Discover the evolution of pharmacy from ancient times to modern practice, tracing the development of pharmaceuticals, drug regulation, and the role of pharmacists in healthcare. Gain a deeper understanding of the profession's origins and its impact on society. Whether you're a student or a practitioner, this presentation offers a rich exploration of pharmacy's rich heritage.

1. Historical Background and Development of
Profession of Pharmacy
- By
Mr. Gaurav S. Patil
Assistant Professor,Dept.of Pharmaceutics
KVP’S, Institute of Pharmaceutical Education, Boradi, Maharashtra
UNIT :I
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2. Content
I. History of profession of Pharmacy in India in relation to :
pharmacy education, industry, and organization.
II. Pharmacy as Career
III. Pharmacopoeias: Introduction to IP, BP, USP, and Extra
Pharmacopoeias
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3. Introduction to Pharmacy
• Pharmacy: Pharmacy is a Greek word derived from Pharma, used since the
15th- 17th centuries.
• However, it originates from Greek word Pharmakon meaning “Drug”.
• Traditionally pharmacy is known as arts and science of making medicines
(drugs).
• Modern age, pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing and
dispensing drugs.
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4. • Pharmacy, is defined as the profession which is concerned with the art and
science of Identification, Selection, Preparation, Preservation, Standardization
of suitable drug substances from natural and synthetic sources and their
formulations which are meant for administration for Diagnosis, Prevention,
Treatment of diseases.
• It is a health professionthat links health sciences with chemical sciences and
aims to ensure the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs.
Introduction to Pharmacy
Continued…
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5. Introduction to Pharmacy
Continued…
• Apothecary is historical name for medical professional who formulate and
dispense medicines to the patients and physicians this role now serve by
pharmacist.
• Pharmacists are healthcare professionals who practice in pharmacy, the field
of health sciences focusing on safe and effective medication use.
• They have licensed to prepare and dispense medications, involved in patient
care, counselling, and monitor outcomes pursuant to a prescription from a
licensed health professional.
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6. History of profession of Pharmacy1
• The evolution of pharmacy profession can be divided into five historical
periods:
1. Ancient Era: The beginning of time to AD 1600
2. Empiric Era: 1600-1940
3. Industrialization Era: 1940-1970
4. Patient Care Era: 1970-Present
5. Advance Pharmaceutical, Biotechnological and Genetic Engineering Era:
The New Horizon.
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7. 1. Ancient Era: Generally used leaves, mud, and cool water to stop the bleeding and
heal the wounds.
• Chinese (2000 BC) –Produced herbal drugs with “spiritual” effects. They were
credited to be first users of podophyllum, rhubarb, ginseng, cinnamon etc.
• Indian (800 BC) - the Indians art of healing is almost as old as the religion of
hindiuism itself. Aurveda attained a state of reverence and is classified as one of the
Upa-Vedas- a subsection attached to the Atharva Veda, it also deals with the diseases,
injuries, fertility, sanity and health.
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8. • The Ayurveda (an ancient science of life) incorporates all forms of lifestyle in
therapy. Thus yoga, aroma, mediation, gems, amulets, herbs, diets, astrology, color
and surgery etc are used in a comprehensive manner in treating patients. The main
pillars of Ayurveda are: Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Vaghbata.
• Charaka Samhita: compiled and edited by Maharshi Charak
• Sushruta Samhita: address all aspects of general medicine.
• Theophratus, a Greek philosopher around 300 BC studied the plants, herbs, and
shrubs extensively hence refer as a Father of Botany.
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9. • Greeks are the first one who promote the pharmacy profession in world.
• 466 to 377 BCE: Hippocrates
Known as Father of Medicine.
Hippocrates established the basics of clinical medicine as it is practiced today.
He introduced numerous medical terms universally used by physicians, including
symptom, diagnosis, therapy, trauma and sepsis.
• 384-322 BCE: Aristotle
Regarded as godfather of evidence-based medicine.
Greatest thinker in politics, psychology and ethics.
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10. • 40-80 AD: Dioscorides
Greek Physician: popularly known as Father of Pharmacognosy.
Wrote book of 5 volumes on medicine and pharmacy called De Materia Medica
served foundation for other books of medical profession.
• 131-200 AD: Galen
Recognized as first pharmacist.
First one to formulated cold cream.
He was first to extract therapeutic constituents from plants called as galenicals.
He made available various formulae and methods of preparation _____ his work is
still k/a galenical pharmacy.
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11. • 754 AD: first apothecary (drug store or pharmacy) was set up in Baghdad.
• After the fall of Roman empire, division of pharmacy and medicine evolved.
• German emperor Fredrick II felt that pharmacy should be separated from medicine.
2. Empiric Era: 1600-1940
• 1645-1751: Le’mery
• Reported importance of extraction methods.
• Used alcohol for majority of extractions.
• 1707-1778: Swede Linnaeus
• Classify plants and introduced the binomial system of taxonomy (system of
naming the plants)
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12. • 1821: First United State Pharmacopoeia (USP) was published.
• 1821: first School of Pharmacy was established in Philadelphia, United States.
• 1852: American Pharmacy Association was established by William Proctor Jr. He
devoted his time and attention for the advancement of pharmacy profession, hence
k/a father of pharmacy.
• Major role and contribution of pharmacist to science was in the area of chemistry.
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13. History of Pharmacy Profession in India
• 1840: Goa Medical College was started in Panaji.
• 1841- Bengal Dispensatory and Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia was published
• 1870: marked the birth of pharmacy in India (Madras state) train the students in
pharmacy practice.
• 1881: Bengal Institute were started to train students as a compounders.
• 1901: The “Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceuticals” work in Kolkata by Prof. P.C. Ray.
• 1907: Alembic Chemicals company was set up in Baroda by Prof. T.K. Gujjar.
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14. • 1930: sera, vaccine, anesthetics and few simple drugs production began.
• 11th August 1930: Government of India on, appointed a committee under the
chairmanship of Late Col. R.N.Chopra to see into the problems of Pharmacy in India
and recommend the measures to be taken.
• 1935: United Province Pharmaceutical Association later called Indian
Pharmaceutical Association was established.
• 1937: Banaras Hindu University Started First B. Pharmacy course under the
guidance of Prof. Mahadeva Lal Schroff. (Father of Pharmacy in India)
• 1939: Indian Journal of Pharmacy was started by Prof. M.L. Schroff.
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15. 3. Industrialization Era
• 1940: All India Pharmaceutical Congress Association was established.
• 1941: The first Drugs Technical Advisory Board (D.T.A.B.) under this act was
constituted. Central Drugs Laboratory was established in Calcutta.
• 1942: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research was registered.
• 1945: ‘Drugs Rule under the Drugs Act of 1940’ was established.
• 1945: Govt. brought the Pharmacy Bill to standardize the Pharmacy Education in
India
• 1946: The Indian Pharmacopoeial List was published under the chairmanship of late
Col.R.N. Chopra.
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16. • 1948: Pharmacy Act 1948 was enacted.
• 1948: Indian Pharmacopoeial Committee was constituted under the chairmanship
of late Dr. B.N. Ghosh.
• 1949: Pharmacy Council of India (P.C.I.) was established under Pharmacy Act 1948
• 1954: Education Regulation have come in force 1954: Drugs and Magic Remedies
(Objectionable Advertisements) Act 1954 was passed
• 15 November 1954: Prof. M.L. Schorff was elected as first president of PCI.
• 1954: Hindustan Antibiotics Limited was set up to increase the production of
Antibiotics
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17. • 1955: Medicinal and Toilet Preparations (Excise Duties) Act 1955 was enacted.
• 1955: First edition of Indian Pharmacopoeia was published.
• 1960: Collaboration between research and development unit of industry and
national laboratories, and academia was started.
• 1970: Special provision was given to Indian Patent act.
• 1985: Narcotic and Psychotropic Substances Act has been passed.
• 1985-1990: Number of pharmaceutical manufacturing plants were setup in India.
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18. Pharmacy Education in India2,3
• In July 1937, pharmacy education was started in India.
• Pharmacy Council of India (PCI) was constituted on March 9, 1949 to ensure uniform
education and training purpose for individuals interested in pharmacy profession.
• Presently available Pharmacy Courses in India:
Course Duration
D. Pharm 2 Years
B. Pharm 4 Years
M. Pharm 2 Years
Pharm D 5 Years
Ph.D. in Pharmacy 3-6 Years
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19. • Pharmacy education in India includes a blend of theory and practical classes and
examinations, besides compulsory industrial or hospital training in varying periods
depending upon the course selected.
• There will be never ending demand for the pharmacy professionals in India as well
as globe.
• There are numerous organizations are associated with the pharmacy profession in
India namely: PCI, State PCI, MSBTEC, AICTE etc. to regulate the standards of the
profession.
• Pharmacy education in India is regulated by 2 organizations: the Pharmacy Council
of India (PCI), under the Pharmacy Act of 1948, and the All India Council for
Technical Education (AICTE), which was established under the AICTE Act of 1987
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20. • In 1930, in Calcutta the first pharmaceutical company called Bengal Chemicals and
Pharmaceutical Works.
• The history of Indian pharmaceutical market in 1970s was almost non- existent.
• Today, India has gained immense importance in the pharmaceutical domain.
• The Indian pharmaceutical industry is the worlds 3rd largest in terms of volume and
14th in terms of value.
• The pharmaceutical industry in India is currently valued at $50 Bn.
• India is a major exporter of Pharmaceuticals, with over 200+ countries served by
Indian pharma exports.
Indian Pharmaceutical Industry4
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21. • India supplies over 50% of Africa's requirement for generics, ~40% of generic
demand in the US and ~25% of all medicine in the UK.
• India also accounts for ~60% of global vaccine demand, and is a leading supplier of
DPT, BCG and Measles vaccines. 70% of WHO’s vaccines (as per the essential
Immunization schedule) are sourced from India.
• 1. Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. 2. Aurobindo Pharma 3. Dr Reddy’s Labs 4.
Cipla 5. Zydus Lifescience 6. Lupin 7. Glenmark Pharma 8. Alkem Laboratories 9.
Biocon 10. Torrent Pharma are the top 10 pharmaceuticals companies of India by the
revenue and market cap.
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22. • The scope of pharmacy practice generally includes the compounding and the
dispensing of medications, and more modern services such as clinical services,
providing drug information in correct manner.
• Pharmacy as a career option, which has always been in the forefront.
• Today sky is the limit for a pharma graduate. Depending on the qualification, talent
and experience, there are numerous avenues for pharma professionals.
• Those who have qualified individuals in pharmacy course have excellent
opportunities in industry, academia, hospitals, research industries, and government
departments.
Pharmacy as a Career
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23. Job opportunities for pharmacy professional’s
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24. 1. Practice settings:
• Hospital Pharmacist : Hospitals a pharmacist. They undertake responsibility for
stock control, storage, placing orders, labelling and financial budgeting and account-
keeping for the dispensary.
• Community Pharmacist: Dispensing of prescription and over-the-counter
medicines to the public. Reviewing prescriptions from doctors to ensure accuracy
and suitability for the patient, including the dosage, ingredients required, and
correctly and safely labelled.
• Clinical Pharmacist: Clinical pharmacists are responsible and accountable for
medication therapy and patient outcomes.
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25. 2. Industry
• Production: The production department of pharmaceutical companies is the engine
behind the manufacturing of life-saving medications. Majority of pharmacy
graduates works in this particular domain.
• Quality control and Quality Assurance: Quality control meticulously tests each
batch of drugs to guarantee safety and efficacy, while quality assurance establishes
and enforces the standards that underpin the entire production process.
• Packaging: Packaging in pharmaceuticals is more than just a container; it's a crucial
aspect of drug safety and patient convenience. It provides safety to medications. It
emerge as major department of pharmaceutical industry.
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26. • Sales and Marketing: In pharmaceutical sales and marketing, professionals
promote and distribute medications to healthcare providers, ensuring their
accessibility and educating on their benefits.
• Regulatory affairs: Here experts navigate the complex process of pharmaceutical
regulations to ensure that drugs meet safety and efficacy standards. They liaise with
regulatory authorities and play a vital role in product approvals, compliance, and
labelling accuracy.
• Pharmacovigilance: Here professionals monitor and assess the safety of drug
products post-marketing. They collect, analyse, and report adverse events,
contributing to the ongoing safety evaluation of medications and regulatory
compliance.
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27. • Research and Development: In pharmaceutical R&D, scientists and researchers
innovate by discovering and developing new drugs. They conduct pre-clinical and
clinical trials, striving to bring novel treatments to market and improve existing ones
through scientific inquiry and experimentation.
3. Other Settings:
• Government Jobs: One can work as pharmacist in different department of
government such as railway, navy, army, in state and central government. Drug
inspector is an elite job option for pharmacy graduates involves, control of licensing
authority. For enter into such jobs one needs to clear examinations conducted by the
respective departments.
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28. • Business: A pharmacy career in business involves managing and operating
pharmacies, drug distribution companies, or pharmaceutical sales. It focuses on the
commercial aspects of the pharmaceutical industry, ensuring medications reach
patients efficiently.
• Academics: Academics in pharmacy lead to teaching and research roles in
universities or colleges. Professors educate future pharmacists and conduct research
to advance pharmaceutical knowledge and practices
• Consultancy: Pharmacy consultancy offers expertise to pharmaceutical companies,
healthcare organizations, or government agencies. Consultants provide guidance on
drug development, regulatory compliance, and healthcare strategie
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29. • Clinical Research: A career in clinical research involves conducting trials to
evaluate the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. Researchers work with patients
to gather data, contributing to the development of new medications.
• Entrepreneur: As an entrepreneur in pharmacy, individuals can start their
pharmacies or healthcare-related ventures. This path allows for innovation in
healthcare services, drug delivery, or healthcare technology.
• Further Studies: Pursuing further studies, such as a masters, Ph.D. or specialized
certifications, can lead to advanced roles in pharmacy, like pharmaceutical research,
academia, or specialized clinical practice. It offers opportunities for in-depth
expertise and leadership in the field.
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30. Pharmacopoeia
• Pharmacopoeia: The word Pharmacopoeia was derived from Greeks words
Pharmakon: Drug and Poieo: Make. i.e. the making of drug
• Definition: Pharmacopoeia is a legal and official book issued by recognized
authorities usually appointed by Government of each country. It comprises list of
pharmaceutical substances, formulae along with their description and standards in
order to build quality and maintain uniformity.
• Pharmacopoeias are updated on timely basis to introduce latest information
available as early as possible.
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31. • Content of Pharmacopoeia:
• Monographs: These are detailed specifications for individual drugs or pharmaceutical
substances. Monographs include information on the drug's chemical composition,
physicalproperties, manufacturingmethods, quality control tests, and dosages.
• General Chapters: These cover a wide range of topics related to pharmaceuticals,
including dosage forms (e.g., tablets, capsules, injections), pharmaceutical excipients
(inactive ingredients), and quality control procedures (e.g., stability testing, microbial
limits).
• Reference Standards: Pharmacopoeias provide reference substances that serve as
benchmarks for testing the quality of drugs and pharmaceuticals. These standards are
used to calibrateinstruments and verify test results.
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32. • Control Procedures: Pharmacopoeias outline methods and procedures for testing the
identity, purity, potency, and safety of drugs. These include analytical techniques,
specificationsfor equipment, and criteriafor acceptable results.
• Dosage Forms: Information on the formulation, labelling, and storage requirements for
differentpharmaceuticaldosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, creams, and injections.
• Compendia in the context of pharmacopoeias are the books that contain standards
for drug and other related substances.
• They are of two types: official and non-official compendia
• Official compendia: Example Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia.
• Non official compendia: Example Merck Index and Extra Pharmacopoeias
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33. History of Pharmacopoeia:
• Each country has legislation on pharmaceutical preparations which sets a standards
and required quality indices for medicament, raw materials and preparations
employed in the manufacture of drugs.
• These regulations are presented in separate articles. General and specific matters
relating to individual drugs are published in the form of a book called a
Pharmacopoeia.
• On 15th December 1820, the first United State Pharmacopoeia (USP) was released.
In 1864, the first British Pharmacopoeia (B.P) was published and in 1955, first
Indian Pharmacopoeia was published officially.
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34. • In pre-independence days, British Pharmacopeia was used in India. The colonial
addendum of BP 1898 was published in 1900 appeared as Government of India
edition in 1901.
• In 1946 Government of India issued one list known as “The Indian Pharmacopoeial
list” .
• Committee under chairmanship of Col. R. N. Chopra along with other nine members
prepared “The Indian Pharmacopoeial list”. It was prepared by Dept. of Health, Govt.
of India, Delhi in 1946.
• In 1948 Government of India appointed an Indian Pharmacopeia committee for
preparing “Pharmacopeia of India” Tenure of this committee was five years.
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35. Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP):
• Indian Pharmacopoeia was published by Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC)
on behalf of the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India.
• Headquarter: Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
• First Indian Pharmacopoeia was published in 1955
• Indian Pharmacopeia committee under chairmanship of Dr. B. N. Ghosh Published
first edition of IP in 1955.
• It is written in English & official titles of monographs given in Latin.
• It covers 986 monographs. Supplement to this edition was published in 1960.
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36. Various Pharmacopoeias with their Year of Publication
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37. British Pharmacopoeia (BP):
• It is national pharmacopoeia of UK. First edition of BP was published in 1864.
• It has two parts, Part I:- Materia Medica & Part II:- Preparation & compounds.
• Second edition of BP was published in 1867.
• Fourth edition of BP was published in 1898.
• Fifth edition of BP was published in 1914.
• Eighth edition of BP was published in 1953. In this edition titles of drugs &
preparations were in English instead of Latin and metric system. Then ninth was in
1958, 13th in 1980, 14th in 1988 and 15th in 1993
• Latest edition was published on 1 January 2019
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38. United States Pharmacopoeia (USP):
• First edition of United state Pharmacopeia was published on 15th December 1820 in
both Latin & English.
• USP is addressing quality assurance, enhancing regulatory predictability, and helping
manufacturers distribute quality medicines, dietary supplements and foods.
• From 1820 to 1942 it was published at Ten years intervals.
• From 1942 to 2000 it was published at Five years intervals. From 2002 it was
published annually.
• First National Formulary of the United State appeared in 1888.
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39. Extra Pharmacopoeia
• This is little extra pharmacopoeia of unofficial drugs and chemical and
pharmaceutical preparations written by William Martindale.
• It majorly aims to cover drugs and related substances reported to be of clinical
interest anywhere in world.
• It provide useful information for the patients arriving from the abroad to identify
their existing medication.
• It has some features like:
• List of some 6000 drugs and medicines used throughout the world.
• Includes list of 18000 proprietary preparations.
• Also, having 700 diseases treatment reviews
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40. Various Pharmacopoeia’s with their country
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41. References
1. Hardas AP. Glimpse of pharmacy profession in India. Journal of Drug
Delivery and Therapeutics. 2012 Mar 15;2(2).
2. Basak SC, Sathyanarayana D. Pharmacy education in India. American
journal of pharmaceutical education. 2010 May 1;74(4)
3. Pharmacy Council of India https://www.pci.nic.in/
4. Formulating success: The Indian pharmaceutical industry.
https://www.investindia.gov.in/sector/pharmaceuticals
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