An embedded system is a combination of hardware and software that performs a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system. Embedded systems are designed to respond to events in real-time and operate with limited resources. They are used across many industries in applications like automotive systems, industrial controls, medical devices, office equipment, and more.

2. Introduction to Embedded Systems
 A combination of hardware and software which together form a
component of a larger machine.
 An embedded system is designed to run on its own without
human intervention, and may be required to respond to events
in real time.
 An embedded system is designed to perform a dedicated
function.

3. Characteristics of an Embedded Systems
Real-Time Operation
• Reactive: computations must occur in response to external events
• Correctness is partially a function of time
Small Size, Low Weight
• Hand- held electronics and Transportation applications -- weight costs money
Low Power
• Battery power for 8+ hours (laptops often last only 2 hours)
Harsh environment
• Heat, vibration, shock, power fluctuations, RF interference, lightning, corrosion
Safety- critical operation
• Must function correctly and Must not function in correctly
Extreme cost sensitivity
• $. 05 adds up over 1,000, 000 units

4. Microcontroller

7. 555 Timer
 The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety
of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555
can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-
flop element.

8. The wide spectrum of embedded system
devices is that there is no single
definition reflecting them all.
 Automotive: Ignition System, Engine Control, Brake System
 Industrial Control: Robotics and Control Systems
 Networking: Routers, Hubs
 Office Automation: Fax Machine, Printers, Scanners

9. Embedded Systems Design
 When approaching embedded systems architecture design, several models
can be applied to describe the cycle of embedded system design.
 The big-bang model: there is essentially no planning or processes in place
before and during the development of a system.
 The code-and-fix model: product requirements are defined but no formal
processes are in place before the start of development.
 The waterfall model: there is a process for developing a system in steps,
where results of one step flow into the next step.
 The spiral model: there is a process for developing a system in steps, and
throughout the various steps, feedback is obtained and incorporated back
into the process.

10.  The embedded system design and development process is divided
into four phases: creating the architecture, implementing the
architecture, testing the system, and maintaining the system.
 Creating Architecture is defined as being made up of six stages:
◦ having a strong technical foundation (stage 1),
◦ understanding the Architectural Business Cycle (stage 2),
◦ defining the architectural patterns and models (stage 3),
◦ defining the architectural structures (stage 4),
◦ documenting the architecture (stage 5), and
◦ analyzing and reviewing the architecture (stage 6).

12. The Embedded Systems Model
 What the Embedded Systems Model indicates is that all embedded
systems share one simi-larity at the highest level; that is, they all
have at least one layer (hardware) or all layers (hardware, system
software and application software) into which all components fall.
 The hardware layer contains all the major physical components
located on an embedded board, whereas the system and application
software layers contain all of the software located on and being
processed by the embedded system.

14. Applications
Areas

15. Application Areas
 Medical Systems
◦ Pace maker, Patient Monitoring Systems, Injection Systems,
Intensive Care Units(ICU), …
 Office Equipment
◦ Printer, Copier, Fax, …
 Tools
◦ Multimeter, Oscilloscope, Line Tester, GPS, …
 Banking
◦ ATMs, Statement Printers, …
 Transportation
◦ (Planes/Trains/[Automobiles] and Boats)
 RADAR, Traffic Lights, Signalling Systems, …

16. Application Areas
• TV
• Stereo
• Remote Control
• Phone / Mobile Phone
• Refrigerator
• Microwave
• Washing Machine
• Electric Tooth Brush
• Oven / Rice or Bread Cooker
• Watch
• Alarm Clock
• Electronic Musical Instruments
• Electronic Toys(Stuffed Animals, Handheld Toys, Pinballs, etc.)
• Medical Home Equipment (e.g. Blood Pressure, Thermometer)

17.  An embedded system is an applied computer system.
 “Embedded System", it constantly evolves with advances in
technology and dramatic decreases in the cost of implementing
various hardware and software components.
 Widely used in industries.