Biotechnology is the use of living organisms to develop useful products. Modern biotechnology techniques include isolating DNA, inserting genes into vectors, and transforming host cells. Applications include producing Bt crops for pest resistance, producing vaccines and diagnosing diseases. New advances include artificial lymph nodes, non-invasive cancer detection from saliva, smart contact lenses to monitor eye pressure, and machines that can scan the liver non-invasively. Biotechnology continues to progress rapidly with applications in agriculture, medicine, and other fields.

1. By: Sameen
Noushad
Rida Tahir

2. Bio-Technlogy- introduction
 Biotechnology is the use of
living systems and organisms
to develop or make useful
products, or "any
technological application
that uses biological systems,
living organisms or derivatives
thereof, to make or modify
products or processes for
specific use“

3. Techniques
 The Two important technique which enable development of modern
biotechnology:

4. Basic steps involved in processBasic steps involved in process
Isolating
genomic
DNA
Isolating
genomic DNA
from the donor.
Fragmenting
this DNA
Fragmenting
this DNA using
molecular
scissors.

5. Basic steps involved inBasic steps involved in
processprocess
Insertion of
DNA in a
vector
Screening
the
fragments
Screening the
fragments for a
“desired gene”.
Inserting the
fragments with the
desired gene in a
‘cloning vector’.

6. Basic steps involved inBasic steps involved in
processprocess
Introducing in
Host
Culturing the
cells
Transformation of
host cell
Introducing the recombinant
vector into a competent host
cell
Culturing these cells to obtain
multiple copies or clones of
desired DNA fragments
Using these copies to
transform suitable host cells
so as to express the desired
gene.

8. Application of biotechnology in
agriculture- Bt crops

9. Bacillus thuringiensis
 Soil bacterium.
 Produces a protein that has
insecticidal properties.
 Traditionally used as spray.

10. Mechanism of Bt

11. Bt crops are now commercially
available.
For Eg.
Bt Rice Bt Cotton Bt
Tomato
Bt Brinjal Bt
Soybean
Bt Potato
Bt Corn

12. Agrobacterium tumefaciens
 Soil bacterium.
 Causes crown gall tumors in
dicotyledonous plants.
 T DNA (gall producing gene)
occurs in Ti plasmid.
 Ti plasmid is used as vector for
higher plants.
 Many genetically modified
plants are produced using A.
tumifaciens.
Tumor
Mechanis
m

13.  Desirable genes such as Cry gene and Nif gene is
cloned inside A. tumifaciens and then transferred into another
plant.

14. Examples
1. Flavr savr tomato
 Longer shelf life.
 Antisense DNA is introduced
that retards ripening
2. Golden Rice
 Greater pro vitamin A
content.
 Genetically engineered.

15.  Some useful aspects of GM plants in agriculture:

16. Applications of bio
technology in medical fields

17.  One of the
biggest uses in
biotechnology is
for medicinal
purposes.
 Some of the
biggest areas of
application in
the medicinal
field include

18. Production of human and
animals vaccines
 New biotechnology can
be applied to produce
human and animal
vaccines.
 Vaccines for food and
mouth diseases, cancer,
polio, tuberclousis, etc.
have been developed.

19. Diagnosis of infection
diseases
 Advancement in biotechnology has
made it possible to make an easy,
early, quick and correct diagnosis of
infections diseases.
 Diagnostic kits have been developed
for AIDS, cancer, foot and mouth
diseases, tuberculosis, etc.
 Using the biotechnolgy tools like
Enzymes Linked Immuno-sorbant Assay
(ELISA), PCR based technique and RIA
Assays.

20. Production of antibiotics
and vitamins
 Using the genetic engineering
technique, various antibiotics have been
developed and are being in use.

21. Transfer of gene
 The gene of interest can be inserted into body
using recombinant DNA technology or genetic
engineering. Eg to make chimeras.

22. New Biotech Breakthroughs
that Will Change Medicine
 From a spit test for cancer to a shot that
helps your body re-grow nerves along
your spinal cord, these new advances in
the world of medicine blur the line
between biology and technology—to
help restore, improve and extend our
lives.

23. Decay-Fighting Microbes
 Bacteria living on teeth convert sugar into
lactic acid, which erodes enamel and
causes tooth decay.
 Florida-based company ONI BioPharma
has engineered a new bacterial strain,
called SMaRT, that cannot produce lactic
acid—plus, it releases an antibiotic that kills
the natural decay-causing strain.
 Dentists will only need to swab SMaRT, now
in clinical trials, onto teeth once to keep
them healthy for a lifetime.

24. Artificial Lymph Nodes
 Scientists from Japan's
RIKEN Institute have
developed artificial
versions of lymph
nodes, organs that
produce immune cells
for fighting infections.

25. Cancer Spit Test
 Forget biopsies—a device designed by
researchers at the University of California-Los
Angeles detects oral cancer from a single drop of
saliva

26. Smart Contact Lens
 Glaucoma, the second-leading
cause of blindness, develops
when pressure builds inside the
eye and damages retinal cells.
 Contact lenses developed at
the University of California-Davis
contain conductive wires that
continuously monitor pressure
and fluid flow within the eyes of
at-risk people.
 The lenses then relay
information to a small device
worn by the patient; the device
wirelessly transmits it to a
computer.
 This constant data flow will help
doctors better understand the
causes of the disease.

27. Liver Scanner
 How healthy is your
liver? Until recently,
answering that
question often required
a painful biopsy.
French company
EchoSens has
developed a machine
that scans the organ
for damage in just 5
minutes

29. Conclusion
Biotechnology remains a
flourishing field of science. Who
knows what's next? Flying
humans? Walking fish? Robots
to do our work? Or perhaps;
mass destruction.
Only the future can tell!