This document provides an introduction to industrial biotechnology. It discusses how industrial biotechnology uses microorganisms and enzymes to produce goods for industries like chemicals, plastics, food, and pharmaceuticals. It notes some key advantages of industrial biotechnology over chemical processes, including higher reaction rates and lower energy consumption. The document also discusses the industrial importance of microbes and enzymes, describing how various microorganisms and enzymes are used in industries like food processing, brewing, and textiles. It provides examples of important industrial microbial strains and their characteristics.
Bioprocess development and technology-Introduction,History of bioprocess,Milestones of Bioprocess development,Bioprocess development,Impact on Biotechnology
Bioprocess development and technology-Introduction,History of bioprocess,Milestones of Bioprocess development,Bioprocess development,Impact on Biotechnology
Introduction
History
Scale up in suspension:Stirred culture,Continuous flow culture,Air- lift culture,Nasa bioreactor
Scale up in monolayer culture: Roller bottle culture , multisurface culture,fixed -bed culture
Other type of culture for scaling up: HARV Vessels,STLV vessels
Monitoring of scale up
Conclusion
References
Introduction
Primary Culture
Steps In Primary Culture
Isolation Of Tissue
Dissection And/Or Disaggregation
Types Of Primary Culture
Primary Explant Culture
Enzymatic Disaggregation
Mechanical Disaggregation
Cell Line( Finite & Continuous)
Naming A Cell Line
Choosing A Cell Line
Maintenance Of Cell Line
Conclusion
reference
Scale up means increasing the quantity or volume of cell culture. For animal cells, the scale up strategies are dependent upon cell types or i.e. whether the cells requires matrix for attachment and growth ( adherent cell culture) or grows freely in suspended form in aqueous media. The scaling up principle for adherent cells are just to increase surface area for attachment while for suspension culture is to increase culture volume. This presentation enlightens the reader about different methods of scaling up of cells culture. Readers are also provided with sample questions for better understanding
Science and technology of manipulating and improving microbial strains, in order to enhance their metabolic capacities for biotechnological applications, are referred to as strain improvement.
Unit 1 introductionto industrial biotechnologyTsegaye Mekuria
The note briefly defines Biotechnology, and Industrial Biotechnology. introduces Fermentation technology and its principles in quite detail. I expect it to be good for higher education readers in the area- lecturers and students.
Introduction
History
Scale up in suspension:Stirred culture,Continuous flow culture,Air- lift culture,Nasa bioreactor
Scale up in monolayer culture: Roller bottle culture , multisurface culture,fixed -bed culture
Other type of culture for scaling up: HARV Vessels,STLV vessels
Monitoring of scale up
Conclusion
References
Introduction
Primary Culture
Steps In Primary Culture
Isolation Of Tissue
Dissection And/Or Disaggregation
Types Of Primary Culture
Primary Explant Culture
Enzymatic Disaggregation
Mechanical Disaggregation
Cell Line( Finite & Continuous)
Naming A Cell Line
Choosing A Cell Line
Maintenance Of Cell Line
Conclusion
reference
Scale up means increasing the quantity or volume of cell culture. For animal cells, the scale up strategies are dependent upon cell types or i.e. whether the cells requires matrix for attachment and growth ( adherent cell culture) or grows freely in suspended form in aqueous media. The scaling up principle for adherent cells are just to increase surface area for attachment while for suspension culture is to increase culture volume. This presentation enlightens the reader about different methods of scaling up of cells culture. Readers are also provided with sample questions for better understanding
Science and technology of manipulating and improving microbial strains, in order to enhance their metabolic capacities for biotechnological applications, are referred to as strain improvement.
Unit 1 introductionto industrial biotechnologyTsegaye Mekuria
The note briefly defines Biotechnology, and Industrial Biotechnology. introduces Fermentation technology and its principles in quite detail. I expect it to be good for higher education readers in the area- lecturers and students.
Scope of Industrial Microbiology and BiotechnologyDr. Pavan Kundur
Industrial microbiology defined as the study of the large-scale and profit motivated production of microorganisms or their products for direct use, or as inputs in the manufacture of other goods.
The function of the fermenter or bioreactor is to provide a suitable environment in which an organism can efficiently produce a target product—the target product might be cell biomass,metabolite and bioconversion Product. It must be so designed that it is able to provide the optimum environments or conditions that will allow supporting the growth of the microorganisms. The design and mode of operation of a fermenter mainly depends on the production organism, the optimal operating condition required for target product formation, product value and scale of production.
The choice of microorganisms is diverse to be used in the fermentation studies. Bacteria, Unicellular fungi, Virus, Algal cells have all been cultivated in fermenters. Now more and more attempts are tried to cultivate single plant and animal cells in fermenters. It is very important for us to know the physical and physiological characteristics of the type of cells which we use in the fermentation. Before designing the vessel, the fermentation vessel must fulfill certain requirements that is needed that will ensure the fermentation process will occur efficiently. Some of the actuated parameters are: the agitation speed, the aeration rate, the heating intensity or cooling rate, and the nutrients feeding rate, acid or base valve. Precise environmental control is of considerable interest in fermentations since oscillations may lower the system efficiency, increase the plasmid instability and produce undesirable end products.
Cleaner Production opportunities and its benefits in Biotech Industryijsrd.com
Biotechnology is said to be used as tool for cleaner production. There has been much discussion regarding potential environmental benefits and hazards associated with biotechnology. Biotechnology is increasingly being viewed as a major weapon against environmental damage. Cleaner production is considered as a part of this strategy and yet there is still widespread ignorance about this emerging technology but there are many areas in biotech industry where application of cleaner production can be beneficial economically as well as environmentally. There are many sectors of biotechnology; each sector has different process and products. By analyzing process of each class of biotechnology, Cleaner production opportunities can be generated specifically. Major processes in this industry where cleaner production can be applied are heat transfer, mass transfer, mechanical operations, separation techniques, etc. cleaner production at smaller level may also leads to benefits in overall economy and waste minimization in process. Cleaner production aims at waste reduction, onsite recovery, product modification and energy conservation. Although there are several barriers to cleaner production but it can be overcome considering the benefits obtained from cleaner production.
Recursos Renovables Alternativos (RRA) has developed two proprietary processes to allow the algae grow in high volumes and disrupt it efficiently in a profitable manner.
We have the technical capacity to operate biodiesel plants in a continuous and stable process.
http://rra.mx
Fermentation Biotechnology by Salman SaeedSalman Saeed
Fermentation Biotechnology lecture for Biology, Botany, Zoology, Chemistry, Biotechnology, Microbiology and Genetics Students by Salman Saeed Lecturer Botany University College of Management and Sciences Khanewal, Pakistan.
About Author: Salman Saeed
Qualification: M.Sc. (Botany), M.Phil. (Biotechnology) from BZU Multan.
M.Ed. & B.Ed. from GCU Faisalabad, Pakistan
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
1. AZAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
LUCKNOW
SUBJECT : INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY (RBT - 087)
TOPIC : INTRODUCTION, MICROBES & ENZYMES OF INDUSTRIAL
IMPORTANCE
Name : Amulya Singh Under Supervision Of
Branch: Biotechnology Er. Rehan Sultan Khan
Roll No.: 1705354001 H.O.D (Department of Biotechnology)
Year: Final Year A.I.E.T, LUCKNOW
2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
• APPLICATION OF INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
• ADVANTAGE OF INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY OVER CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
• INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE OF MICROBES
i. CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROBIAL STRAIN
ii. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WILD & INDUSTRIAL STRAIN
iii. INDUSTRIAL MICROBIAL STRAIN DEVELOPMENT
iv. METHODS OF INDUSTRIAL STRAIN DEVELOPMENT
v. BIOPRODUCTS – INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION & CHARACTERISTICS
• INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE OF ENZYMES
3. INTRODUCTION
• Industrial biotechnology can be simply defined as “The exploitation of
enzymes, microorganism and plants to produce energy, industrial
chemicals and consumer goods”.
• It often referred as “WHITE BIOTECHNLOGY”. It is the collection
of the scientific techniques & technologies to improve both the
efficiency and environmental footprint of modern industrial
production.
• Microbial technology constitutes the core of industrial biotechnology.
• Microbial technology refers to the use of microbes to obtain a product
or service of economic value. It is also called fermentation.
4. • Industrial biotechnology comprises of –
I. Medium preparation.
II. Inoculum preparation using industrial strain.
III. Fermentation process (The science of fermentation is known as
zymology).
IV. Physico – Chemical separation process for the purification of
product.
V. Packaging.
VI. Effluent treatment.
5. • Industrial or White biotechnology uses microorganism and enzymes to
produce goods for industry including chemicals, plastic, food,
agricultural and pharmaceutical products and energy carriers.
• Industrial biotechnology could save energy in production process and
could lead to significant reductions in greenhouse gas emission,
helping to fight global warming.
• Industrial biotechnology can also lead to improve performance and
sustainability for industry and higher value products.
• Industrial biotechnology aims to produce bulk chemicals including
polymeric materials and biofuels based on bioprocessing sustainable
agricultural products such as starch, fatty acids &/or cellulose
6. • Industrial biotechnology involves the use of enzymes and
microorganism to produce value – added chemicals from renewable
energy resources.
• Industrial biotech companies have begun commercializing process that
use methanotrophs and algae to capture carbon dioxide and convert it
to renewable chemicals, averting carbon and other pollutant emission
as well as fossil fuel.
• The use of industrial biotechnology can improve food and food
processing.
7. • Industrial biotechnology can achieve significant environmental and
economic advantage over traditional manufacturing process.
• According to report which was released at a Bio 2003 press
conference in Washington D.C
Case Studies : The report examines the following example of how
certain companies have used industrial biotechnology to improve
manufacturing process.
• BASF : By using a bio based fermentation process, BASF creates
Vitamin B12 in a single step rather than traditionally complex eight
step chemical process.
8. The report estimates that the biotech approach reduces carbon dioxide
emission by 30%, resource consumption by 60% and waste by 95%.
I. DSM : The traditional method for creating the antibiotic Cephalexin
involves a 10 step chemical synthesis. By replacing that approach
with a combination of a fermentation and enzymatic reaction, DSM
has reduce its material use and energy consumption by 65% and
variable costs by 50%.
II. Cargill Dow : The company creates Natureworks™, a new bio
based polymer to produce clothing, packaging material and
electronic goods .The product requires 25% to 55% less fossil
resources.
9. iii. Novozymes : The scouring process used in textile industry usually
involves relatively harsh chemical solutions. Novozymes supplies
enzyme applied to the water – intensive textiles industry, creating a
25% decrease in primary energy demand and 60% drop in emission
to water. Further enzymatic process has been shown to reduces
costs by 20%.
{SCOURING PROCESS : SCOURING PROCESS IS THE 1ST PROCESS CARRIED OUT
WITH OR WITHOUT CHEMICAL AT ROOM TEMPERATURE OR AT SUITABLE HIGHER
TEMPERATURE WITH THE ADDITION OF SUITABLE WETTING AGENT ALKALI & SO
ON. SCOURING REMOVES ALL THE WAXES, PECTINS AND MAKES THE TEXTILE
MATERIAL HYDROPHILIC OR WATER ABSORBENT.}
10. CHARACTERISTICS
• The immediate motivation is profit and the generation of wealth.
• The microorganism involved or their products are very valuable.
• The scale is large. Fermenters as larger as 50000 liters or larger.
11. Difference between Chemical process and
Bioprocess
CHEMICAL PROCESS BIOPROCESS
i. Use of synthetic or chemical process to
convert the raw materials is done.
i. Conversion of raw materials into final
products by biological organism employing
the biochemical pathways.
ii. They need high temperature of pressure. ii. They operate at ambient temperature and
pressure.
iii. Produce a limited variety products. iii. Certain unique products such as interferon,
growth factors etc. can be produced only by
biological organism.
iv. Can be operated under unsterile condition. iv. Usually requires a certain degree of sterility
and hence are difficult to maintain.
12. APPLICATION OF INDUSTRIAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Metabolite production.
• Production of bio control agent.
• Anaerobic digestion.
• Bio based fuel and energy.
• Recovery of metals.
• Waste treatment.
• Fermentation of food products.
13. ADVANTAGE OF INDUSTRIAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY OVER CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY
• High reaction rate.
• Improved conversional efficiency.
• High product purity.
• Lower consumption of energy.
• Decrease in chemical waste.
14. Industrial importance of microbes
• Microbes are crucial for the production of variety of metabolites such
as ethanol, butanol, lactic acid and riboflavin as well as the
transformation of chemicals that help to reduce environmental
pollution.
• Microbes can be used to create biofertelizer or to reduce metal
pollutants.
• Microbes are also used in a process called bioleaching in which
bacteria leach metals such as iron and manganese from soil and
sewage
• Microbes are also commonly used in the food industry, beverages
industry, textile industry, pharmaceutical industry.
15. Microbes are vey important in –
• Bio - based chemical production – Bacteria, Yeast and Algae have
been used to manufacture bio methanol and biodiesel as
transportation fuels as well as bio methane and bio derived
hydrogen.
• Genetic engineering – Viruses have been used as delivery vectors to
insert genetic material into other cells.
• Pharmaceutical production – Bacteria and fungi have been used to
produce several classes of antibiotics.
• Biopolymers – A number of polymer such as polyesters,
polysaccharides, polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHA), and polyamides are
synthesized with the help of microorganism.
16. List of industrially important microbes
MICROBES PRODUCTS
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bakery, Beer, Wine
Lactic acid bacteria Yogurt, probiotics
Aspergillus niger Citric acid
Lactobacillus delbrueckii Lactic acid
Acetobacter xylinum Nata Nata
Lactic acid bacteria Pickle sauerkraut
Cornybacteriun glutamicum Glutamic acid
Penicillium chrysogenum Penicillin
Acetobacter aceti Acetic acid
17. Properties of industrial microbes
• Produce spores or can be easily inoculated.
• Grows rapidly on a large scale in the inexpensive medium.
• Produce desired product quickly.
• Should not be pathogenic.
• Amenable to genetic manipulations.
18. Criteria of industrial microbes
• They should liberate a large amount of single product that can be
efficiently isolated isolated and purified.
• They should be easy to maintain and cultivate.
• They should have genetic stability with infrequent mutation.
• They are easily manipulated genetically.
• They can grow on an inexpensive, readily available medium.
(Example :- capable to grow in a large scale culture.)
• They should not be harmful to human
• They are able to grow and produced the desired product ina relatively
short of period of time.
19. Characteristics of Industrial microbial
strain
• Genetically stable & rapid cell growth.
• High rate of production of the desired products.
• Shorter time of fermentation.
• Fewer by products which makes simples downstream.
• Ability to utilize wide variety of inexpensive substances.
20. Difference between wild strain and
industrial strain
Wild strain Industrial strain
i. Poor genetic stability i. High genetic stability
ii. Ability to use various substances ii. Acclimatized to use cheaper and wide
variety of substrate.
iii. Are susceptible to product inhibition iii. High tolerant to product inhibition.
iv. Poor substrate conversion rate. iv. Very high substrate conversion rate.
v. Poor reproducibility (Growth rate,
Product formation and titttre
v. High reproducibility in product
formation rate and titre.
21. Industrial microbial strain development
• Isolation if industrial microorganism.
• Screening for new products.
• Identification of metabolites.
• Maintenance of microbial isolated.
• Strain improvement.
22. Methods of industrial strain development
I. STRAIN DEVELOPMENT :- rDNA technology and other example site
directed mutagenesis, protoplasm fusion, metabolic engineering etc.
II. MUTATION :- A process which can changes in the genotypic or
phenotypic characteristics of the organism.
III. GENETIC RECOMBITATION :- It is highly successful in plants and
animals. Genetic recombination is used for both genetic analysis as well
as strain development.
It is based on the –
1) Sexual reproduction 2) Parasexual reproduction 3) Protoplasm fusion
23. Bio-Products
• Chemical substances made by living thing ranging from small
molecule to higher molecule (Macromolecules).
OR
• Production of commercially useful products made from the use of
biological (microbes & enzymes) or renewable materials (Biomass
derived from agricultural residues , food processing etc.)
Example:- Oxychemicals ( Ethanol, Acetic acid, Butanol, Citric
acid).
Antibiotics , Vaccines (Hepatitis B).
Hormones, Enzymes (Amylases, Proteases, Xynalses)
24. • Derived by extraction from original hosts or by synthesis in bioreactor
containing cells or enzymes.
Compounds Function
Methanol Solvent
Ethanol Fuel and pharmaceutical use
Penicillin Antibacterial agent
Taxol Anticancer
25. Why bioproducts ?
• Sustainability
• Less carbon & water footprint
• Less emission to the environment
• High productivity
• Creates rural employment opportunity
26. Classification of bioproducts
• Bio products are classified into 3 categories –
a) Very high value low volume :- High purity, produced in the range
of grams to Kg.(Therapeutic proteins & enzymes, interferon, factor
8,Urokinase).
b) High value low volume & high purity :- Produced in quintal or
tons. ( Diagnostic enzymes, human growth Harmon, Monoclonal
antibodies and Insulin).
c) Bulk material products of relatively low purity :- Antibiotics,
Amino acids, Organic acids, Ethanol and Amylases.
27. Characteristics of bioproducts
Characteristics Very high
value low
volume
High value
low volume
& High
purity
Bulk
industrial
products of
relatively
low
Market value 0.1 – 100 Kg/year 1000 – 100000
Kg/year
1000000 –
100000000
Kg/year
Types of organism rDNA rDNA Natural
Purity of requirements Very high High Low
Cost consideration Not important Less important Important
Major bioseparation Affinity
chromatography,
Preparative
chromatography
Membrane
separation,
Adsorption
chromatography
Precipitation,
Filtration,
Extraction,
Adsorption
28. Biochemical Pathways
• Also called as metabolic pathway is a series of enzyme mediated
reactions where the product of one reaction is used as the substrate in
the next.
Example :- Krebs cycle, Glycolysis, Calvin cycle
• They are mainly concerned with the exchange of energy.
Chemical reaction :- It can be divided in two types.
i. Homogeneous :- The reaction take place in one phase alone.
Example:- Formation of ammonia from Hydrogen & Nitrogen.
ii. Heterogeneous :- At least two phases are required to proceed the
reaction. Example:-Burning of wood, microbial reaction etc
29. • Simultaneous mass transfer and reaction.
• If diffusion rate > reaction rate , then reaction is controlling factor.
• If diffusion rate< reaction rate, then diffusion is controlling factor.
30. Industrial importance of enzymes
• Enzymes have been widely used to facilitate industrial processes and the
production of products and these enzymes are referred as Industrial
enzymes.
• Among the currently used industrial enzymes are hydrolase (including
protease and lipase) remain the enzyme type which are extensively used in
the detergent , dairy and chemical industries.
• Enzymes are widely used by the food industry for processing raw materials
for the production of numerous and common product such as bakery
products, meat products, fruit products, beer and wine.
• They are also have been used in numerous technical applications such as in
paper recycling to remove ink, textile processing and fabric finishing,
ethanol production to break down the starch and cellulose.
31. • There are some enzymes which are used in textile industry –
Enzymes Effect
Amylase Desizing
Cellulase and Hemicellulase Bio stoning of jeans
Desizing of CMC
Stylish effect on cellulose fibres
Pectinase Scouring of vegetable as well as bast fibres (e.g.
cotton, jute).
Protease Scouring of animal fibers, degumming of silk
and modification of wool properties.
Lipase Elimination of fat and waxes
32. • In food processing, the enzymes used amylase from fungi and plants.
These enzymes are used in the production of sugars from starch , such
as in making high – fructose corn syrup.
• In dairy industry, renin derived from the stomachs of young ruminant
animals (like calves and lambs) is used to manufacture of cheese, used
to hydrolyze protein.
• In the brewing industry, enzymes from barley are released during the
mashing stage of beer production. They degrade starch and proteins to
produce simple sugar, amino acids and peptides that are used by yeast
for fermentation.
33. • Amylase, glucanase and proteases are used to split polysaccharides
and proteins in the malt.
• In the starch industry amylase, amyloglucosidases and glucoamylases
convert starch into glucose and various syrups.
• In paper industry, amylase, xylanases, cellulases and ligninases are
used to degrade starch to lower viscosity, aiding sizing and coating
paper.