used for eukaryotic gene expression profiling in 1995. Microarrays exploit DNA hybridization between nucleotide sequences to screen genomic sequences. They are used for gene expression profiling, drug discovery, diagnostics, and more.
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Blood production agency. all types of blood cellls are produced in it. to understand it is the need of this era. it also will help in the physiology of blood making mechanism.
Microarrays allow researchers to study gene expression across thousands of genes simultaneously. They work by hybridizing labeled cDNA or cRNA to probes attached to a solid surface, then detecting and quantifying the hybridized genes. The document outlines the history and development of microarray technology. It describes the key steps in a DNA microarray experiment including tissue collection, RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis, hybridization to the array, scanning, and data analysis. Applications include studying gene expression in health and disease, drug development, and pharmacogenomics. Advantages are the ability to study many genes at once, while limitations include expense and complexity of data analysis.
Imagine that you have been told you have an illness that cannot be cured or what if your body has been irreversibly paralysed. There is no hope. But there is a science that could change that. It’s Called Stem Cell Research and it’s an important step in the medical revolution. But it comes with controversies as it uses Human Embryos’ as Raw Material.
But something astounding happened in the year 2006 that removed the usage of surplus embryos from the equation altogether. It’s about a brand new technology that can turn back the clock on your body cells. This is cutting edge of science where new developments are happing all the time. The iPSCs could be the potential medicine of 21st century. So what are stem cells? Why do they Matter? What are iPSCs and how it changed the biological rules?
CDNA Library preparation. ppt for Jamil sirNushrat Jahan
cDNA is produced from mRNA found in the nucleus and contains only the expressed genes of an organism. To create a cDNA library, mRNA is first extracted and purified from a cell, then reverse transcribed into cDNA using an oligo-dT primer that binds to the poly-A tail. The resulting single-stranded cDNA is converted into double-stranded DNA and cloned into plasmids in bacteria. cDNA libraries are useful for reproducing eukaryotic genomes without introns, expressing eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes, discovering novel genes, and studying alternative splicing in different cells.
This document discusses the application of biotechnology in the food, pharmaceutical, and agriculture industries. It provides examples of how biotechnology is used in food processing, such as developing new emulsifiers and tests for food allergens. In pharmaceuticals, biotechnology has been used to develop vaccines, insulin, blood products, and gene therapies. In agriculture, biotechnology can be applied to increase pest resistance, disease resistance, nutritional quality, and environmental stress tolerance in crops. Genetically modified crops are also discussed.
Application of Biotechnology in different fieldsVinod Kumar
This document provides an overview of the application of biotechnology in different fields including food, medical, agriculture, and environmental biotechnology. Some key points:
- Food biotechnology is used to genetically modify plants and animals for improved production, shelf life, nutrient composition, and drug delivery. Examples given are tomatoes with longer shelf life and golden rice engineered to produce vitamin A.
- Medical biotechnology aims to prolong life through technologies like monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer, bioprocessing insulin from bacteria, stem cells for tissue regeneration, and tissue engineering of organs.
- Agriculture biotechnology is applied through plant tissue culture to develop transgenic crops with desired traits like pest and stress resistance.
- Environmental biotechnology addresses
Selection & Screening of Recombinant cells & expression of recombinant (2) (1)SunandaArya
This document summarizes various methods for selecting and screening recombinant clones after introducing recombinant DNA into host cells. It discusses direct selection using antibiotic resistance genes, insertional inactivation by inserting DNA into antibiotic resistance genes, and blue-white screening using beta-galactosidase activity. It also covers colony hybridization using radioactive probes and immunological tests using antibodies to identify antigen-expressing colonies. Finally, it briefly discusses protein expression in different systems like bacteria, insect cells, and mammalian cells.
Insertional inactivation is a technique used in genetic engineering where a fragment of foreign DNA inserts into the genome of a host cell. This insertion disrupts or inactivates an existing gene, such as one that confers antibiotic resistance. Screening methods rely on insertional inactivation to detect recombinant cells. For example, blue/white screening uses disruption of the lacZ gene to distinguish cells with and without recombinant DNA insertion.
Introduction
History
Cell culture techniques
Species cloned
Approaches of cell cloning
Monolayer culture- Dilution cloning
Microtitration plate
Suspension culture- Cloning in agar
Cloning in methocel
Isolation of clone
By clonal rings
By suspension clone
Application of cell cloning
Conclusion
Reference
Introduction.
Properties of Stem Cells.
Key Research events.
Embryonic Stem Cell.
Stem cell Cultivation.
Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism.
Research & Clinical Application of stem cell.
Research patents.
Conclusion.
Reference.
Gene therapy involves introducing genetic material into cells to treat or prevent disease. It has the potential to cure genetic disorders by correcting the underlying genetic defect. There are two main types - somatic gene therapy, which affects only targeted cells and is safer, and germline gene therapy which can permanently alter the genes and be passed to offspring. Recent advances include FDA-approved CAR-T immunotherapies for cancer and the first gene therapy approved for an inherited retinal disease. Challenges remain regarding delivery methods, safety, and ethical issues.
pET vector. Plasmid for Expression by T7 RNA Polymerase.MuhammadMujahid58
The pET vector system is a powerful tool for expressing cloned genes in E. coli. It utilizes the strong T7 promoter to drive high-level expression of the gene when induced. The T7 promoter is tightly regulated by the Lac repressor protein so expression is low without induction. This prevents toxicity from overexpression. Key features include the T7 promoter, Lac repressor binding site, ribosome binding site, and antibiotic resistance gene. Expression is induced by adding IPTG which binds Lac repressor and allows transcription by T7 RNA polymerase. This results in high protein yields while avoiding metabolic burden on the host cell.
Genetic engineering involves manipulating the DNA of organisms to produce desired traits. It works by inserting foreign DNA into an organism's genes using techniques like recombinant DNA and gene splicing. Genetically modified organisms can have altered traits like insect or disease resistance. Genetic engineering is used in agriculture, health, industry and more. It allows producing goods like medicines more efficiently but also raises concerns about impacts that must be addressed properly.
GENE THERAPY: TYPES, METHODS, FACTORS AND STANDARDS AND ITS APPLICATION IN HEALTHCARE FIELD
INVIVO THERAPY AND EXVIVO THERAPY
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METHODS TO CARRY ON GENE THERAPY
DEFECTIVE GENE IDENTIFICATION IN GENE THERAPY AND TREATMENT OF GENETICALLY AFFECTED GENE BY GENE THERAPY
This document summarizes various topics in medical biotechnology:
1. Molecular biology techniques like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling can be used to identify genetic diseases in embryos, while adult tissues can be tested through karyotype analysis, RFLP analysis, ASO tests, and DNA analysis.
2. Gene therapy aims to deliver therapeutic genes into humans to treat diseases, either through ex vivo techniques involving removing, modifying, and reimplanting cells, or in vivo techniques within the body using vectors like viruses or naked DNA to target specific cells.
3. The main difference between adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells is that embryonic stem cells are isolated from early embryos and can become
Cells are the basic unit of life and can be grown outside of the body in cell culture. There are two main types of cell lines: finite cell lines that divide a limited number of times and continuous cell lines that divide indefinitely. Cell lines can also be classified as primary or secondary based on whether they are derived directly from tissue or through sub-culturing. Some important cell lines used for research include HeLa cells from cervical cancer tissue, 293T kidney cells, A-549 lung carcinoma cells, and MCF-7 breast tumor cells. Cell lines provide a valuable model for studying cells outside of the body.
The document discusses genetic engineering and cloning techniques. It begins by defining cloning as making multiple copies of a target gene, generally using bacteria as hosts. It then describes the basic cloning process of inserting a DNA fragment into a vector, which is then introduced into a host cell to generate multiple copies. Key tools for cloning like restriction enzymes, ligase, vectors and host cells are mentioned. The document provides steps for cloning, genetic engineering, and producing proteins via recombinant DNA technology. It also lists various DNA polymerases and other enzymes commonly used in these processes.
DNA microarrays are solid supports with organized grids of DNA probes that represent genes. Each DNA spot allows comparison of thousands of genes simultaneously. Microarray technology uses DNA chip probes to bind complementary DNA in samples, studying gene expression across entire genomes. Microarrays evolved from Southern blotting and were first used for eukaryotic gene expression profiling in 1995. Microarrays exploit DNA hybridization between nucleotide sequences to screen genomic sequences. They are used for gene expression profiling, drug discovery, diagnostics, and more.
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Blood production agency. all types of blood cellls are produced in it. to understand it is the need of this era. it also will help in the physiology of blood making mechanism.
Microarrays allow researchers to study gene expression across thousands of genes simultaneously. They work by hybridizing labeled cDNA or cRNA to probes attached to a solid surface, then detecting and quantifying the hybridized genes. The document outlines the history and development of microarray technology. It describes the key steps in a DNA microarray experiment including tissue collection, RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis, hybridization to the array, scanning, and data analysis. Applications include studying gene expression in health and disease, drug development, and pharmacogenomics. Advantages are the ability to study many genes at once, while limitations include expense and complexity of data analysis.
Imagine that you have been told you have an illness that cannot be cured or what if your body has been irreversibly paralysed. There is no hope. But there is a science that could change that. It’s Called Stem Cell Research and it’s an important step in the medical revolution. But it comes with controversies as it uses Human Embryos’ as Raw Material.
But something astounding happened in the year 2006 that removed the usage of surplus embryos from the equation altogether. It’s about a brand new technology that can turn back the clock on your body cells. This is cutting edge of science where new developments are happing all the time. The iPSCs could be the potential medicine of 21st century. So what are stem cells? Why do they Matter? What are iPSCs and how it changed the biological rules?
CDNA Library preparation. ppt for Jamil sirNushrat Jahan
cDNA is produced from mRNA found in the nucleus and contains only the expressed genes of an organism. To create a cDNA library, mRNA is first extracted and purified from a cell, then reverse transcribed into cDNA using an oligo-dT primer that binds to the poly-A tail. The resulting single-stranded cDNA is converted into double-stranded DNA and cloned into plasmids in bacteria. cDNA libraries are useful for reproducing eukaryotic genomes without introns, expressing eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes, discovering novel genes, and studying alternative splicing in different cells.
This document discusses the application of biotechnology in the food, pharmaceutical, and agriculture industries. It provides examples of how biotechnology is used in food processing, such as developing new emulsifiers and tests for food allergens. In pharmaceuticals, biotechnology has been used to develop vaccines, insulin, blood products, and gene therapies. In agriculture, biotechnology can be applied to increase pest resistance, disease resistance, nutritional quality, and environmental stress tolerance in crops. Genetically modified crops are also discussed.
Application of Biotechnology in different fieldsVinod Kumar
This document provides an overview of the application of biotechnology in different fields including food, medical, agriculture, and environmental biotechnology. Some key points:
- Food biotechnology is used to genetically modify plants and animals for improved production, shelf life, nutrient composition, and drug delivery. Examples given are tomatoes with longer shelf life and golden rice engineered to produce vitamin A.
- Medical biotechnology aims to prolong life through technologies like monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer, bioprocessing insulin from bacteria, stem cells for tissue regeneration, and tissue engineering of organs.
- Agriculture biotechnology is applied through plant tissue culture to develop transgenic crops with desired traits like pest and stress resistance.
- Environmental biotechnology addresses
biotechnology and its applications
application s of biotechnology, bt.cotton, cloning, dna, dna fingerprinting, dna isolation, gene manipulation, genetic engineering, goldenrice., r dnatechnology, recombinant vaccines, transgenic, vectors
This presentation is all about biotechnology. It is about the basic aspects of Biotechnology and covers a lot of topics under biotechnology, recombinant DNA technology. This is specifically for the HSC students of Mumbai. I hope that it helps.
Stem cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types, replacing dead or damaged cells throughout life. There are various sources of stem cells including embryonic, adult, fetal, and umbilical cord blood stem cells. Stem cell therapy works by transplanting stem cells to treat conditions such as blood disorders, baldness, burns, diabetes, blindness, Parkinson's disease, brain damage, tooth loss, kidney damage, deafness, orthopedic issues, and heart damage.
Application of Biotechnology In Agriculture PPT by Anila Rani Pullaguraanilarani
This document discusses various applications of biotechnology in agriculture, including producing vaccines through genetically engineered crops, using plants to create antibiotics, and improving the traits of flowers through genetic engineering. It also covers using biotechnology to develop improved feedstocks for biofuels, enhance plant and animal reproduction through molecular techniques, create pesticide-resistant crops, and develop nutrient-supplemented foods to fight disease. The document was written by Anila Rani Pullagura, who has experience in biotechnology research and teaching.
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms to develop useful products. Modern biotechnology techniques include isolating DNA, inserting genes into vectors, and transforming host cells. Applications include producing Bt crops for pest resistance, producing vaccines and diagnosing diseases. New advances include artificial lymph nodes, non-invasive cancer detection from saliva, smart contact lenses to monitor eye pressure, and machines that can scan the liver non-invasively. Biotechnology continues to progress rapidly with applications in agriculture, medicine, and other fields.
Biotechnology is defined as any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses. It helps meet basic human needs like food, clothing, shelter, health and safety through scientific advances in agriculture, medicine, and environmental management. Some key applications of biotechnology include using enzymes in detergents and the pulp and paper industry, genetically engineering crops for traits like insect or drought resistance, and developing pharmaceuticals through biotechnology techniques like genetic engineering and cell culture.
This document discusses biotechnology, including its definition, history, applications in different fields like agriculture, medicine, and industry. It covers topics such as drug production using biotechnology techniques, pharmacogenomics, gene therapy, and genetic testing. Drug production through isolation and genetic engineering of enzymes is described. The use of biotechnology to develop medicines and pharmaceuticals for treating diseases is also summarized.
Biotechnology has three main applications - medical, agricultural, and environmental. In medicine, it is used for diagnostics, therapeutics like vaccines, gene therapy, and cancer treatments. Agriculture uses biotechnology for higher yielding crops, pest resistance, and nutritionally enhanced foods. Environmental applications include bioremediation, pollution prevention, and environmental monitoring.
The document provides an overview of the field of biotechnology, including its history, key areas and applications. It discusses topics like genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, transgenic plants and animals, DNA microarrays, bioinformatics, and careers in biotechnology. The future prospects of biotechnology in addressing global challenges like food security and healthcare are also highlighted.
Medical biotechnology uses living cells and materials to research and produce pharmaceuticals and diagnostics for treating human diseases. It is applied to produce things like enzymes, antibiotics, vaccines, and for molecular diagnostics. Key applications of medical biotechnology include pharmacology, gene therapy, stem cells, and tissue engineering. Pharmacology uses techniques like recombinant DNA to produce therapeutic proteins in cells like insulin, growth hormone, and clotting factors. Gene therapy aims to treat diseases by replacing mutated genes. Stem cells have potential to regenerate tissues and treat conditions like spinal cord injuries. Tissue engineering grows tissues on scaffolds for transplantation.
This document provides an introduction to biotechnology. It defines biotechnology as the use of living cells, including microorganisms, plant cells, and animal cells, for the benefit of humanity. Key areas of biotechnology discussed include agriculture, food, industry, biofuels, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and waste utilization. The document outlines several important techniques in biotechnology such as genetic engineering, gene therapy, bioinformatics, restriction enzymes, reverse transcriptase, polymerase chain reaction, genetic fingerprinting, cloning, and genetically modified plants.
DNA fingerprinting is a technique that analyzes variations in DNA sequences at specific locations in the genome to identify individuals. There are two main methods: RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) and PCR (polymerase chain reaction). RFLP involves digesting DNA with restriction enzymes, separating fragments by size, and detecting with probes. PCR amplifies specific DNA regions defined by primer sequences. Short tandem repeats (STRs) are now commonly analyzed by PCR. DNA fingerprinting is used in criminal investigations to identify suspects or victims, and in resolving medical issues like paternity disputes. DNA databases help law enforcement match crime scene evidence to suspects.
Recombinant Dna technology, Restriction Endonucleas and Vector Dr. Priti D. Diwan
Recombinant DNA technology allows DNA from different sources to be combined to form artificial DNA molecules. This is done by cutting the DNA with restriction enzymes and joining the pieces together with DNA ligase. The artificial DNA can then be inserted into host cells where it is replicated. This technology was developed in 1973 and has many important applications, including producing human insulin in bacteria to treat diabetes, creating genetically modified crops with desirable traits, and producing other proteins and vaccines. The basic steps involve isolating DNA, cutting it with restriction enzymes, ligating the pieces, introducing the DNA into host cells, replicating the DNA within the cells, and identifying cells containing the recombinant DNA.
The Human Genome Project was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the sequence of nucleotide base pairs that make up human DNA. It originally aimed to map the over three billion nucleotides contained in the human genome. The finished human genome is a mosaic assembled from sequencing a small number of individuals. The project has provided insights into human genetics and disease research.
Lourdes conducted research that led to the characterization of over 50 peptides from fish-hunting snail venom and the use of conotoxins to study the human brain. Her discoveries impacted neuroscience as conotoxins continue to be used to examine brain activity.
Ramirez focused on studying the genetics of native plants like coconuts and rice in the Philippines. Her research empowered agricultural scientists and farmers by advancing plant breeding and genetics. She pioneered genetics instruction and was called the "Mother of Cell."
Recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized cell study. Advances in manipulating DNA allowed combining techniques such that researchers can now isolate specific genes to precisely study their structures and functions.
This document outlines several techniques in genetic engineering and biotechnology, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA, gel electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments by size, and DNA profiling for paternity testing and forensics. It also discusses sequencing the human genome, gene transfer using plasmids and restriction enzymes, current uses of genetically modified crops like salt-tolerant tomatoes, cloning techniques like with Dolly the sheep, therapeutic cloning of humans for medical research, and the ethical issues surrounding human cloning.
Comparative proteogenomics using mass spectrometry data from multiple genomes can address problems that a single genome approach cannot. It helps identify rare post-translational modifications, resolve "one-hit wonders" by looking for correlated peptides in orthologous proteins across species, and identify programmed frameshifts and sequencing errors. The approach is demonstrated through an analysis of mass spectrometry data from three Shewanella bacteria genomes, improving gene predictions and annotations compared to existing tools.
DNA probes and PCR technology are used to rapidly identify microorganisms by amplifying copies of their DNA or RNA. The amplified DNA can then be detected and quantified to assess how many microorganisms are present and monitor responses to treatment. DNA technology can also break the cycle of disease in nature by intervening in parasites' life cycles. DNA barcoding uses a short, unique DNA sequence to identify species, including establishing new species. It supplements traditional taxonomy. Recovering DNA from fossils through PCR amplification allows comparison to present DNA, determining relationships and identifying ancestors. Tracking human mtDNA and Y chromosomes shows all people originated from an African ancestor. Cloning extinct animals could disrupt nature but may be acceptable for those driven extinct by humans to preserve
This document outlines techniques in genetic engineering and biotechnology such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis, and DNA profiling. It discusses how PCR is used to copy and amplify small amounts of DNA, how gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by size, and how DNA profiling determines paternity and is used in forensics. Additional topics covered include human genome sequencing, gene transfer between species using plasmids and restriction enzymes, examples of genetically modified crops, cloning techniques using differentiated cells, ethical issues around human therapeutic cloning, and definitions of terms like clone.
DNA fingerprinting was developed in 1984 by Alec J. Jeffrey at the University of Leicester. It is a technique used to distinguish individuals using DNA samples. It has many applications including identifying criminals, determining paternity, and diagnosing genetic diseases. The process involves isolating DNA from samples, cutting the DNA into fragments of different sizes with restriction enzymes, separating the fragments by size, and comparing fragment patterns to determine matches. DNA fingerprinting revolutionized identification and has been used to solve many criminal cases and identify remains.
The document discusses the human genome project, which aimed to sequence the entire human genome and identify all human genes. It provides background on the human genome, describing its size, number of genes, and chromosomes. It details the goals and milestones of the human genome project from 1986 to 2003. Vectors like yeast artificial chromosomes and bacterial artificial chromosomes were used to clone large fragments of DNA for sequencing.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to copy and amplify minute quantities of DNA without bacteria. In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments move in an electric field and are separated by size, and this technique is used in DNA profiling to determine paternity or for forensic investigations. Genetic engineering techniques like PCR, gel electrophoresis, and DNA profiling have various applications and social implications.
This document provides an overview of DNA cloning including:
1. The basic steps in DNA cloning including isolation of vector and gene source DNA, insertion into the vector, and introduction into cells.
2. Uses of polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzymes in cloning.
3. Applications of cloning such as recombinant protein production, genetically modified organisms, DNA fingerprinting, and gene therapy.
This document provides information about a lecture series on methods in molecular biology. The course is titled "Methods in Molecular Biology" and is worth 3 credit hours. It will be taught by Dr. Sumera Shaheen in the department of biochemistry at Govt. College Women University Faisalabad. The lectures will cover topics such as recombinant DNA technology, vectors, PCR, DNA sequencing, gel electrophoresis, expression of recombinant proteins, antibodies, and blotting techniques. Recommended textbooks for the course are also listed.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It describes how Kary Mullis invented PCR in 1983, allowing rapid amplification of specific DNA sequences. This enabled DNA to be detected even from very small samples. The document outlines some of the key applications of PCR, such as forensics, disease diagnosis, archaeology, and basic research. It also provides explanations of how PCR works, involving heating and cooling of the DNA sample to facilitate copying of the target sequence through primer-directed polymerase activity.
This document provides a history of the development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology. It describes how Kary Mullis invented PCR in 1983, allowing rapid amplification of specific DNA sequences. This enabled detection of very small amounts of DNA and solved issues of specificity and amplification that hindered DNA analysis. The document outlines how PCR works and its components, as well as its applications in forensics, disease diagnosis, archaeology, and other fields due to its ability to amplify trace DNA amounts exponentially. PCR revolutionized molecular biology and is now an indispensable laboratory technique.
The document discusses a lecture on biotechnology given by Dr. Srinivasreddy Patil. It covers topics like the introduction and tools of genetic engineering, including vectors, enzymes, and host cells. Recombinant DNA technology and its applications are explained, using the example of insulin synthesis. Other topics covered include DNA fingerprinting, gene therapy, the human genome project, and monoclonal antibodies. The document also addresses the hazards and safeguards of genetic engineering.
The document discusses a lecture on biotechnology given by Dr. Srinivasreddy Patil. It covers topics like the introduction and tools of genetic engineering, including vectors, enzymes, and host cells. Recombinant DNA technology and its applications are explained, using the example of insulin synthesis. Other topics covered include DNA fingerprinting, gene therapy, the human genome project, and monoclonal antibodies. The document also addresses the hazards and safeguards of genetic engineering.
Similar to B sc biotech i fob unit 4 application in biotechnology (20)
Rai University provides high quality education for MSc, Law, Mechanical Engineering, BBA, MSc, Computer Science, Microbiology, Hospital Management, Health Management and IT Engineering.
The document discusses various types of retailers including specialty stores, department stores, supermarkets, convenience stores, and discount stores. It then covers marketing decisions for retailers related to target markets, product assortment, store services, pricing, promotion, and store location. The document also discusses wholesaling, including the functions of wholesalers, types of wholesalers, and marketing decisions faced by wholesalers.
This document discusses marketing channels and channel management. It defines marketing channels as sets of interdependent organizations that make a product available for use. Channels perform important functions like information gathering, stimulating purchases, negotiating prices, ordering, financing inventory, storage, and payment. Channel design considers customer expectations, objectives, constraints, alternatives that are evaluated. Channel management includes selecting, training, motivating, and evaluating channel members. Channels are dynamic and can involve vertical, horizontal, and multi-channel systems. Conflicts between channels must be managed to balance cooperation and competition.
The document discusses integrated marketing communication and its various elements. It defines integrated marketing communication as combining different communication modes like advertising, sales promotion, public relations, personal selling, and direct marketing to provide a complete communication portfolio to audiences. It also discusses the communication process and how each element of the marketing mix communicates to customers. The document provides details on the key components of an integrated marketing communication mix and how it can be used to build brand equity.
Pricing is a key element in determining the profitability and success of a business. The price must be set correctly - if too high, demand may decrease and the product may be priced out of the market, but if too low, revenue may not cover costs. Pricing strategies should consider the product lifecycle stage, costs, competitors, and demand factors. Common pricing methods include penetration pricing for new products, market skimming for premium products, value pricing based on perceived worth, and cost-plus pricing which adds a markup to costs. Price affects demand through price elasticity, with elastic demand more sensitive to price changes.
The document discusses various aspects of branding such as definitions of a brand, brand positioning, brand name selection, brand sponsorship, brand development strategies like line extensions and brand extensions, challenges in branding, importance of packaging, labeling, and universal product codes. It provides examples of well-known brands and analyzes their branding strategies. The key points covered are creating emotional value for customers, building relationships and loyalty, using brands to project aspirational lifestyles and values to command premium prices.
This document outlines the key stages in the new product development (NPD) process. It begins with generating ideas for new products, which can come from internal or external sources. Ideas are then screened using criteria like market size and development costs. Successful concepts are developed and test marketed to customers. If testing goes well, the product proceeds to commercialization with a full market launch. The NPD process helps companies focus their resources on projects most likely to be rewarding and brings new products to market more quickly. It describes common challenges in NPD like defining specifications and managing resources and timelines, and how to overcome them through planning and cross-functional involvement.
A product is an item offered for sale that can be physical or virtual. It has a life cycle and may need to be adapted over time to remain relevant. A product needs to serve a purpose, function well, and be effectively communicated to users. It also requires a name to help it stand out.
A product hierarchy has multiple levels from core needs down to specific items. These include the need, product family, class, line, type, and item or stock keeping unit.
Products go through a life cycle with stages of development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Marketing strategies must adapt to each stage such as heavy promotion and price changes in introduction and maturity.
This document discusses barriers between marketing researchers and managerial decision makers. It identifies three types of barriers: behavioral, process, and organizational. Specific behavioral barriers discussed include confirmatory bias, the difficulty balancing creativity and data, and the newcomer syndrome. Process barriers include unsuccessful problem definition and research rigidity. Organizational barriers include misuse of information asymmetries. The document also discusses ethical issues in marketing research such as deceptive practices, invasion of privacy, and breaches of confidentiality.
The document discusses best practices for organizing, writing, and presenting a marketing research report. It provides guidance on structuring the report with appropriate headings, formatting the introduction and conclusion/recommendation sections, effectively utilizing visuals like tables and graphs, and tips for an ethical and impactful oral presentation of the findings. The goal is to clearly communicate the research results and insights to the client to inform their decision-making.
This document discusses marketing research and its key steps and methods. Marketing research involves collecting, analyzing and communicating information to make informed marketing decisions. There are 5 key steps in marketing research: 1) define the problem, 2) collect data, 3) analyze and interpret data, 4) reach a conclusion, 5) implement the research. Common data collection methods include interviews, surveys, observations, and experiments. The data is then analyzed using statistical techniques like frequency, percentages, and means to interpret the findings and their implications for marketing decisions.
Bdft ii, tmt, unit-iii, dyeing & types of dyeing,Rai University
Dyeing is a method of imparting color to textiles by applying dyes. There are two major types of dyes - natural dyes extracted from plants/animals/minerals and synthetic dyes made in a laboratory. Dyes can be applied at different stages of textile production from fibers to yarns to fabrics to finished garments. Common dyeing methods include stock dyeing, yarn dyeing, piece dyeing, and garment dyeing. Proper dye and method selection are needed for good colorfastness.
Bsc agri 2 pae u-4.4 publicrevenue-presentation-130208082149-phpapp02Rai University
The government requires public revenue to fund its political, social, and economic activities. There are three main sources of public revenue: tax revenue, non-tax revenue, and capital receipts. Tax revenue is collected through direct taxes like income tax, which are paid directly to the government, and indirect taxes like sales tax, where the burden can be shifted to other parties. Non-tax revenue sources include profits from public enterprises, railways, postal services, and the Reserve Bank of India. While taxes provide wide coverage and influence production, they can also reduce incentives to work and increase inequality.
Public expenditure has increasingly grown over time to fulfill three main roles: protecting society, protecting individuals, and funding public works. The growth can be attributed to several causes like increased income, welfare state ideology, effects of war, increased resources and ability to finance expenditures, inflation, and effects of democracy, socialism, and development. There are also canons that govern public spending like benefits, economy, and approval by authorities. The effects of public expenditure include impacts on consumption, production through efficiency, incentives and allocation, and distribution of resources.
Public finance involves the taxing and spending activities of government. It focuses on the microeconomic functions of government and examines taxes and spending. Government ideology can view the community or individual as most important. In the US, the federal government has more spending flexibility than states. Government spending has increased significantly as a percentage of GDP from 1929 to 2001. Major items of federal spending have shifted from defense to entitlements like Social Security and Medicare. Revenues mainly come from individual income taxes, payroll taxes, and corporate taxes at the federal level and property, sales, and income taxes at the state and local levels.
This document provides an overview of public finance. It defines public finance as the study of how governments raise money through taxes and spending, and how these activities affect the economy. It discusses why public finance is needed to provide public goods and services, redistribute wealth, and correct issues like pollution. The key aspects of public finance covered are government spending, revenue sources like income taxes, and how fiscal policy around spending and taxation can influence economic performance.
The document discusses the classical theory of inflation and how it relates to money supply. It states that inflation is defined as a rise in the overall price level in an economy. The quantity theory of money explains that inflation is primarily caused by increases in the money supply as controlled by the central bank. When the money supply grows faster than the amount of goods and services, it leads to too much money chasing too few goods and a rise in prices, or inflation. The document also notes that hyperinflation, which is a very high rate of inflation, can occur when governments print too much money to fund spending.
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3.2 introduction to macro economicsRai University
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics. It defines macroeconomics as the study of national economies and the policies that governments use to affect economic performance. It discusses key issues macroeconomists address such as economic growth, business cycles, unemployment, inflation, international trade, and macroeconomic policies. It also outlines different macroeconomic theories including classical, Keynesian, and unified approaches.
Market structure identifies how a market is composed in terms of the number of firms, nature of products, degree of monopoly power, and barriers to entry. Markets range from perfect competition to pure monopoly based on imperfections. The level of competition affects consumer benefits and firm behavior. While models simplify reality, they provide benchmarks to analyze real world situations, where regulation may influence firm actions.
This document discusses the concept of perfect competition in economics. It defines perfect competition as a market with many small firms, identical products, free entry and exit of firms, and complete information. The document outlines the key features of perfect competition including: a large number of buyers and sellers, homogeneous products, no barriers to entry or exit, and profit maximization by firms. It also discusses the short run and long run equilibrium of a perfectly competitive firm, including cases where firms experience super normal profits, normal profits, or losses.
2. DNA profiling (also called DNA testing, DNA
typing, or genetic fingerprinting) is a technique
employed by forensic scientists to assist in the
identification of individuals by their respective
DNA profiles.
DNA profiles are encrypted sets of letters that
reflect a person's DNA makeup, which can also be
used as the person's identifier.
DNA profiling should not be confused with full
genome sequencing. DNA profiling is used in, for
example, parental testing and criminal
investigation.
3. The DNA profiling technique was first
reported in 1986 by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the
University of Leicester in England, United
Kingdom, and is now the basis of several
national DNA databases.
Dr. Jeffreys' genetic fingerprinting was made
commercially available in 1987, when a
chemical company, Imperial Chemical
Industries (ICI), started a blood-testing center
in the U.K.
4. For DNA fingerprinting, repetitive nucleotide
sequence which are specific for a person are
important.
These nucleotide sequence are known as variable
number tandem repeats (VNTR).
As every cell contains DNA, extremely small
amount of blood, semen, hair bulb or any other cell
from the body of a person are sufficient to detect
the individual.
The system of DNA profiling used today is based
on PCR and uses short tandem repeats (STR).
5. DNA fingerprinting or DNA profiling, any of
several similar techniques for analyzing and
comparing DNA from separate sources, used
especially in law enforcement to identify suspects
from hair, blood, semen, or other biological
materials found at the scene of a violent crime.
It depends on the fact that no two people, save
identical twins, have exactly the same DNA
sequence, and that although only limited segments
of a person's DNA are scrutinized in the
procedure, those segments will be statistically
unique.
6. A common procedure for DNA fingerprinting is restriction
fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). In this method, DNA is
extracted from a sample and cut into segments using special
restriction enzymes. RFLP focuses on segments that contain
sequences of repeated DNA bases, which vary widely from person
to person. The segments are separated using a laboratory
technique called electrophoresis, which sorts the fragments by
length. The segments are radioactively tagged to produce a visual
pattern known as an autoradiograph, or "DNA fingerprint," on X-
ray film.
A newer method known as short tandem repeats (STR) analyzes
DNA segments for the number of repeats at 13 specific DNA sites.
The chance of misidentification in this procedure is one in several
billion. Yet another process, PCR, is used to produce multiple
copies of segments from a very limited amount of DNA (as little
as 50 molecules), enabling a DNA fingerprint to be made from a
single hair. Once a sufficient sample has been produced, the
pattern of the alleles from a limited number of genes is compared
with the pattern from the reference sample.
7. 1. Paternity and Maternity
Because a person inherits his or her VNTRs from his or her parents, VNTR patterns
can be used to establish paternity and maternity. The patterns are so specific that a
parental VNTR pattern can be reconstructed even if only the children's VNTR
patterns are known (the more children produced, the more reliable the
reconstruction). Parent-child VNTR pattern analysis has been used to solve
standard father-identification cases as well as more complicated cases of
confirming legal nationality and, in instances of adoption, biological parenthood.
2. Criminal Identification and Forensics
DNA isolated from blood, hair, skin cells, or other genetic evidence left at the scene
of a crime can be compared, through VNTR patterns, with the DNA of a criminal
suspect to determine guilt or innocence. VNTR patterns are also useful in
establishing the identity of a homicide victim, either from DNA found as evidence
or from the body itself.
3. Personal Identification
The notion of using DNA fingerprints as a sort of genetic bar code to identify
individuals has been discussed, but this is not likely to happen anytime in the
foreseeable future. The technology required to isolate, keep on file, and then
analyze millions of very specified VNTR patterns is both expensive and
impractical. Social security numbers, picture ID, and other more mundane
methods are much more likely to remain the prevalent ways to establish personal
identification.
8. Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a female
domestic sheep, and the first mammal to be cloned
from an adult somatic cell, using the process of
nuclear transfer.
She was cloned by Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell
and colleagues at the Roslin Institute, part of the
University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
She has been called "the world's most famous
sheep" by sources including BBC News and
Scientific American.
Clones are organisms that are exact genetic copies.
Every single bit of their DNA is identical.
10. Cells taken from a six-year-old Finnish Dorset
ewe and cultured in a lab.
277 cells then fused with 277 unfertilized eggs
(each with the nucleus removed)
29 viable reconstructed eggs survived and were
implanted in surrogate Blackface ewes.
1 gave birth to Dolly
10
12. Although her nuclear genome came from the
Finn Dorset ewe, her mitochondria came from
cytoplasm of the Scottish Blackface ewe.
Mitochondria carry their own genome and so
with respect to the genes in mitochondrial
DNA, she is not a clone of the Finn Dorset
parent.
12
13. On 14 February 2003, Dolly was euthanised
because she had a progressive lung disease and
severe arthritis.
A Finn Dorset such as Dolly has a life
expectancy of around 11 to 12 years, but Dolly
lived to be 6.5 years old.
A post-mortem examination showed she had a
form of lung cancer, which is a fairly common
disease of sheep and is caused by the retrovirus
JSRV
15. Bioprocess or fermentation technology is an
important component of most ‘old’ and ‘new’
biotechnology processes and will normally
involve complete living cells (microbe,
mammalian or plant), organelles or enzymes as
the biocatalyst, and will aim to bring about
specific chemical and/or physical changes in
biochemical materials derived from the
medium.
15
16. The very beginnings of fermentation
technology, or as it is now better recognised,
bioprocess technology, were derived in part
from the use of microorganisms for the
production of foods such as cheeses, yoghurts,
sauerkraut, fermented pickles and sausages,
soya sauce and other oriental products, and
beverages such as beers, wines and derived
spirits.
16
17. New products are increasingly being derived from microbial,
mammalian and plant cell fermentations, namely the ability:
(1) to overproduce essential primary metabolites such as acetic and
lactic acids, glycerol, acetone, butyl alcohol, organic acids, amino
acids, vitamins and polysaccharides
(2) to produce secondary metabolites (metabolites that do not appear to
have an obvious role in the metabolism of the producer organism) such
as penicillin, streptomycin, cephalosporin, giberellins, etc.
(3) to produce many forms of industrially useful enzymes, e.g.
exocellular
enzymes such as amylases, pectinases and proteases, and intracellular
enzymes such as invertase, asparaginase, restriction endonucleases,
etc.
(4) to produce monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and novel recombinant
products, e.g. therapeutic proteins.
17
18. Bioprocessing in its many forms involves a
multitude of complex enzyme-catalysed
reactions within specific cellular systems, and
these reactions are critically dependent on the
physical and chemical conditions that exist in
their immediate environment. Successful
bioprocessing will only occur when all the
essential factors are brought together.
18
19. ADVANTAGES
Complex molecules such as
proteins and antibodies
cannot be produced by
chemical means.
Bioconversions give higher
yields.
Biological systems operate at
lower temperatures, near
neutral pH, etc.
Much greater specificity of
catalytic reaction.
Can achieve exclusive
production of an isomeric
compound.
DISADVANTAGES
Can be easily contaminated
with foreign unwanted
microorganisms, etc.
The desired product will
usually be present in a
complex product mixture
requiring separation.
Need to provide, handle and
dispose of large volumes of
water.
Bioprocesses are usually
extremely slow when
compared with conventional
chemical processes.
19
21. Downstream processing refers to the isolation and
purification of a biotechnologically formed
product to a state suitable for the intended use.
Within these products there will be considerable
variation in molecular size and chemical
complexity, and a wide range of separation
methods will be required for recovery and
purification.
While many of the products are relatively stable in
structure others can be highly labile and require
careful application of the methodology.
21
22. An example of the effort expended in
downstream processing is provided by the
plant Eli Lilly built to produce human insulin
(Humulin). Over 90% of the 200 staff were
involved in recovery processes.
Thus, downstream processing of
biotechnological processes represents a major
part of the overall costs of most processes
Improvements in downstream processing will
benefit the overall efficiency and costs of the
processes.
22
23. Enzymes are complex globular proteins present in
living cells where they act as catalysts that
facilitate chemical changes in substances.
Although enzymes are only formed in living cells,
many can be extracted or separated from the cells
and can continue to function in vitro.
This unique ability of enzymes to perform their
specific chemical transformations in isolation has
led to an ever-increasing use of enzymes in
industrial and food processes, bioremediation and
in medicine, and their production is collectively
termed enzyme technology.
23
24. The activity of an enzyme is due to its catalytic
nature. An enzyme carries out its activity without
being consumed in the reaction, while the reaction
occurs at a very much higher rate when the
enzyme is present.
Enzymes are highly specific and function only on
designated types of compounds, the substrates and
a minute amount of enzyme can react with a large
amount of substrate.
The catalytic function of the enzyme is due not
only to its primary molecular structure but also to
the intricate folding configuration of the whole
enzyme molecule.
24
25. Enzymes are non-toxic and biodegradable (an
attractive ‘green’ issue) and can be produced
especially from microorganisms in large amounts.
Enzyme technology embraces production,
isolation, purification and use in soluble or
immobilised form.
Commercially produced enzymes will
undoubtedly contribute to the solution of some of
the most vital problems with which modern
society is confronted, e.g. food production, energy
shortage and preservation, improvement of the
environment, together with numerous medical
applications.
25
26. It is estimated that the world market for
enzymes is over US$2 billion and will double
over the next decade.
Enzyme production and utilisation is one of the
most successful areas of modern biotechnology
and has increased by 12% annually over the past
ten years.
There are now over 400 companies worldwide
involved in enzyme production, with European
companies dominating (60%) and the USA and
Japan with 30%.
26
29. Biological detergents –
Amylase enzymes in detergents for machine
dishwashing to remove resistant starch
residues
Baking industry –
Proteinase enzymes in Biscuit manufacture to
lower the protein level of the flour
Brewing industry - Enzymes produced from
barley during mashing stage of beer
production.
29
30. Dairy industry –
Rennin by Manufacture of cheese, used
to split protein
Lipases and Lactases - Break down lactose to
glucose and galactose
Starch industry –
Immobilised enzymes for Production of high-
fructose syrups
30
31. Textile industry –
Various bacterial enzymes which Generally
preferred for desizing since they are able to
withstand working temperatures up to 100–110◦C
Leather industry –
Enzymes found in dog and pigeon dung used in
process of bating for softening leather
Medical and pharmaceutical –
Pancreatic trypsin for Digestive aid formulations
and treatment of inflammations
31
32. Energy for industrial, commercial and residential
purposes, electricity generation and transportation is
primarily supplied by fossil fuels (coal, gas and oil) and
nuclear power.
It is now widely believed that climate change is
strongly linked to the increased level of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, and that human activity
especially through the combustion of fossil fuels is a
major contributing factor.
Bioenergy (biofuel) is basically the production of
combustible/usable energy from biological sources.
This can be liquid fuels, e.g. bioethanol, biodiesel;
gaseous fuels, e.g. methane
32
33. Sugar crops Sugar cane, sugar beet: sugars extracted and
fermented to bioethanol.
Starch crops Maize (corn), barley, wheat, oats, cassava:
starch enzymatically hydrolysed to sugars and fermented to
bioethanol.
Cellulose crops/wastes Straw, bagasse, woody wastes,
cropped trees: the hemicelluloses can be enzymatically
hydrolysed to sugars and fermented to bioethanol.
Oil crops Rapeseed, linseed, sunflower, castor oil,
groundnut: oils extracted and transesterified to biodiesel.
Organic wastes/manures Complex microbial fermentations
to methane/ methanol.
Solid energy crops Coppiced trees, sorghum, reeds, grasses,
Eucalyptus: direct burning alone or with other conventional
sources, e.g. coal.
33
35. A major challenge to creating a sustainable
future for the world’s populations will be to
secure adequate food supplies for the majority.
By 2030 it has been estimated that the size of
urban populations will be at least twice that of
rural, agricultural-based populations.
What role can traditional and new
biotechnology play in achieving food
sustainability?
35
36. Food biotechnology is concerned with the
integration of both modern biological knowledge
and techniques and current bioengineering
principles in food processing and preservation.
The impact of biotechnology on the food and
beverage industries can be anticipated in two
directions:
(1) agronomic, i.e. increased plant and animal yields,
extended growth range and environments, from
which the farmers will mainly benefit
(2) non-agronomic, i.e. improving plants and
microorganisms to provide benefits to the food
producer, retailer or consumer
36
42. Now a days in industrialised societies, infectious diseases
are no longer the main threat to life but rather it is the
chronic diseases (cancer, cardiovascular disease,
Alzheimer’s disease, etc.)
New medical treatments based on new biotechnology are
appearing almost daily in the marketplace. These include:
(a) therapeutic products (hormones, regulatory proteins,
antibiotics);
(b) prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases;
(c) vaccines;
(d) immuno-diagnostic and DNA probes for disease
identification; and
(e) genetic therapy.
This are the largest commercially developed area of new
biotechnology with massive present and future markets.
42
43. The discovery in 1929 by Alexander Fleming
that a fungus called Penicillium notatum could
produce a compound, penicillin, selectively able to
inactivate a wide range of bacteria, without
unduly influencing the host, set in motion
scientific studies.
Antibiotics are antimicrobial compounds
produced by living microorganisms, and are
used therapeutically and sometimes
prophylatically in the control of infectious
diseases.
43
44. Over 4000 antibiotics have been isolated but
only about 50 have achieved wide usage.
The other antibiotic compounds failed to
achieve commercial importance for reasons
such as toxicity to humans or animals,
ineffectiveness or high production costs.
Antibiotics have been extensively used in
medicine since about 1945 with the arrival of
penicillin.
44
45. Antibiotics that affect a wide range of
microorganisms are termed broad spectrum
for example, choramphenicol and the tetracyclines,
which can control such unrelated organisms as
Rickettsia, Chlamydia and Mycoplasma species.
In contrast, streptomycin and penicillin are
examples of narrow spectrum antibiotics, being
effective against only a few bacterial species.
Most antibiotics have been derived from the
actinomycetes (filamentous bacteria) and the
mould fungi.
45
46. The production of antibiotics has undoubtedly
been a highly profitable part of the pharmaceutical
industries in the industrialised world.
The world market for antibiotics and anti-fungals
was worth over US$26 billion in 2001 and is the
most valuable segment of the total pharmaceutical
market.
In 1992, the cephalosporins were one of the largest
business sectors in the global pharmaceutical
market with sales at US$8.3 billion.
Due to biotechnology innovation, as world sales of
antibiotics increase their production costs have
decreased.
46
47. According to the World Health Organization, each
year more than 17 million people die from
infectious diseases
Human ingenuity has permitted humankind to
protect itself against many infectious diseases
through vaccination – a process that has been
successful for more than a century
Vaccines are preparations of dead microorganisms
(or fractions of them), or living attenuated or
weakened microorganisms, that can be given to
humans or animals to stimulate their immunity to
infection.
47
48. Consequently, in more recent times, world
vaccine manufacturing has become dominated
by five companies:
Chiron, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Sanefi-
Pasteur and Wyeth.
Vaccines have long processing times and are
difficult and expensive to produce.
the worldwide market for vaccines in 2006 was
US$10 billion.
48
49. Vaccines have eliminated smallpox from the world and
polio from the Northern hemisphere and have greatly
reduced measles, rubella, tetanus, diphtheria and
meningitis in many countries, saving countless
millions of lives.
Vaccines still remain the most cost effective
intervention available for preventing death and
disease.
At the present time humankind is under severe threat
of the spread of viral diseases, e.g. human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), mosquito-borne West
Nile virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
and a possible highly virulent influenza pandemic on a
scale similar to the fatal outbreaks.
49
50. A significant new development in medically
related biotechnology has been the ability to
produce monoclonal antibodies.
Monoclonal antibodies are now finding wide
applications in diagnostic techniques requiring
highly specific reagents for the detection and
measurement of soluble proteins and cell
surface markers in blood transfusions,
haematology, histology, microbiology and
clinical chemistry, as well as in other non-
medical areas.
50
51. (1) Cancer diagnosis and therapy
(2) Diagnosis of pregnancy
(3) Diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases
(4) Prevention of immune rejection of organ
implants
(5) Purification of industrial products
(6) Detection of trace molecules in food,
agriculture and industry
51
52. Gene therapy can be considered as any
treatment strategy that involves the
introduction of genes or genetic material into
human cells to eliminate disease.
The aim of gene therapy is to replace or repress
defective genes with sequences of DNA that
encode a specific genetic message.
Within the cells, the DNA molecules may
provide new genetic instructions to correct the
host phenotype.
52
53. Gene therapy is a complex series of events relying
heavily on new biotechnological techniques.
Therapy will require a full understanding of the
mechanism by which the defective or unusual
gene exerts its effect on the individual, and an
ability to switch off the defective gene and to
substitute a healthy gene copy.
It is truly a multidisciplinary activity involving
skills in molecular biology, cell biology, virology,
pharmacology, clinical application and patient
interaction.
53
55. The USA is the undoubted world leader in
gene therapy research and application.
Gene therapy products will present difficult
challenges in development, manufacturing,
testing and distribution.
Gene therapy technology is not without risk
and following several high profile events there
continues to be considerable focus on the ethics
and safety of gene therapy trials.
55
56. READING IMAGES
Biotechnology by John E.
Smith (5th Ed.)
Biotechnology by B D
Singh
Genetic Engineering by
Nicholl
http://www.roslin.ed.ac.
uk/public-interest/dolly-
the-sheep/a-life-of-dolly/
http://www.cdfd.org.in/
servicespages/dnafingerp
rinting.html
1 & 2:
http://www.roslin.ed.a
c.uk/public-
interest/dolly-the-
sheep/a-life-of-dolly/
3-10: Biotechnology by
John E. Smith (5th Ed.)