This document describes a project to detect and alert people about fire accidents on trains using a microcontroller system. The system includes components like a PIC microcontroller, LCD display, temperature sensor, buzzer, and LED indicators. It works by detecting rises in temperature using the sensor and alerting passengers by activating the buzzer and LEDs. The document discusses the working of the various blocks like the power supply, microcontroller, display, and other hardware used in the system. It aims to provide early warnings about fires to improve safety on trains.

1. AVOIDANCE OF FIRE ACCIDENTS ON TRAINSAVOIDANCE OF FIRE ACCIDENTS ON TRAINS

2. IntroductionIntroduction
 The trains are moderate vehicles used for transporting peopleThe trains are moderate vehicles used for transporting people
and goodsand goods
 Mostly, the people prefer the train journey for longer distanceMostly, the people prefer the train journey for longer distance
as it is cheaper.as it is cheaper.
 And our Indian Railway network is the world’s second largestAnd our Indian Railway network is the world’s second largest
Railway network.Railway network.
 But fire accidents in trains are among the most serious disastersBut fire accidents in trains are among the most serious disasters
to human lives and to the property of governmentto human lives and to the property of government
 Because the only precautionary warnings about the fire in eachBecause the only precautionary warnings about the fire in each
compartment are The notices showing "Do not smoke", "Do notcompartment are The notices showing "Do not smoke", "Do not
carry inflammable material“carry inflammable material“
 Hence we proposed our project to overcome these problems.Hence we proposed our project to overcome these problems.

3. BLOCK DIAGRAMBLOCK DIAGRAM
Micro
controller
LCD
LED indicator
Crystal Oscillator
LCD
driver
Regulated power supply
Reset
LM-35
Fire Senor
Buzzer

4. MAJOR BLOCKSMAJOR BLOCKS
 Regulated power supply.Regulated power supply.
 PIC Microcontroller.PIC Microcontroller.
 LCD With DriverLCD With Driver
 Crystal oscillator.Crystal oscillator.
 ResetReset
 LED indicatorLED indicator
 BuzzerBuzzer

5.  PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers madePIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made
by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1640by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1640
originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronicsoriginally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics
Division. The name PIC initially referred to "PeripheralDivision. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral
InterfaceInterface Controller".Controller".
 A PIC's instructions vary from about 35 instructions for theA PIC's instructions vary from about 35 instructions for the
low-end PICs to over 80 instructions for the high-end PICs.low-end PICs to over 80 instructions for the high-end PICs.
The instruction set includes instructions to perform a varietyThe instruction set includes instructions to perform a variety
of operations on registers directly, the accumulator and aof operations on registers directly, the accumulator and a
literal constant or the accumulator and a register, as well as forliteral constant or the accumulator and a register, as well as for
conditional execution, and program branching.conditional execution, and program branching.
ABOUT PIC MICROCONTROLLER

6. PIC CONTROLLERPIC CONTROLLER
 PIC microcontroller has four optional clock sources.PIC microcontroller has four optional clock sources.
 Low power crystalLow power crystal
 Mid range crystalMid range crystal
 High range crystalHigh range crystal
 RC oscillator (low cost).RC oscillator (low cost).
 Programmable timers and on-chip ADC.Programmable timers and on-chip ADC.
 Up to 12 independent interrupt sources.Up to 12 independent interrupt sources.
 Powerful output pin control (25 mA (max.) currentPowerful output pin control (25 mA (max.) current
sourcing capability per pin.)sourcing capability per pin.)
 EPROM/OTP/ROM/Flash memory option.EPROM/OTP/ROM/Flash memory option.
 I/O port expansion capability.I/O port expansion capability.

7. PIC 16F73A
RAM
126
Memory Type
Flash
Program Memory K Bytes
4
I/O Pins
22
Pin count
28
Max. CPU Speed MHz
20
Timers :
2 - 8-bit & 1 - 16-bit
Temperature Range -40 to 125

8. RISC instruction set with around 35 instructions _9 Digital I/O ports
On-chip timer with 8-bit prescaler.
Power-on reset
Watchdog timer
Power saving SLEEP mode
Direct, indirect, and relative addressing modes
External clock interface
RAM data memory
EPROM (or OTP) program memory
GENERAL FEATURES:

9. REGULATED POWER SUPPLYREGULATED POWER SUPPLY
The major blocks of power supply are given belowThe major blocks of power supply are given below
 TransformerTransformer
 RectifierRectifier
 FilterFilter
 7805 voltage regulator7805 voltage regulator

10. LCD DISPLAYLCD DISPLAY
LCD Background:LCD Background:
 One of the most common devices attached to a microOne of the most common devices attached to a micro
controller is an LCD display. Some of the mostcontroller is an LCD display. Some of the most
common LCD’s connected to the manycommon LCD’s connected to the many
microcontrollers are 16x2 and 20x2 displays. Thismicrocontrollers are 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This
means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20
characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.

11. Diagram of LCDDiagram of LCD

12. BUZZER
 A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device,
which may be mechanical, electromechanical,
or electronic.
 A buzzer can be operated on two principles.
1. piezo electric buzzer, it generates sound because of the
piezoelectric effect.
2. magnetic buzzer is based on the electromagnetic principle. In
this project we are going to use magnetic buzzer.
characteristics of buzzer circuit :
1. sound level -------------------70-95 dB
2. current consumption---------35-60 ma
3. resonant frequency---------- 1-3 khz

13. OSCILLATOROSCILLATOR
 An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit
that produces a repetitive Electronic signal, often a sine wave
or a square wave.
 PIC micro controller internally having 4mhz clock frequency.
 We are giving the 20Mhz clock frequency as an external
source for increasing the system performance

14. LED INDICATORSLED INDICATORS
 Led indicators have a life of at least ten years and
consume 90 per cent less power than conventional indicators.
 Depending on the type of the materials (Ga,As,p) led will
gives the output in different colors (red, Yellow, green etc..)
 LED’s emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are
available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths,
with very high brightness.
 LED’s are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are
increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic
component

15. RESET BUTTONRESET BUTTON
 The reset button is a button that when clicked, willThe reset button is a button that when clicked, will
clear all of the fields in the micro controller, andclear all of the fields in the micro controller, and
executes the instructions from the starting address.executes the instructions from the starting address.
 A switch placed between the digital input andA switch placed between the digital input and
ground will short the digital input to ground when itground will short the digital input to ground when it
is pressed. This means the voltage seen at the inputis pressed. This means the voltage seen at the input
will be high when the switch is open and low whenwill be high when the switch is open and low when
the switch is closed.the switch is closed.

16. Circuit DiagramCircuit Diagram

17. FEATURES OF THIS PROJECT
 It consumes very less powerIt consumes very less power
 User friendlyUser friendly
 High performanceHigh performance
 Low cost and very efficientLow cost and very efficient

18. Applications of the projectApplications of the project
This project can be used in real timeThis project can be used in real time
applications like trains, buses,applications like trains, buses,
homes and industries, etc……homes and industries, etc……

19. FUTURE SCOPEFUTURE SCOPE
 This project we can implemented byThis project we can implemented by
adding automatic water pumping systemadding automatic water pumping system
when fire will be detectedwhen fire will be detected