management microproject

1. INDEX
Sr No. Name Page no
1. INTRODUCTION 2
2. What is a self-driving car? 3
3. EVOLUTION OF SELF-DRIVING
CARS
4
4. Levels of autonomy in self-
driving cars
6
5. SELF-DRIVING CAR
COMPANIES
8
6. FUTURE OF SELF-DRIVING CARS 9
7. CONCLUSIONS 10
8. REFERENCE 11

2. Introduction
The usage and production of self driving cars has become a leading
industry in almost every area of the world. The world’s car stock
exceeded 80 million after the Second World War, then more than
90 million in 1960. Five years later this number was 130 million, 291
million in 1980, 419 million in 1990, and 731 million in 2011.
According to the forecasts, it will reach two billion by 2020.Over the
years and centuries, this industry has gone through enormous
development, as the first vehicles were only powered by steam
engine, then petrol and diesel came to public mind and currently it
seems that the electric propulsion will be the future. Of course, with
this development, faster and more useful vehicles can be produced,
but in our accelerated world with more and more cars, unfortunately
the numbers of accidents have increased.
In most cases, these accidents are the fault of
the driver, therefore it could be theoretically replaceable with the
help of self-propelled cars. Human presence is the most important
part in transport at present, although there are many areas where
you can use a tool or feature that helps people achieve greater
efficiency. Some examples for these features are the autopilot on
aircraft, the cruise control in cars, and many other tools that help
decision-making. In this study, we will provide a brief summary about
the development of self-driving or at least driver assisting devices and
show how people are feeling about this.

3. ❖What is a self-driving car?
A self-driving car (sometimes called an autonomous car or
driverless car) is a vehicle that uses a combination of sensors,
cameras, radar and artificial intelligence (AI) to travel between
destinations without a human operator.
To qualify as fully autonomous, a vehicle must be able to navigate
without human intervention to a predetermined destination over
roads that have not been adapted for its use.
❖How self-driving cars work
• AI technologies power self-driving car systems. Developers of
self-driving cars use vast amounts of data from image
recognition systems, along with machine learning and neural
networks, to build systems that can drive autonomously.
• The neural networks identify patterns in the data, which are fed
to the machine learning algorithms. That data includes images
from cameras on self-driving cars from which the neural network
learns to identify traffic lights, trees, curbs, pedestrians, street
signs and other parts of any given driving environment.

4. ❖EVOLUTION OF SELF-DRIVING CARS
Autonomous cars are those vehicles which are driven by digital
technologies without any human intervention. They are capable
of driving and navigating themselves on the roads by sensing the
environmental impacts. Their appearance is designed to occupy
less space on the road in order to avoid traffic jams and reduce
the likelihood of accidents.
Although the progression is gigantic, in 2017, allowed
automated cars on public roads are not fully autonomous: each
one needs a human driver who notices when it is necessary to
take back the control over the vehicle
The dream of self-propelled cars goes back to the Middle Ages,
centuries before the invention of the car. An evidence for this
statement comes from sketches of Leonardo De Vinci, in which
he made a rough plan of them. Later, in literature and in several
science fiction novels, the robots and the vehicles controlled by
them, appeared.

5. The first driverless cars were prototyped in the 1920s, but they
looked different than they are today. Although the "driver" was
nominally lacking, these vehicles relied heavily on specific
external inputs. One of these solutions is when the car is
controlled by another car behind it. Its prototype was
introduced in New York and Milwaukee known as „the
American Wonder" or "Phantom Auto".

6. ❖Levels of autonomy in self-driving cars
The U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
(NHTSA) lays out six levels of automation, beginning with Level
0 where humans do the driving, through driver
assistance technologies up to fully autonomous cars. Here are
the five levels that follow Level 0 automation:
• Level 1: An advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) aids
the human driver with steering, braking or accelerating,
though not simultaneously. An ADAS includes rearview
cameras and features like a vibrating seat warning to alert
drivers when they drift out of the traveling lane.
• Level 2: An ADAS that can steer and either brake or
accelerate simultaneously while the driver remains fully
aware behind the wheel and continues to act as the driver.
• Level 3: An automated driving system (ADS) can perform
all driving tasks under certain circumstances, such as parking
the car. In these circumstances, the human driver must be
ready to retake control and is still required to be the main
driver of the vehicle.
• Level 4: An ADS can perform all driving tasks and monitor
the driving environment in certain circumstances. In those
circumstances, the ADS is reliable enough that the human
driver needn't pay attention.
• Level 5: The vehicle's ADS acts as a virtual chauffeur and
does all the driving in all circumstances. The human
occupants are passengers and are never expected to drive
the vehicle.

7. ❖ These are features that driverless cars use
• Collision avoidance
• Drifting warning
• Blind-spot detectors
• Enhanced cruise control
• Self-parking

8. SELF-DRIVING CAR COMPANIES
• Motional
• Magna International
• AutoX
• Cruise
• Waymo
• Swift Navigation
• Embark Trucks
• CARMERA
• Zoox
• Nauto

9. ❖Artificial intelligence in the automotive industry
Artificial intelligence has revolutionized the automotive industry
in ways that were once unimaginable. From self-driving cars to
intelligent traffic systems, AI has transformed the way we travel
and interact with our vehicles. With the help of machine
learning algorithms, cars can now make decisions on their own,
adapting to changing road conditions and traffic patterns in real-
time. This has not only made driving safer, but it has also made
it more efficient and convenient.
❖Future of self-driving Cars
Looking ahead, the future of AI in the automotive industry
holds exciting possibilities. Advancements in AI, such as
reinforcement learning and deep neural networks, will
continue to shape the evolution of autonomous vehicles and
connected cars. Further integration of AI into the automotive
ecosystem will result in enhanced safety, improved energy
efficiency, and a seamless driving experience.

10. CONCLUSIONS
The object of this document is to give insight to the
international literature of autonomous cars. This is a quite new
topic, and this is still closer to a piece of science fiction
literature, but several companies try to solve this task, even if
there are many problems with it. We showed that the main
problem is the fear of losing control. If a computer decides
instead of us, we do not control the processes. Every
computer and program may have a back door, and the
question arising is what can be done if someone enters into the
computer that can save our lives. This is the beginning of my
research, later we would like to deal with this issue, through
my own results at first with questionnaire. Which includes
problems related to fears; people’s needs and expectations;
and how they relate to selfdriving cars etc.

11. REFERENCES
❖ J. Voelcker, „1.2 Billion Vehicles On World's Roads Now, 2
Billion By 2035: Report,” 2014. [Online].
❖ http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1093560_1-2-billion-
vehicles-on-worlds-roads-now-2-billion-by-2035-report.
❖ https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/future-artificial-intelligence-
automotive-industry-bhaskar-banerjee
❖ https://www.aitimejournal.com/autonomous-vehicles-
companies-to-watch/
❖ https://pixelplex.io/blog/future-of-self-driving-cars/
❖