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Flight Management System
          (FMS)




           www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
       OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS   OSTROUMOV IVAN
                                               1
www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                OSTROUMOV IVAN


Radio navigation
Inertial navigation                          NDB
                                             VOR
Satellite navigation                         DME
Integrated navigation
Instrument landing system
TACAN




              GNSS WAAS LAAS EGNOS
                 OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS
                  GPS GLONASS                      2
Typical Flight Management System




                                        www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                                                         OSTROUMOV IVAN
            OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS       3
FMS control and display interface




                                        www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                                                         OSTROUMOV IVAN
            OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS       4
ТУ - 214




                                       www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                                                        OSTROUMOV IVAN
           OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS       5
www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                                                          OSTROUMOV IVAN
Boeing 777   OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS       6
www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                                                          OSTROUMOV IVAN
Boeing 501   OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS       7
FMS
               FUNCTIONS




Navigation    Performance                Guidance



                 www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
             OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS     OSTROUMOV IVAN
                                                       8
Navigation
• Navigation data base is in the FMC memory
  (Aiways, Airports, Runway, Procedures, Winds,
                   Flight plans)
• FMC calculates the airplane position during
  the flight
  (GPS, GLONAS, WAAS, VOR/DME, INS, NDB)


                      www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                  OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS   OSTROUMOV IVAN
                                                          9
Performance
• The flight crew puts this data in the FMC:
  – Airplane gross weight
  – Cruise altitude
  – Cost index.
• FMC uses the data to calculate these
  functions:
  – Economy speeds
  – Best flight altitude
  – Top of descent point.
                         www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                   OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS   OSTROUMOV IVAN
                                                          10
Guidance
• FMC sends commands to the digital flight
  control system and the autothrottle




                      www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                  OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS   OSTROUMOV IVAN
                                                         11
Summary of FMS capabilities
•   Lateral navigation (LNAV)
•   Vertical navigation (VNAV)
•   Four-dimensional navigation
•   Full performance-based navigation
•   Future Air Navigation System (FANS)



                       www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                   OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS   OSTROUMOV IVAN
                                                          12
Lateral navigation (LNAV)




                                             www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                                                              OSTROUMOV IVAN
– The ability to navigate laterally in two
  dimensions




                 OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS    13
Vertical navigation (VNAV)




                                                    www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                                                                     OSTROUMOV IVAN
– The ability to navigate laterally in two
  dimensions, plus the ability to navigate in the
  vertical plane. When combined with LNAV this
  provides three-dimensional navigation




                  OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS          14
Four-dimensional navigation
www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                 OSTROUMOV IVAN




                                  – The ability to navigate in three dimensions, plus
                                    the addition of time constraints for the satisfaction
                                    of time of arrival at a waypoint




                                              LNAV, VNAV + TIME
                                                     OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS         15
Full performance-based navigation
 – The capability of four-dimensional navigation




                                                        www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                                                                         OSTROUMOV IVAN
   together with the addition of an aircraft-specific
   performance model. By using cost indexing
   techniques, full account may be taken of the
   aircraft performance in real time during flight,
   allowing optimum use of fuel and aircraft energy
   to achieve the necessary flight path




                   OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS             16
Future Air Navigation System
             (FANS)




                                                     www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                                                                      OSTROUMOV IVAN
– The combination of the full performance model
  together with all the advantages that FANS will
  confer, eventually enabling the concept of “free
  flight”




                  OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS           17
FMS modes




                                                          www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                                                                           OSTROUMOV IVAN
Examples of FMS mode are:
•Standard Instrument Departure (SID).
•En route procedures.
•Standard Terminal Approach Routes (STARs).
•ILS approach.

                                                 THALES




                     OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS             18
www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                                                OSTROUMOV IVAN
Rocwell colins



   OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS    19
AMS-5000
         •    is Designed for the intermediate-range
              business aircraft.
         •    ease of operation in today's complex
              and demanding operating environment
         •    full flight phase, multiple waypoint
              vertical navigation; databased
              departure procedures, standard
              terminal arrival routes and approaches;
              and integrated electronic flight
              instrument system and radar control.




    www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS             OSTROUMOV IVAN
                                                 20
FMS-3000
            • is designed specifically for the
              short-range business aircraft
            • full flight phase, multiple
              waypoint vertical navigation;
              time/fuel planning and
              predictions based on the
              airplane's flight manual data;
              databased departure
              procedures, standard terminal
              arrival routes and approaches;
              and integrated electronic flight
              instrument system and radar
              control
    www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS         OSTROUMOV IVAN
                                             21
FMS-4200
    • is designed specifically to
      meet the needs of the
      demanding regional airline
      environment
    • Flight planning and
      navigation information is
      presented on multifunctional
      display pages in front of the
      flight crew, allowing them to
      remain eyes-up during all
      phases of flight.
    www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS   OSTROUMOV IVAN
                                       22
FMS-5000
              • With GPS receiver
              • Optimized to deliver the
                navigation and
                performance information
                pilots need, as it's needed,
                the FMS-5000 reduces
                pilot workload, provides
                enhanced situational
                awareness and exceptional
                fly-anywhere navigational
                accuracy.
    www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS        OSTROUMOV IVAN
                                            23
FMS-6000
                 • is designed specifically
                   for the business aircraft
                   flight deck
                 • It is, quite simply, one of
                   the most powerful flight
                   planning, performance
                   management and
                   navigation tools available
                   on today’s business
                   aircraft flight deck.

    www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS          OSTROUMOV IVAN
                                              24
THALES


    www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS   OSTROUMOV IVAN
                                       25
• installed on Airbus
       (A318/319/320/321),
       provides
     • Flight Management (FM)
       and Flight Guidance (FG)
       functions.




       www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS   OSTROUMOV IVAN
                                    26
• The main FM functions are:
     –   Navigation,              www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
     –   Flight planning,                                      OSTROUMOV IVAN

     –   Performance prediction and optimization,
     –   Provision of information to cockpit displays (MCDU, ND, PFD)
     –   Auto-tuning of navaids.
• The main FG functions are:
     – Flight Director (FD),
     – Auto Pilot (A/P),
     – Auto thrust (A/THR) commands.
In addition, the total system provides fault
isolation and detection.




                                OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS                 27
www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                                 OSTROUMOV IVAN




Universal Avionics
    Systems


     OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS             28
WAAS/SBAS-FMS
• WAAS/SBAS-FMSs combine the benefits of
  advanced programming; compact, lightweight
  packaging and installation flexibility. UAS
  produces three basic models provide you with
  the ability to select the optimum system to
  meet your desired features and capabilities
  and match your aircraft equipment interface
  requirements.

                     www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                 OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS   OSTROUMOV IVAN
                                                        29
UNS-1Ew       • all-in-one-package and the
                navigation computer with in
                GPS/ WAAS receiver all in a
                single unit.
              • The system includes a
                graphics- and video-capable
                5-inch diagonal display with
                a housing depth
                approximately 9 inches.


              www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
          OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS   OSTROUMOV IVAN
                                                 30
UNS-1Fw                      •   Consists of a Fiat Panel Control Display
                                     Unit (FPCDU) and a remotely mounted
                                     navigation computer unit.
                                 •   Three FPCDUs are available: a compact
                                     FPCDU
                                       – with 4-inch color display,
                                       – standard FPCDU with 5-inch color
                                          display
                                       – Multi-Function CDU (MCDU).
                                 •   All CDUs provide graphics support for
                                     weather images as well as video
                                     display capabilities for TAWS and
                                     camera interfaces. The 4- and 5-inch
                                     FPCDUs are both just 3 1/4 inches
                                     deep.
                                 •   The navigation computer is housed in
www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc                  a 2-MCU sized Line Replaceable Unit
              OSTROUMOV IVAN         (LRU) which includes the Integral GPS/
                                     WAAS receiver.
                                 •    
              OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS                               31
UNS-1Lw       • Is comprised of a 4- or
                     5-inch FPCDU and
                     remotely mounted
                     navigation computer.
                   • The navigation
                     computer is housed in
                     a 2-MCU sized line
                     Replaceable Unit (LRU)
                     which includes the
                     integral GPS/WAAS
www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc receiver.
                OSTROUMOV IVAN




                OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS   32
Honeywell


www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
            OSTROUMOV IVAN




             OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS   33
www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                              OSTROUMOV IVAN

GNS-XLS FMS




  OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS           34
GNS-XLS FMS
• integrated system designed to give the pilot
  centralized control for
  – the navigation sensors,
  – computer based flight planning,
  – fuel management,
  – radio management.
                       www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                                              OSTROUMOV IVAN




                  OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS             35
GNS-XLS FMS
•   full color flat panel LCD display,
•    alpha-numeric and function keys,
•    Global Positioning Sensor (GPS),
•   navigation data base.
                            www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                                                OSTROUMOV IVAN


      All these are housed in a panel/pedestal
         mounted Control Display Unit (CDU).


                    OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS           36
www.bendixking.com




          www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc
                                 OSTROUMOV IVAN

     OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS             37
№       Departure                         Arrived                      Date /time

       Kiev, Borispol              Эркан, Кипр, Lefkosa          1 September 2009/ 8:10

         Donetsk             Дару, Папуа - Новая Гвинея, Дару    10 September 2010/ 9:20

           Lvov                Blonduos, Исландия, Blonduos       2 October 2008/ 10:05

          Odessa                Брэндон, Канада, Брэндон         12 October 2007/ 11:15

    Zaporozhye, Mokraya          Oshawa, Канада, Oshawa          3 November 2009/ 12:07

                               Аэропорт Брюсселя, Бельгия,
         Vinnitsa                                                4 November 2010/ 13:09
                                        Брюссель

         Cherkasy            ScotRail, Великобритания, Glasgow   5 December 2009/ 12:17

      Dnipropetrovsk       Херингсдорф, Германия, Херингсдорф    7 December 2010/ 14:05

      Ivano-Frankivsk             Zoersel, Бельгия, Zoersel      20 January 2009/ 15:24

      Kharkiv, Osnova           Bounneua, Лаос, Phongsaly        23 January 2010/ 16:21

       Kiev, Zhulyany            Kortrijk, Бельгия, Kortrijk     7 February 2009/ 17:23

    Kryvyi Rih Lozovatka        Shekou Port, Китай, Shekou       25 February 2010/ 18:29

         Mykolaiv                 Ронда, Испания, Ронда           12 March 2009/ 19:17

        Simferopol              Кусамо, Финляндия, Кусамо          15 April 2010/ 20:19

          Rovno                  Montilla, Панама, Montilla        25 May 2009/ 22:21
         Uzhgorod               Бонте, IVAN - AVIONICS
                           OSTROUMOVСьерра-Леоне, Бонте            11 June 2010/ 23:29     38

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Avionics Flight managment system

  • 1. Flight Management System (FMS) www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS OSTROUMOV IVAN 1
  • 2. www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN Radio navigation Inertial navigation NDB VOR Satellite navigation DME Integrated navigation Instrument landing system TACAN GNSS WAAS LAAS EGNOS OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS GPS GLONASS 2
  • 3. Typical Flight Management System www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 3
  • 4. FMS control and display interface www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 4
  • 5. ТУ - 214 www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 5
  • 6. www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN Boeing 777 OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 6
  • 7. www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN Boeing 501 OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 7
  • 8. FMS FUNCTIONS Navigation Performance Guidance www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS OSTROUMOV IVAN 8
  • 9. Navigation • Navigation data base is in the FMC memory (Aiways, Airports, Runway, Procedures, Winds, Flight plans) • FMC calculates the airplane position during the flight (GPS, GLONAS, WAAS, VOR/DME, INS, NDB) www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS OSTROUMOV IVAN 9
  • 10. Performance • The flight crew puts this data in the FMC: – Airplane gross weight – Cruise altitude – Cost index. • FMC uses the data to calculate these functions: – Economy speeds – Best flight altitude – Top of descent point. www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS OSTROUMOV IVAN 10
  • 11. Guidance • FMC sends commands to the digital flight control system and the autothrottle www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS OSTROUMOV IVAN 11
  • 12. Summary of FMS capabilities • Lateral navigation (LNAV) • Vertical navigation (VNAV) • Four-dimensional navigation • Full performance-based navigation • Future Air Navigation System (FANS) www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS OSTROUMOV IVAN 12
  • 13. Lateral navigation (LNAV) www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN – The ability to navigate laterally in two dimensions OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 13
  • 14. Vertical navigation (VNAV) www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN – The ability to navigate laterally in two dimensions, plus the ability to navigate in the vertical plane. When combined with LNAV this provides three-dimensional navigation OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 14
  • 15. Four-dimensional navigation www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN – The ability to navigate in three dimensions, plus the addition of time constraints for the satisfaction of time of arrival at a waypoint LNAV, VNAV + TIME OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 15
  • 16. Full performance-based navigation – The capability of four-dimensional navigation www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN together with the addition of an aircraft-specific performance model. By using cost indexing techniques, full account may be taken of the aircraft performance in real time during flight, allowing optimum use of fuel and aircraft energy to achieve the necessary flight path OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 16
  • 17. Future Air Navigation System (FANS) www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN – The combination of the full performance model together with all the advantages that FANS will confer, eventually enabling the concept of “free flight” OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 17
  • 18. FMS modes www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN Examples of FMS mode are: •Standard Instrument Departure (SID). •En route procedures. •Standard Terminal Approach Routes (STARs). •ILS approach. THALES OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 18
  • 19. www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN Rocwell colins OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 19
  • 20. AMS-5000 • is Designed for the intermediate-range business aircraft. • ease of operation in today's complex and demanding operating environment • full flight phase, multiple waypoint vertical navigation; databased departure procedures, standard terminal arrival routes and approaches; and integrated electronic flight instrument system and radar control. www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS OSTROUMOV IVAN 20
  • 21. FMS-3000 • is designed specifically for the short-range business aircraft • full flight phase, multiple waypoint vertical navigation; time/fuel planning and predictions based on the airplane's flight manual data; databased departure procedures, standard terminal arrival routes and approaches; and integrated electronic flight instrument system and radar control www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS OSTROUMOV IVAN 21
  • 22. FMS-4200 • is designed specifically to meet the needs of the demanding regional airline environment • Flight planning and navigation information is presented on multifunctional display pages in front of the flight crew, allowing them to remain eyes-up during all phases of flight. www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS OSTROUMOV IVAN 22
  • 23. FMS-5000 • With GPS receiver • Optimized to deliver the navigation and performance information pilots need, as it's needed, the FMS-5000 reduces pilot workload, provides enhanced situational awareness and exceptional fly-anywhere navigational accuracy. www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS OSTROUMOV IVAN 23
  • 24. FMS-6000 • is designed specifically for the business aircraft flight deck • It is, quite simply, one of the most powerful flight planning, performance management and navigation tools available on today’s business aircraft flight deck. www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS OSTROUMOV IVAN 24
  • 25. THALES www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS OSTROUMOV IVAN 25
  • 26. • installed on Airbus (A318/319/320/321), provides • Flight Management (FM) and Flight Guidance (FG) functions. www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS OSTROUMOV IVAN 26
  • 27. • The main FM functions are: – Navigation, www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc – Flight planning, OSTROUMOV IVAN – Performance prediction and optimization, – Provision of information to cockpit displays (MCDU, ND, PFD) – Auto-tuning of navaids. • The main FG functions are: – Flight Director (FD), – Auto Pilot (A/P), – Auto thrust (A/THR) commands. In addition, the total system provides fault isolation and detection. OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 27
  • 28. www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN Universal Avionics Systems OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 28
  • 29. WAAS/SBAS-FMS • WAAS/SBAS-FMSs combine the benefits of advanced programming; compact, lightweight packaging and installation flexibility. UAS produces three basic models provide you with the ability to select the optimum system to meet your desired features and capabilities and match your aircraft equipment interface requirements. www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS OSTROUMOV IVAN 29
  • 30. UNS-1Ew • all-in-one-package and the navigation computer with in GPS/ WAAS receiver all in a single unit. • The system includes a graphics- and video-capable 5-inch diagonal display with a housing depth approximately 9 inches. www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS OSTROUMOV IVAN 30
  • 31. UNS-1Fw • Consists of a Fiat Panel Control Display Unit (FPCDU) and a remotely mounted navigation computer unit. • Three FPCDUs are available: a compact FPCDU – with 4-inch color display, – standard FPCDU with 5-inch color display – Multi-Function CDU (MCDU). • All CDUs provide graphics support for weather images as well as video display capabilities for TAWS and camera interfaces. The 4- and 5-inch FPCDUs are both just 3 1/4 inches deep. • The navigation computer is housed in www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc a 2-MCU sized Line Replaceable Unit OSTROUMOV IVAN (LRU) which includes the Integral GPS/ WAAS receiver. • OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 31
  • 32. UNS-1Lw • Is comprised of a 4- or 5-inch FPCDU and remotely mounted navigation computer. • The navigation computer is housed in a 2-MCU sized line Replaceable Unit (LRU) which includes the integral GPS/WAAS www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc receiver. OSTROUMOV IVAN OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 32
  • 33. Honeywell www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 33
  • 34. www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN GNS-XLS FMS OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 34
  • 35. GNS-XLS FMS • integrated system designed to give the pilot centralized control for – the navigation sensors, – computer based flight planning, – fuel management, – radio management. www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 35
  • 36. GNS-XLS FMS • full color flat panel LCD display, • alpha-numeric and function keys, • Global Positioning Sensor (GPS), • navigation data base. www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN All these are housed in a panel/pedestal mounted Control Display Unit (CDU). OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 36
  • 37. www.bendixking.com www.OSTROUMOV.co.cc OSTROUMOV IVAN OSTROUMOV IVAN - AVIONICS 37
  • 38. Departure Arrived Date /time Kiev, Borispol Эркан, Кипр, Lefkosa 1 September 2009/ 8:10 Donetsk Дару, Папуа - Новая Гвинея, Дару 10 September 2010/ 9:20 Lvov Blonduos, Исландия, Blonduos 2 October 2008/ 10:05 Odessa Брэндон, Канада, Брэндон 12 October 2007/ 11:15 Zaporozhye, Mokraya Oshawa, Канада, Oshawa 3 November 2009/ 12:07 Аэропорт Брюсселя, Бельгия, Vinnitsa 4 November 2010/ 13:09 Брюссель Cherkasy ScotRail, Великобритания, Glasgow 5 December 2009/ 12:17 Dnipropetrovsk Херингсдорф, Германия, Херингсдорф 7 December 2010/ 14:05 Ivano-Frankivsk Zoersel, Бельгия, Zoersel 20 January 2009/ 15:24 Kharkiv, Osnova Bounneua, Лаос, Phongsaly 23 January 2010/ 16:21 Kiev, Zhulyany Kortrijk, Бельгия, Kortrijk 7 February 2009/ 17:23 Kryvyi Rih Lozovatka Shekou Port, Китай, Shekou 25 February 2010/ 18:29 Mykolaiv Ронда, Испания, Ронда 12 March 2009/ 19:17 Simferopol Кусамо, Финляндия, Кусамо 15 April 2010/ 20:19 Rovno Montilla, Панама, Montilla 25 May 2009/ 22:21 Uzhgorod Бонте, IVAN - AVIONICS OSTROUMOVСьерра-Леоне, Бонте 11 June 2010/ 23:29 38