Automatic Irrigation System is a prototype for a system of irrigation or watering automatically based on the Arduino microcontroller integrated with proximity sensors (Ultrasonic Sensor), the DC motor and the pump using LED indicator lights.
Made by :
Andika Jamal Nurganda 151611004
Putri Sintia Sari 151611021
Rizki Verdian 151611025
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineering
Polytechnic State of Bandung
2016
This Project and presentation is created by 'Shanjedul Hassan'
ABSTRACT
Despite the perception people may have regarding the agricultural process, the reality is that today’s agriculture industry is data-cantered, precise, and smarter than ever. The rapid emergence of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) based technologies redesigned almost every industry including ‘‘smart agriculture’’ which moved the industry from statistical to quantitative approaches. Such revolutionary changes are shaking the existing agriculture methods and creating new opportunities along with a range of challenges. This article highlights the potential of wireless sensors and IoT in agriculture, as well as the challenges expected to be faced when integrating this technology with the traditional farming practices. IoT devices and communication techniques associated with wireless sensors encountered in agriculture applications are analyzed in detail. What sensors are available for specific agriculture application, like soil preparation, crop status, irrigation, insect, and pest detection are listed. How this technology helping the growers throughout the crop stages, from sowing until harvesting, packing, and transportation is explained. Furthermore, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for crop surveillance and other favourable applications such as optimizing crop yield is considered in this article. State-of-the-art IoT-based architectures and platforms used in agriculture are also highlighted wherever suitable. Finally, based on this thorough review, we identify current and future trends of IoT in agriculture and highlight potential research challenges.
Automatic Irrigation System is a prototype for a system of irrigation or watering automatically based on the Arduino microcontroller integrated with proximity sensors (Ultrasonic Sensor), the DC motor and the pump using LED indicator lights.
Made by :
Andika Jamal Nurganda 151611004
Putri Sintia Sari 151611021
Rizki Verdian 151611025
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineering
Polytechnic State of Bandung
2016
This Project and presentation is created by 'Shanjedul Hassan'
ABSTRACT
Despite the perception people may have regarding the agricultural process, the reality is that today’s agriculture industry is data-cantered, precise, and smarter than ever. The rapid emergence of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) based technologies redesigned almost every industry including ‘‘smart agriculture’’ which moved the industry from statistical to quantitative approaches. Such revolutionary changes are shaking the existing agriculture methods and creating new opportunities along with a range of challenges. This article highlights the potential of wireless sensors and IoT in agriculture, as well as the challenges expected to be faced when integrating this technology with the traditional farming practices. IoT devices and communication techniques associated with wireless sensors encountered in agriculture applications are analyzed in detail. What sensors are available for specific agriculture application, like soil preparation, crop status, irrigation, insect, and pest detection are listed. How this technology helping the growers throughout the crop stages, from sowing until harvesting, packing, and transportation is explained. Furthermore, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for crop surveillance and other favourable applications such as optimizing crop yield is considered in this article. State-of-the-art IoT-based architectures and platforms used in agriculture are also highlighted wherever suitable. Finally, based on this thorough review, we identify current and future trends of IoT in agriculture and highlight potential research challenges.
"Automatic Intelligent Plant Irrigation System using Arduino and GSM board"Disha Modi
Automatic irrigation is a form of irrigation system that incorporates the theory of control, power of wireless technology and feedback system with irrigation. The aim of our project is not only to minimize this manual intervention by the farmer in farm field, but also to successfully water garden plants planted in pots too. Which is why we are using micro- controller based Automated Irrigation system will serve the following purposes: 1) As there is no un-planned usage of water, a lot of water is saved from being wasted. 2) The irrigation is done only when there is not enough moisture in the soil and the microcontroller decides when should the pump be turned on/off, saves a lot time for the farmers. This also gives much needed rest to the farmers and helps, as they don’t have to go and turn the pump on/off manually. 3)This irrigation system can be monitor by user wirelessly. User can receive notification and can provide proper commands via his cell phone whenever necessary.
This system uses sensor technology with the microcontroller, relay, DC motor and battery. Behave as an intelligent switching system that detects the soil moisture level and irrigates the plant if necessary. The ON / OFF motor will automatically be based on the dryness level of the soil.
ppt submit by Prashant D. Auti
it is a prototype arduino based auto irrigation system which turns on the pump while the field is dry. it uses soil moisture sensor to detect the amount of soil moisture content. As the system is arduino based it uses an arduino software which can be downloaded from https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software
Arduino Automatic Watering System Plants Sprinkler Using IoTPRAVEEN KANSARI
In this project Arduino Automatic Watering System Plants Sprinkler using IoT, the watering system is automatic using the Arduino Uno board and gets the information about plants and moisture of the soil in Gmail, Twitter and Facebook. In here, two types of programming languages are used which are Embedded C and Python programming. The Embedded C is used for the arduino for automate the watering system of the plants and other language Python is used for sending status of the plants and soil moisture to the Gmail and also IFTTT is used for getting data in Twitter and Facebook. We get data of the moisture sensor in our Gmail, Twitter and Facebook account using the Python code. The data or information is value of the serial monitor of the arduino as the resistivity of soil moisture with the status of plant as a message.
Automated irrigation system based on soil moisture using arduinoVishal Nagar
Automated irrigation system based on soil moisture using arduino
More Details: Contact me 9982228229
www.roofurja.com
vishalnagarcool.blogspot.com
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utHRD4B8BxQ
complete presentation on Smart Irrigation system using thingspeak technology is mainly helpful for the farmer to monitor the crop fields. Thingspeak is a platform, we can login with our matlab credentials.this system highly used in Mushroom cultivation because Mushroom cultivation is complete done in a perticuler Room, so this system will monitor the room Humidity, temperature, light and AirQuality. the hole process is we can monitor from any where in the world with help of Thingspeak platform.
Modern digitalized era of our 21st century needs automation in each and every sector. Combining technology to increase the credibility of an another technology is not at all a very good idea. India is a country where agriculture is the main and vast field for our national financial system. So we have tried to implement the fruitfulness of technology to combine with agricultural field so that the growth of crops can increase exponentially. Irrigation is the methodology of misleadingly supplying water to land where harvests are developed. Generally hand pumps, channel water and precipitation were a significant wellspring of water supply for watering system. This strategy has prompted serious disadvantages like under watering system, over-watering system which thus causes filtering and loss of supplement substance of soil. Changing ecological conditions and lack of water have prompted the requirement for a framework which effectively oversees watering system of fields. Computerized watering system framework is a machine based framework, which robotizes the watering system of area by joining different programming and equipment approaches together for field watering system.
This paper manages a definite study of different GSM based mechanized ranch watering system frameworks. GSM serves as an essential part since it is in charge of controlling the watering system office and sends them to recipient through coded sign. Our study is focused on examination of different GSM approach.
Automated irrigation system based on soil moisture using arduino boardjournalBEEI
In recent years, the best system of irrigation is studied by reducing the wasted amount of water and electricity. Automatic irrigation is the use of a device to operate irrigation structures so the change of flow of water from one bay, or set of bays, to another can occur in the absence of the irrigator. In this work, automatic control system of solar irrigation implemented practically using Arduino board. This photovoltaic (PV) system is applied in the garden of Engineering Technical College- Mosul (city in Iraq). PV system can be adjusted by many regions in Iraq where it planned to connect on small part of land. Irrigation process is controlled depending on moisture sensor that connected to sense the soil moisture and giving data to Arduino read pin. According to the program that uploaded to Arduino, DC pump can be controlled as ON-state or OFF-state as respect to the soil moisture percentage ratio. Finally, the practical results are approximately similar to that obtained from proteus Arduino simulator.
This was one of my Diploma in Engineering Projects.
It's a Voice controlled Home Automation System which works with the Internet. Which means you can control your home appliances from anywhere.
I did the Presentation for the Home Automation System. I was also one of the core team members who made it happen.
Here are the complete powerpoint slides.
Thank You
"Automatic Intelligent Plant Irrigation System using Arduino and GSM board"Disha Modi
Automatic irrigation is a form of irrigation system that incorporates the theory of control, power of wireless technology and feedback system with irrigation. The aim of our project is not only to minimize this manual intervention by the farmer in farm field, but also to successfully water garden plants planted in pots too. Which is why we are using micro- controller based Automated Irrigation system will serve the following purposes: 1) As there is no un-planned usage of water, a lot of water is saved from being wasted. 2) The irrigation is done only when there is not enough moisture in the soil and the microcontroller decides when should the pump be turned on/off, saves a lot time for the farmers. This also gives much needed rest to the farmers and helps, as they don’t have to go and turn the pump on/off manually. 3)This irrigation system can be monitor by user wirelessly. User can receive notification and can provide proper commands via his cell phone whenever necessary.
This system uses sensor technology with the microcontroller, relay, DC motor and battery. Behave as an intelligent switching system that detects the soil moisture level and irrigates the plant if necessary. The ON / OFF motor will automatically be based on the dryness level of the soil.
ppt submit by Prashant D. Auti
it is a prototype arduino based auto irrigation system which turns on the pump while the field is dry. it uses soil moisture sensor to detect the amount of soil moisture content. As the system is arduino based it uses an arduino software which can be downloaded from https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software
Arduino Automatic Watering System Plants Sprinkler Using IoTPRAVEEN KANSARI
In this project Arduino Automatic Watering System Plants Sprinkler using IoT, the watering system is automatic using the Arduino Uno board and gets the information about plants and moisture of the soil in Gmail, Twitter and Facebook. In here, two types of programming languages are used which are Embedded C and Python programming. The Embedded C is used for the arduino for automate the watering system of the plants and other language Python is used for sending status of the plants and soil moisture to the Gmail and also IFTTT is used for getting data in Twitter and Facebook. We get data of the moisture sensor in our Gmail, Twitter and Facebook account using the Python code. The data or information is value of the serial monitor of the arduino as the resistivity of soil moisture with the status of plant as a message.
Automated irrigation system based on soil moisture using arduinoVishal Nagar
Automated irrigation system based on soil moisture using arduino
More Details: Contact me 9982228229
www.roofurja.com
vishalnagarcool.blogspot.com
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utHRD4B8BxQ
complete presentation on Smart Irrigation system using thingspeak technology is mainly helpful for the farmer to monitor the crop fields. Thingspeak is a platform, we can login with our matlab credentials.this system highly used in Mushroom cultivation because Mushroom cultivation is complete done in a perticuler Room, so this system will monitor the room Humidity, temperature, light and AirQuality. the hole process is we can monitor from any where in the world with help of Thingspeak platform.
Modern digitalized era of our 21st century needs automation in each and every sector. Combining technology to increase the credibility of an another technology is not at all a very good idea. India is a country where agriculture is the main and vast field for our national financial system. So we have tried to implement the fruitfulness of technology to combine with agricultural field so that the growth of crops can increase exponentially. Irrigation is the methodology of misleadingly supplying water to land where harvests are developed. Generally hand pumps, channel water and precipitation were a significant wellspring of water supply for watering system. This strategy has prompted serious disadvantages like under watering system, over-watering system which thus causes filtering and loss of supplement substance of soil. Changing ecological conditions and lack of water have prompted the requirement for a framework which effectively oversees watering system of fields. Computerized watering system framework is a machine based framework, which robotizes the watering system of area by joining different programming and equipment approaches together for field watering system.
This paper manages a definite study of different GSM based mechanized ranch watering system frameworks. GSM serves as an essential part since it is in charge of controlling the watering system office and sends them to recipient through coded sign. Our study is focused on examination of different GSM approach.
Automated irrigation system based on soil moisture using arduino boardjournalBEEI
In recent years, the best system of irrigation is studied by reducing the wasted amount of water and electricity. Automatic irrigation is the use of a device to operate irrigation structures so the change of flow of water from one bay, or set of bays, to another can occur in the absence of the irrigator. In this work, automatic control system of solar irrigation implemented practically using Arduino board. This photovoltaic (PV) system is applied in the garden of Engineering Technical College- Mosul (city in Iraq). PV system can be adjusted by many regions in Iraq where it planned to connect on small part of land. Irrigation process is controlled depending on moisture sensor that connected to sense the soil moisture and giving data to Arduino read pin. According to the program that uploaded to Arduino, DC pump can be controlled as ON-state or OFF-state as respect to the soil moisture percentage ratio. Finally, the practical results are approximately similar to that obtained from proteus Arduino simulator.
This was one of my Diploma in Engineering Projects.
It's a Voice controlled Home Automation System which works with the Internet. Which means you can control your home appliances from anywhere.
I did the Presentation for the Home Automation System. I was also one of the core team members who made it happen.
Here are the complete powerpoint slides.
Thank You
The aim of our project is to minimize this manual intervention by the farmer. Automated Irrigation system will serve the following purposes: 1) As there is no un-planned usage of water, a lot of water is saved from being wasted. 2) The irrigation is the only when there is not enough moisture in the soil and the sensors decides when should the pump be turned on/off, saves a lot time for the farmers. This also gives much needed rest to the farmers, as they don’t have to go and turn the pump on/off manually.
This ppt is explained how to develop an automatic irrigation system that switches a pump motor on/off upon sensing moisture content of the soil.By using this method is to reduce human intervention and still ensure proper irrigation.
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
http://www.edgefxkits.com/
Visit our page to get more ideas on popular electronic projects developed by professionals.
Edgefx provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING ARDUINO UNORizki Verdian
This Presentation explain you about Automatic Irrigation System is a prototype for a system of irrigation or watering automatically based on the Arduino microcontroller integrated with proximity sensors (Ultrasonic Sensor), the DC motor and the pump using LED indicator lights.
Made by :
Andika Jamal Nurganda 151611004
Putri Sintia Sari 151611021
Rizki Verdian 151611025
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineering
Polytechnic State of Bandung
2016
Dont forget watch demonstration video in youtube
"Automatic Intelligent Plant Irrigation System using GSM and ARDUINO BOARD."Disha Modi
Automatic irrigation is a form of irrigation system that incorporates the theory of control, power of wireless technology and feedback system with irrigation. The aim of our project is not only to minimize this manual intervention by the farmer in farm field, but also to successfully water garden plants planted in pots too. Which is why we are using micro- controller based Automated Irrigation system will serve the following purposes: 1) As there is no un-planned usage of water, a lot of water is saved from being wasted. 2) The irrigation is done only when there is not enough moisture in the soil and the microcontroller decides when should the pump be turned on/off, saves a lot time for the farmers. This also gives much needed rest to the farmers and helps, as they don’t have to go and turn the pump on/off manually. 3)This irrigation system can be monitor by user wirelessly. User can receive notification and can provide proper commands via his cell phone whenever necessary.
For more information refer Project Report file attached here.
Its work like a cell phone recharge phone if recharge is over electricity gone after that we need to recharge acount main benift is that we can oprate it from any where to the world
The home automation becomes important, because it gives the user the comfortable and easily for using the home devices. The implementation and design of wireless home automation control used two methods, WLAN technology and RF remote control handheld to control of the selective home devices with integral security and protected system. The system is low cost and flexible with the increasing variety of devices to be controlled.
Automatic irrigation and flood controlling system by using GSM SANDEEP BASVA
The aim of my project is to minimize this manual intervention by the farmer, to reduce the water wastage in fields and to protect the field from floods.
Speed and direction control of dc motor using android mobile application grv ...chandan kumar
This project is all about the wireless operation of a DC Motor. In this project, we will control the speed of a DC Motor. Direction of the rotation will also be controlled. Wireless facility is provided with the help of Bluetooth connectivity. An android handset is required to control the operation. As the name suggests that “Speed and Direction Control of DC Motor using Android Mobile Application” is controlling the speed of a DC motor with any mobile phone containing some medium of connectivity such as Bluetooth
Automation of irrigatioonitoring using tcp server appSandeepMaurya88
In this project we are targeting most common problems prevailing in today’s agro industry having a bit expensive solutions such as fencing for protection from stray cattle, firefighting techniques, smart irrigation integrated with rain water conservation etc.
We’ve employed laser + LDR smart fence, which will automatically detect any kind of the intrusion in the employed are. As soon as it will detect intrusion, it will raise an alarm of very high pitch, which will cause the animals to immediately.
In summer times fire in the fields is a very common scenario. To tackle this problem we are employing a temperature sensor, on the corners of the fields, will continuously monitor the temperature, and as soon as it will cross the threshold, the irrigation system will automatically be turned on to extinguish the fire.
A soil moisture sensor is also installed in this project so as to monitor the temperature and moisture content in the soil, and can monitored through remote locations through IoT. Smart irrigation includes switching of motor from remote locations, automatic switching off of system if left on after the desired work is done.
Rain detection system is also installed to turn off the irrigation system if it starts raining when it is on, in order to save ground water. It is also a part of smart irrigation system in order to conserve ground water.
And to interconnect the microcontroller with all the sensor and the user, internet is used
i.e. IoT technology is used here to achieve the desired targets.
Thus, the IoT agricultural applications are making it possible for ranchers and farmers to collect meaningful data. Large landowners and small farmers must understand the potential of IoT market for agriculture by installing smart technologies to increase competitiveness and sustainability in their productions. With the population growing rapidly, the demand can be successfully met if the ranchers, as well as small farmers, implement agricultural IoT solutions in a prosperous man.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Energy scavenging using vibrations from bluetooth controlled DC motorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Wide spectrum of research for application-based solutions has grown due to the requirement of automation of general electrical appliances. A low-cost solution is presented in this paper to control DC motor using Bluetooth module and controlled by an ARM processor. The main objective here is to build an efficient closed loop system which is wirelessly controlled by ARM processor 2103 using Bluetooth module and Bluetooth dongle. The system suggested here is expandable and can be integrated with latest technologies as well. The paper gives the details of the prototype for home automation system and gives the expected results with 0.1% tolerance. It also suggests the ways to integrate this system with the mobile phones and hence control the devices with the mobile handsets. The vibration frequency of the DC motor is used to generate electrical potential using MEMS tecnonlogy. A novel idea of self powered DC motor is thus presented by installing MEMS based energy harvester on the motor shaft.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair.pdf
automatic plant irrigation using aurdino and gsm technology
1. Automatic plantirrigation
student 1
1
A Project Report
On
AUTOMATIC PLANT IRRIGATION USING
ARDUINO AND GSM
Submitted
In partial fulfillment for the award of diploma
In
DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
By
ROLL NUMBER – STUDENT NAME
14270-EC-001 KAKARLA CHANDHINI.
14270-EC-003 R.Y.HIMAJASWI
14270-EC-008 A.VEDAVATHI.
Under the esteemed guidance of
Mr. P.MOHAN, M.Tech.
(Asst Prof), Department of ECE
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
(II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC)
SIDDHARTH INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(State Board of Technical Education & Training A.P. Hyderabad)
Siddharth Nagar, Narayanavanam Road, PUTTUR-517583, A.P
2014- 2017
SIDDHARTH INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(State board Of Technical Education &Training A.P Hyderabad)
Siddharth Nagar, Narayanavanam Road, Puttur-517583
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
2. Automatic plantirrigation
student 2
2
CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that the Project entitled “Automatic Plant
Irrigation Using Arduino & GSM” that is being submitted by KAKARLA CHANDHINI,
R.Y.HIMAJASWI , A.VEDAVATHI .bearing RegNo.14270-EC-001,003,008.in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Department Of Electronics
&CommunicationEngineering to State BoardOf TechnicalEducation & Training A.P.
Hyderabad . This record is a Bonafide Work carried out by him under my Guidance and
Supervision during the academic year 2011-2014. The results embodied in this Project report
have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any diploma.
Internal Guide Head of the
Department
Submitted for the main project viva-voce examination held on _____________
Intenal Examiner External Examiner
Acknowledgement
3. Automatic plantirrigation
student 3
3
An endeavor of a long period can be successful only with the advice of many well-
wishers. I take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude and appreciation to all those who
encouraged me for successfully completion of the project work.
I am thankful to my Guide Mr.P.MOHAN BABU, M.Tech, in Department of
Electronics & Communication Engineering, Siddharth Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Puttur, for his valuable guidance and suggestions in analyzing and testing
throughout the period, till the end of project work.
I wish to thank our In Charge Head of Diploma, Mr. R.P.V.G.ASHOK REDDY,
M.Tech. For his guidance for accomplish the project
I wish to thank our Head of the department, Dr. M.Janardhana Raju, Ph.D, for his
guidance for accomplish the project.
My special thanks to Mr.N.Ramesh Raju, M.Tech..,(Ph.D). Diploma Principal, (II
Shift Polytechnic) Siddharth Institute of Engineering and Technology, Puttur, during the
progress of project work, for him timely suggestions and help in spite of him busy schedule.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr.K.Ashok Raju, Ph.D, Chairman of Siddharth
institute of Engineering and Technology, Puttur, for his consistent help and encouragement to
complete the project work.
Finally, I would like to express sincere thanks to internal advisor Faculty Members of
E.C.E Department, and Lab technicians, one and all who have helped me to complete the
project work successfully.
As a gesture of respect to-wards my Family Members, friends and their support I whole
heartedly dedicate this work.
TABLE OF CONTACTS
4. Automatic plantirrigation
student 4
4
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Introduction of Gsm based irrigation system
2. Block diagram and working
2.1. Block diagram
2.2. Working
3. Circuit diagram and working
3.1. Circuit diagram
3.2. Layout diagram of Arduino board
3.3. Circuit diagram of driver circuit
3.4. Working of circuit
4. Hardware specification
4.1 Hardware specifications
4.1.1 At Transmitter:
Mobile Phone
4.1.2 At Receiver:
Arduino
GSM Mode
Humidity Sensor
Temperature Sensor LM35
Relay (12v SPDT)
DTMF 8870 IC
NPN Transistor (IC 547)
5. Automatic plantirrigation
student 5
5
Silicon Diode
Submersible pump
5. Software specification
5.2.1 Arduino software ide
5.2.2 description of eagle software
5.2.3 Steps involved in the formation of PCB layout
6. Coding
7. Conclusion
8. Advantages and dis advantages
9. Future scope
ABSTRACT
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform a
dedicated function. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded system comprises of both
hardware and software. Embedded system is fast growing technology in various fields like
6. Automatic plantirrigation
student 6
6
industrial automation, home appliances, automobiles, aeronautics etc.
Embedded technology uses PC or a controller to do the specified task and the programming
is done using assembly language programming or embedded.
Many devices are used for monitoring the humidity conditions. In early days, all the systems
are analog devices and the measured value can be displayed by using recorders, and CROs.
This project is used to eliminate the drawbacks in the existing system. Here the humidity is
monitored by sensor that can be converted in to corresponding signal to the microcontroller.
The main feature of this project is that, according to the humidity levels, the controller activates
the relay driver unit and pumps the motor by using relay switches. The controller also generates
signal corresponding to the humidity level, and then the signal can be transmitted through the
GSM modem to mobile. When the pump is ON the corresponding message will be forwarded to
our mobile number which was already programmed in controller unit.
8. Automatic plantirrigation
student 8
8
1. INTRODUCTION OF GSM BASED IRRIGATION SYSTEM:
Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is one of the most trustable wireless
communication systems that can be accessed and used very easily. The price of it trans-receiver
module and subscription fee of its services is very low so it is very cost effective also.
Embedded system interfaced with GSM module can widen the scope of embedded design and
enhanced the application areas of controlling and monitoring systems to a great extent. During
the past decade network services has extended beyond speech communication to many other
custom specified embedded design application.
This paper proposes an innovative GSM based remote controlled embedded system for
irrigation. The interface and communication between user and designed system is via
SMS on GSM network if the user is within the range of 10m of designed system. India is a
country of agriculture and it is backbone of Indian economy. Irrigation is heart of agriculture.
Irrigation is used to assist growing crops in the field land during the in adequate rainfall period.
Pesticide is used preventing, destroying or mitigating any pest.
Both of these are very important for good productivity and both need time to time application in
the farm field. In India approximately 20% of farmers are dependent on electric water pumps
for irrigation in their field. There are many problems associated with irrigation farmer’s house
so farmers have to go farm land for irrigation that causes inconvenience and fuel consumption
(if used any vehicle). The farm field as the nature of supply of electricity is quite unpredictable.
The instances of burning of motor due to unpredictable voltage fluctuations and dry
running. In farm field. In farm field. Sprayed. These pesticides are very harmful for farmer’s
health.
All these issues are handled in the proposed system. The system will send status of power
supply via Bluetooth/SMS on GSM network to user. The system will check the water flow from
the pump. If electricity is there but no water supply is available, system will send information to
user via SMS on GSM network. Temperature sensors and humidity sensors installed in
the field take the measurement of humidity level of soil and environmental temperature and
send this information to users. The user sends data in the form of SMS on GSM network to start
or stop the irrigation according to received information.
10. Automatic plantirrigation
student 10
10
2.1Block diagram
2.2 Working
Arduino board is connected to Gsm modem in which transmitter of arduino is connected to the
receiver of Gsm modem and receiver of arduino is connected to the transmitter of Gsm modem.
GSM modem is working simply like a mobile phone when we call on the number of Gsm
modem it can moved into the auto answering mode and can be operate according to the coding
which we have done in microcontroller. Since it is 28 pin ic and arduino has 13-digital pin and
6 analog pin so these pin are also used for further operation. With its digital pins LCD is
11. Automatic plantirrigation
student 11
11
connected which is used for displaying of information’s like alert for increase of the
temperature by temperature sensors and gives alert for humidity by humidity sensor. Also with
its digital pin driver circuit is connected, driver circuit is made of different component’s and it
can used to drive the motor/water pump which can be on/off with these circuit.
Fig.2.2 Working of GSM Based Irrigation System
15. Automatic plantirrigation
student 15
15
3.3 Circuit diagram of driver circuit:
Fig:Circuit diagram of driver circuit
3.4 Working of circuit:
In the Gsm based irrigation system here 28-pin microcontroller is used which is known as
Arduino. Arduino has 13-digital pins and 6-analog pins and it works on 12V D.C. then
16. Automatic plantirrigation
student 16
16
We interface arduino with Gsm modem here transmitter of arduino is connected with
receiver of Gsm modem and receiver of arduino is connected to transmitter of Gsm modem and
5v from Arduino is given to Gsm modem and sim is inserted in Gsm modem which can be used
for the operation of modem. DTMF circuit is connected with modem which can generate a
pulse of
Binary sequence works according to it.
LCD i.e. Liquid Crystal Display which is connected to the digital pin of arduino i.e. from
12,11,5,4,3,2 which is use in the operation of LCD and it can be use for the displaying of
message or information or for alert. Here the two sensors are used which are humidity sensor
and temperature sensor. Humidity
Sensor is use to show the presence of water in air which is harmful for crops and the another
sensor is temperature which measure the temperature of the atmosphere. These sensors are
connected to the analog pin of arduino which are pin number-4, 5.
According to our coding:
If any value is increase between these sensors then it gives alert to us in the form of
“alert” tour number through Gsm modem. Driver circuit is connected to the pin number 9 of the
arduino and it is consist of resistor of 10k which is connected to the NPN transistor which is
connected to diode and relay of 12V and these relay is used to drive a water pump. When we
give 2 to the dtmf it can generate a pulse sequence the moves to the and completes a circuit and
on the pump and when give 1 it can off the pump.
18. Automatic plantirrigation
student 18
18
4.1 Hardware specification:
4.1.1 At Transmitter:
Mobile Phone
4.1.2 At Receiver:
a. Arduino
b. GSM Modem
c. Humidity Sensor
d. Temperature Sensor LM35
e. Relay (12v SPDT)
f. DTMF 8870 IC
g. NPN Transistor (IC 547)
h. Silicon Diode
i. Submersible pump
4.1.1 At Transmitter:
19. Automatic plantirrigation
student 19
19
Mobile Phone:
A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device that
can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link while moving around a wide geographic
area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator,
allowing access to the public telephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only
within the short range of a single, private base station.
In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services
such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications
(Infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer
these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones.
Mobile phone:
Fig: mobile at transmitter
4.1.2 At Receiver
A. Arduino:-
20. Automatic plantirrigation
student 20
20
Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform, designed to make the process of
using electronics in multidisciplinary projects more accessible. The hardware consists of a
simple open hardware design for the Arduino board of a standard programming language and
the boot loader that runs on the board.
Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and can affect
its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other actuators. The microcontroller on the
board is programmed using the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring) and the
Arduino development environment (based on Processing). Arduino projects can be stand-alone
or they can communicate with software on running on a computer.
The boards can be built by hand or purchased preassembled; the software can be downloaded
for free. The hardware reference designs (CAD files) are available under an open-source
license, you are free to adapt them to your needs.
Arduino hardware is programmed using a Wiring-based language (syntax + libraries), similar to
C++. With some simplifications and modifications, and a Processing-based IDE.
Arduino board:
Fig: arduino at receiver
Features of Arduino:
• High-performance, Low-power Atmel®AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller
21. Automatic plantirrigation
student 21
21
• Advanced RISC Architecture
– 130 Powerful Instructions
– Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
– 32 × 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Fully Static Operation
– Up to 16MIPS Throughput at 16MHz
– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments
–8Kbyte of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory
– 512Bytes EEPROM
– 1Kbyte Internal SRAM
– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)
– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program True Read-While-Write Operation
– Programming Lock for Software Security
• Peripheral Features – Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler, one Compare
Mode
– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode
– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
– Three PWM Channels
– 8-channel ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package Eight Channels 10-bit Accuracy
– 6-channel ADC in PDIP package Six Channels 10-bit Accuracy
– Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
– Programmable Serial USART
– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
–Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On chip
Oscillator
– On-chip Analog Comparator
• Special Microcontroller Features
23. Automatic plantirrigation
student 23
23
B. GSM Modem:-
A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a
subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile operator
24. Automatic plantirrigation
student 24
24
perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone.
When a GSM modem is connected to a computer, this allows the computer to use the GSM
modem to communicate over the mobile network. While these GSM modems are most
frequently used to provide mobile internet connectivity, many of them can also be used for
sending and receiving SMS and MMS messages.
Now SMS Lite can send and receive SMS and MMS Messages using a GSM modem.
A GSM modem can be a dedicated modem device with a serial, USB or Bluetooth connection,
or it can be a mobile phone that provides GSM modem capabilities.
A GSM modem exposes an interface that allows applications such as Now SMS to send and
receive messages over the modem interface. The mobile operator charges for this message
sending and receiving as if it was performed directly on a mobile phone. To perform these
tasks, a GSM modem must support an “extended AT command set” for sending/receiving SMS
messages
Fig:Gsm modem
26. Automatic plantirrigation
student 26
26
C. Humidity Sensor:-
Humidity is the presence of water in air. The amount of water vapor in air can affect human
comfort as well as many manufacturing processes in industries. The presence of water vapor
also influences various physical, chemical, and biological processes. Humidity measurement in
industries is critical because it may affect the business cost of the product and the health and
safety of the personnel. Hence, humidity sensing is very important, especially in the control
systems for industrial processes and human comfort.
Controlling or monitoring humidity is of paramount importance in many industrial & domestic
applications. In semiconductor industry, humidity or moisture levels needs to be properly
controlled & monitored during wafer processing. In medical applications, humidity control is
required for respiratory equipment’s, sterilizers, incubators, pharmaceutical processing, and
biological products. Humidity control is also necessary in chemical gas purification, dryers,
ovens, film desiccation, paper and textile production, and food processing. In agriculture,
measurement of humidity is important for plantation protection (dew prevention), soil moisture
monitoring, etc. For domestic applications, humidity control is required for living environment
in buildings, cooking control for microwave ovens, etc. In all such applications and many
others, humidity sensors are employed to provide an indication of the moisture levels in the
environment.
RELEVANT MOISTURE TERMS:-
To mention moisture levels, varieties of terminologies are used. The study of water vapour
27. Automatic plantirrigation
student 27
27
concentration in air as a function of temperature and pressure falls under the area of
psychometrics. Psychometrics deals with the thermodynamic properties of moist gases while
the term “humidity’ simply refers to the presence of water vapour in air or other carrier gas.
Humidity measurement determines the amount of water vapor present in a gas that can be a
mixture, such as air, or a pure gas, such as nitrogen or argon.
Fig :humidity sensor
D. Temperature Sensor LM35:-
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage
over linear temperature sensors calibrated in § Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a
28. Automatic plantirrigation
student 28
28
large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does
not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of g(/4§C at room
temperature and g*/4§Cover a full b55 to a150§C temperature range. Low cost is assured by
trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35's low output impedance, linear output,
and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy.
It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60
mA from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1§C in still air. The LM35 is rated
to operate over a
b55§ to a150§C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a b40§ to a110§C range (b10§
with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor
packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92
transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8lead surface mount small outline
package and a plastic TO-202 package.
Fig: pin of temperature sensor
e. Relay(12v):-
A Relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a
switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are
used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical
isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled
by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal
29. Automatic plantirrigation
student 29
29
coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in
telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or
other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts,
instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating
characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits
from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by
digital instruments still called "protective relays".
Fig: Relay
Basic Design and Operation:
When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that activates
the armature and the consequent movement of the movable contact either makes or breaks
(depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was
closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the
connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched
off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to
its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used
30. Automatic plantirrigation
student 30
30
commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a
low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current application it reduces
arcing.
When the coil is energized with direct current, a diode is often placed across the coil to
dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise
generate a voltage spike dangerous to semiconductor circuit components.
Some automotive relays include a diode inside the relay case. Alternatively, a contact
protection network consisting of a capacitor and resistor in series (snubber circuit) may absorb
the surge. If the coil is designed to be energized with alternating current (AC), a small copper
"shading ring" can be crimped to the end of the solenoid, creating a small out-of-phase current
which increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC Cycle.
Types of relay:
SPST – Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or
disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is ambiguous
whether the pole is normally open or normally closed.
SPDT – Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two others.
Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total.
DPST – Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two SPST
switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay has six
terminals in total. The poles may be Form A or Form B (or one of each).
31. Automatic plantirrigation
student 31
31
DPDT – Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals.
Equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has eight
terminals, including the coil.
fig: types of relay
F .DTMF IC 8870:-
Today, most telephone equipment use a DTMF receiver IC. One common DTMF receiver IC is
the Motorola MT8870 that is widely used in electronic communications circuits. The MT8870
is an 18-pin IC. It is used in telephones and a variety of other applications. When a proper
output is not obtained in projects using this IC, engineers or technicians need to test this IC
separately.
For optimum working of telephone equipment, the DTMF receiver must be designed to
recognise a valid tone pair greater than 40 ms in duration and to accept successive digit tone-
pairs that are greater than 40 ms apart. However, for other applications like remote controls and
radio communications, the tone duration may differ due to noise considerations. Therefore, by
32. Automatic plantirrigation
student 32
32
adding an extra resistor and steering diode the tone duration can be set to different values.
The circuit is configured in balanced-line mode. To reject common-mode noise signals, a
balanced differential amplifier input is used. The circuit also provides an excellent bridging
interface across a properly terminated telephone line. Transient protection may be achieved by
splitting the input resistors and inserting zener diodes (ZD1 and ZD2) to achieve voltage
clamping. This allows the transient energy to be dissipated in the resistors and diodes, and
limits the maximum voltage that may appear at the inputs.
Whenever you press any key on your local telephone keypad, the delayed steering (Std) output
of the IC goes high on receiving the tone-pair
Fig: Pin Diagram
G. NPN TransistorIC 547:-
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and
electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's
terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals.
Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a
transistor can amplify a signal.
NPN:
NPN is one of the two types of bipolar transistors, consisting of a layer of P-doped
semiconductor (the "base") between two N-doped layers. A small current entering the base is
amplified to produce a large collector and emitter current. That is, when there is a positive
33. Automatic plantirrigation
student 33
33
potential difference measured from the emitter of an NPN transistor to its base (i.e., when the
base is high relative to the emitter) as well as positive potential difference measured from the
base to the collector, the transistor becomes active. In this "on" state, current flows between the
collector and emitter of the transistor. Most of the current is carried by electrons moving from
emitter to collector as minority carriers in the P-type base region. To allow for greater current
and faster operation, most bipolar transistors used today are NPN because electron is mobility
higher than hole mobility.
.
Fig NPN Transistor
H. Silicon Diode:-
Silicon rectifier diodes, like that shown in Figure are used in many applications from high
voltage, high current power supplies, where they rectify the incoming mains (line) voltage and
must pass all of the current required by whatever circuit they are supplying; this may be several
tens of Amperes or more.
Carrying such currents requires a large junction area so that the forward resistance of the diode
is kept as low as possible. Even so the diode is likely to get quite warm. The black resin case
helps dissipate the heat.
The resistance to current in the reverse direction (when the diode is "off") must be high, and the
insulation offered by the depletion layer between the P and N layers extremely good to avoid
the possibility of "reverse breakdown", where the insulation of the diode fails due to the high
reverse voltage across the junction.
Silicon diodes are made in many different forms with widely differing parameters. They vary in
34. Automatic plantirrigation
student 34
34
current carrying ability from milli-amps to tens of amps, some will have reverse breakdown
voltages of thousands of volts; others use their junction capacitance to act as tuning devices in
radio and TV tuners. Look in suppliers lists to see the many types available.
fig :silicon diode
35. Automatic plantirrigation
student 35
35
i. Submersible Pump:-
A submersible pump (or electric submersible pump (ESP)) is a device which has a
hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body. The whole assembly is submerged
in the fluid to be pumped. The main advantage of this type of pump is that it prevents pump
cavitation, a problem associated with a high elevation difference between pump and the fluid
surface. Submersible pumps push fluid to the surface as opposed to jet pumps having to pull
fluids. Submersibles are more efficient than jet pumps.
Fig: Submersible Pump
37. Automatic plantirrigation
student 37
37
made for the processing programming language and the wiring project. It is designed to
introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software development.
It includes a code editor with feature such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and
automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and uploading programs to the board
with the single click. There is typically no need to edit make files or run programs on the
command line.
The arduino development environment contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a
text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions, and series of menus. It connects to
the arduino hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.
Software written using arduino are called sketches. These sketches are written in the text editor.
It has features for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The message area gives
feedback while saving and exporting and also displays
Errors. The console displays text output by the arduino environment including complete error
messages and other information. Arduino IDE comes with a C/C+ +library called “wiring”,
which makes many common input/output operations much easier. Arduino programs are
written in C/C++, although users only need to define two functions in order to make a runnable
program.
Description of eagle software:
Introduction:
This eagle (easily applicable graphical layout editor) PCB design software is used to design an
electronic schematic and layout a printed circuit board (PCB). Eagle is a PCB design software
package consisting of a schematics editor, a PCB editor and an auto router module. The
software comes with an extensive library of components, but a library editor is also available to
design new parts or modify existing ones. Eagle is made by cadsoft’s and is available in three
versions. The light versions is limited to one sheet of schematic and half euro card format, but
can be used under the terms of the freeware license for non-commercial use. This software can
be download from cadsoft’s homepage, for windows or linux. We ware investigating the
38. Automatic plantirrigation
student 38
38
possibilities of getting one or more license for the professional version, which does not have
these limitations.
The format of PCB layout is carried out in following steps:
Step 1-Drawing the schematic
Step 2-Printing the schematic
Step 3-PCB layout
.Placing components
. Routing
. Printing the PCB
43. Automatic plantirrigation
student 43
43
CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
There is an urgent need for a system that makes the agricultural process easier and burden free
from the farmer’s side. With the recent advancement of technology it has become necessary to
increase the annual crop production output of our country India, an entirely agro centric
economy. The ability to conserve the natural resources as well as giving a splendid boost to the
production of the crops is one of the main aims of incorporating such technology into the
44. Automatic plantirrigation
student 44
44
agricultural domain of the country. To save farmer’s effort, water and time has been the most
important consideration. Hence systems need to be designed to provide this ability efficiently
using wireless sensor networking, sprinkler irrigation, GSM, SMS technology,
These systems were all remotely controlled systems which proposed a low cost information
exchange via SMS and GSM network. The soil moisture, humidity and various other
environmental factors influencing growth of crops are periodically sensed using high quality
accurate sensor and those values are passed on to the processor/controller to calculate required
amount of water and fertilizers and various other inputs during irrigation and accordingly
supplied to the farm. The functionality of GSM increases the efficiency of the automated
irrigation system by giving it a more user friendly interface using SMS (Short Message Service)
coupled with missed called services.
The result of the survey conducted has lead to a very positive approach on the impact of GSM
technology in farm irrigation methods and techniques. The approaches studied had various pros
and cons in the time required for operations or complexity or feasibility and user interactions.
With technology advancing everyday new techniques have been implemented for further
minimizing the irrigation process like using prebuilt mobile phone or standalone application
software for conduction the irrigation process.
46. Automatic plantirrigation
student 46
46
Advantages
• Increase crop yields and quality, while saving on operational costs and labor.
• Automatically and accurately irrigate and fertilize (irrigate + fertilize = fertigate) crops by
remote control -with exactly the right quantity, at exactly the right time, activating specific
valves.
• Reduce water consumption; optimize use of fertilizers, and minimize energy costs.
• Manage the irrigation process from practically anywhere -whether from the office, from home
or on the road.
• Immediately detect any system irregularities and leaks online, and receive real time reports
(even to mobile phones by SMS) while automated response is taking place.
Disadvantages
• Networks failure: -If the network is fail then the device is not work properly.
• Effects on human health.
48. Automatic plantirrigation
student 48
48
Future scope
This project has enormous potential and may be used in various other ways, due to its cheap
and cost efficient design.
1. Use it as a home automation controller, by adding a few more 240 volt relays.
2. Remotely perform jobs.
3. Use a float switch in a tank, so that the system automatically shuts the pump down, once the
reservoir is full.
4. Use it in conjunction with a solar panel, so that the entire system is eco-friendly.