The document provides an overview of automated driving systems (ADS). It discusses how ADS have evolved since experiments in the 1920s and discusses key components like mapping/localization, obstacle avoidance, and path planning. It distinguishes between autonomous and automated vehicles, noting most current concepts rely on human oversight. The document also covers pros and cons of ADS, different levels of vehicle autonomy, and legal/regulatory considerations for deploying autonomous vehicles. It concludes that while technology has advanced, many challenges remain before self-driving vehicles can safely operate without human assistance or oversight.

1. GUIDED BY PRESENTED BY
PROF. ANOOP VASUDEVAN JUSTIN ANTO JACOB
ASST. PROFESSOR 8TH SEMESTER , ME
DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGG. REG NO. JLANEME056
JCET

2. INTRODUCTION
 An automated driving system is a vehicle automation
system that assumes all real-time driving functions
necessary to drive a ground-based vehicle without real-
time input from a human operator.
 The automated driving system is generally an integrated
package of individual automated systems operating in
concert.
 Automated driving implies that any human sitting in the
driver's seat (or not) has transferred all real-time driving
functions to the vehicle automation system.

3. INTO THE DEPTH OF ADS
• Experiments have been conducted on automating cars since
at least the 1920s, promising trials took place in the 1950s
and work has proceeded since then.
• The first self-sufficient and truly autonomous cars appeared in
the 1980s, with Carnegie Mellon University's Navlab and ALV
projects in 1984.
• Mercedes-Benz and Bundeswehr University Munich's Eureka
Prometheus Project in 1987.
• As of 2013, four U.S. states have passed laws permitting
autonomous cars: Nevada, Florida, California, and Michigan.

4. HOW DO THEY WORK ?
1. Mapping and Localisation
Prior to making any navigation decisions, the vehicle must first
build a map of its environment and precisely localize itself within
that map. Laser rangefinders and cameras are mainly used for
this.
2. Obstacle and Avoidance
A vehicle’s internal map includes the current and predicted
location of all static and moving obstacles in its vicinity.
3. Path Planning
The goal of path planning is to use the information captured in
the vehicle’s map to safely direct the vehicle to its destination
while avoiding obstacles and following the rules of the road.

5. AUTONOMOUS V/S AUTOMATED
 Autonomous means having the power for self-governance.
 "Automated" connotes control or operation by a machine, while
"autonomous" connotes acting alone or independently.
 Most of the vehicle concepts have a person in the driver’s seat, utilize a
communication connection to the Cloud or other vehicles, and do not
independently select either destinations or routes for reaching them.
 Thus, the term "automated" would more accurately describe these
vehicle concepts".

6. COMPONENTS OF AN ADS

7. COMPONENTS OF AN ADS
1. LIDAR
LIDAR is used to build a 3D map and allow the car to
“see” potential hazards by bouncing a laser beam off of
surfaces surrounding the car in order to accurately
determine the distance and the profile of that object.
2. RADAR
The radar units allow the car to avoid impact by sending
a signal to the on-board processor to apply the brakes, or
move out of the way when applicable.
3. HIGH POWERED CAMERAS
The actual camera technology and setup on each
driverless car varies, but one prototype uses cameras
mounted to the exterior with slight separation in order to
give an overlapping view of the car’s surroundings.

8. 4. SONAR
Each prototype car built by manufacturers are slightly
different, but some of those tested have featured advanced
sonar technology.
5. POSITIONING
Manufacturers use map system as well as GPS satellites,
inertial measurement units, and a wheel encoder to
determine actual speed.
6. SOPHISTICATED SOFTWARE
The software processes all of the data in real-time as well
as modelling behavioural dynamics of other drivers,
pedestrians, and objects around you.

9. RANGE OF OPERATION

10. BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF ADS

11. PROS OF ADS
1. MORE PRODUCTIVE TIME
The cars will know where other cars are, so the risk of crashing is hugely
minimised, and you’d be able to get other stuff done while en-route to
wherever you’re going.
2. SAFETY GAINS
The vast majority of car accidents occur as a result of human error. The
number of crashes will decrease significantly as driverless vehicles would
be able to communicate with one another
3. NO MORE OWNERSHIP
Insurance might get cheaper, but driverless technology could also lead to
the end of car ownership completely.
4. NO MORE BUMPER TO BUMPER TRAFFIC
Worrying about traffic congestion will be a thing of the past. Driverless
cars will be able to talk to each other, to figure out the best.
5. DRIVING AVAILABLE TO EVERYONE

12. CONS OF ADS
1. RISK OF HACKING
One of the main cons that have got people talking is the risk of hijackers
hacking driverless cars by interfering with their code.
2. ROBOT ETHICS
Who would we blame if something went wrong? The driver/passenger?
The manufacturer? The software?
3. WEATHER
Bad weather could pose a risk to the responsiveness of driverless cars, as
heavy rain could interfere with roof sensors, and snowy roads could
disrupt cameras.
4. DRIVERLESS CARS MAY TAKE THE FUN OUT OF DRIVING
Lots of people enjoy driving because of the feeling of being in control,
the steering, reacting to the sound of the engine and being alert and
aware of your actions.
5. MOTION SICKNESS
It has recently been suggested that driverless vehicles are likely to cause
motion sickness.

13. LEVEL OF AUTONOMY
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
(NHTSA) defined five different levels for self-driving
cars, ranging from complete driver control to
complete autonomy.

14. DIFFERENT LEVELS OF AUTONOMY
 Level 0
This one is pretty basic. The driver (human) controls it all:
steering, brakes, throttle, power. It's what you've been doing
all along.
 Level 1
This semi-autonomous level means that most functions are
still controlled by a driver, but some (like braking) can be done
automatically by the car.
 Level 2
In level 2, at least 2 functions are automated, like cruise
control and lane-cantering. It means that the driver is
disengaged from physically operating the vehicle by having
his or her hands off the steering wheel and foot off pedal at
the same time.

15.  Level 3
Drivers are still necessary in level 3 cars, but are able to
completely shift "safety-critical functions" to the vehicle, under
certain traffic or environmental conditions.
 Level 4
This is what is meant by "fully autonomous." According to the
DOT, level 4 vehicles are "designed to perform all safety-
critical driving functions and monitor roadway conditions for an
entire trip.
 Level 5
It should be noted that some organizations, like the Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE), have their own charts that refer
to "Level 5" vehicles. This refers to a fully-autonomous vehicle
that does not have any option for human driving—no steering
wheel or controls.

16.  The regulations for the post-testing deployment of autonomous
vehicles are currently under development.
 The regulations will establish the requirements that
manufacturers must meet to certify that their autonomous
vehicle has been successfully tested.
 This meets certain safety requirements, and is ready for the
general public to operate on public roads.
LEGAL ASPECTS OF ADS

17. LEGAL ASPECTS OF ADS
1. MANUFACTURER SAFETY CERTIFICATIONS AND 3rd PARTY
VEHICLE DEMONSTRATION TEST
Safety certifications from both the manufacturer and a third-party testing
organization will validate the readiness of the autonomous vehicle for deployment.
2. LICENSED DRIVER REQUIRED IN THE VEHICLE
Autonomous vehicle operators must be a licensed driver who possesses an
autonomous vehicle operator certificate issued by the DMV.
3. PROVISIONAL DEPLOYMENT PERMIT WITH ONGOING REPORTING
REQUIREMENTS
Manufacturers approved for deployment will initially be issued a three-year
deployment permit.
4. PRIVACY AND CYBER SECURITY REQUIREMENTS
Manufacturers will provide a written disclosure to autonomous vehicle operators of
any information collected by the autonomous technology.

18. SCENARIO IN OUR COUNTRY
• It will take another generation to make an autonomous vehicle
transportation network feasible and widely adopted among the low-
automated geographical regions like India.
• To make autonomous vehicles a success, the associated laws,
regulations, traffic systems, infrastructure, emergency response
systems, manufacturing systems, data and information handling
and processing systems will also need to undergo a change at a
faster pace.
• The scenario does look feasible but the human touch is hard to
remove, especially in a country like India where this would also
entail managing the issues of a large workforce.

19. 
 Car manufacturers have made significant advances in the past
decade towards making self-driving cars a reality.
 However, there still remain a number of technological barriers
that manufacturers must overcome before self-driving vehicles
are safe enough for road use.
 These barriers though are not insurmountable.
 As the technology improves, more driving tasks can be reliably
outsourced to the vehicle.
CONCLUSION

20. REFERENCE
 Mark Campbell; Magnus Egersted; Jonathan How; and
Richard Murray, M; Autonomous driving in urban environments,
Procedia Computer Science, Vol. 80, 2016, pp. 2377-2381.
 Sagar Behere; and Martin Torngen; A functional architecture for
autonomous driving, IFAC Paper online, Vol. 48, 2015, pp.
104–111.
 Jesse Levinson; Jake Askeland; and Jan Becker; Towards
Fully Autonomous Driving: Systems and Algorithms,
Procedia Computer Science, Vol.25, 2008, pp. 569-597.
 Vinicius de Oliveira; Johannes Jaschke; and Sigurd
Skogestad; An Autonomous Driving Approach towards their
limit, Phil. Trans. R. A, Vol.10, 2010, pp. 4649 - 4672

21. THANK YOU!